Universidade Cesumar - Unicesumar Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção Da Saúde
Universidade Cesumar - Unicesumar Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção Da Saúde
MARINGÁ
2022
JHAINIEIRY CORDEIRO FAMELLI FERRET
MARINGÁ
2022
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP)
CDD – 614
COMISSÃO JULGADORA
2022
AGRADECIMENTOS
Desejo exprimir os meus agradecimentos a todos aqueles que, de alguma forma, permitiram
que esta tese se concretizasse.
Agradeço primeiramente a Deus, por me guiar, iluminar e dar forças para seguir em frente e
não desanimar diante das dificuldades;
O meu mais profundo agradecimento a minha amada família, que a vida inteira me deu
suporte e incentivo em todos os momentos, meus queridos: pai, mãe, irmãs, esposo e minha
filha;
Agradeço ao meu orientador, professor Dr. Marcelo Picinin Bernuci por todo o auxílio nesta
caminhada, por seus preciosos ensinamentos e por toda paciência comigo. Mesmo com tantos
compromissos, esteve sempre disponível para me ajudar. Foi uma honra ser sua orientanda,
minha eterna gratidão!
Agradeço ao meu coorientador, Prof. Dr. Braulio Henrique Magnani Branco, que
generosamente abriu as portas do LIIPS, permitindo a realização da coleta de dados.
Agradeço sua disponibilidade e paciência para me ajudar nas imensas dúvidas e
inexperiência;
Aos meus colegas do LIIPS, quero agradecer-lhes pela disponibilidade e toda ajuda recebida;
Agradeço à coordenadora do PPGPS Profª Drª. Sonia Maria Marques Gomes Bertolini e todos
os colaboradores do programa, sempre disponíveis quando solicitados.
Agradeço minha querida amiga Flávia, sua presença amorosa e incentivadora, foi fundamental
desde o início desta caminhada;
Aos meus colegas de doutorado pela companhia que pudemos desfrutar antes da pandemia,
vivemos momentos de solidariedade, emoção, de tensão, e de muitas alegrias;
Há muito mais a quem agradecer... A todos aqueles que, embora não nomeados, me
brindaram com seus inestimáveis apoios em distintos momentos nesta caminhada... meu
reconhecido e carinhoso muito obrigada!
“Há um tempo em que é preciso
abandonar as roupas usadas, que já tem
a forma do nosso corpo.
E esquecer os nossos caminhos que
nos levam sempre aos mesmos lugares.
É o tempo da travessia.
E se não ousarmos fazê-la
Teremos ficado para sempre
À margem de nós mesmos.”
Fernando Pessoa
RESUMO
Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a disorder associated with multiple states of health problems
with high prevalence in the adult population worldwide, especially in developing countries
such as Brazil. In view of this, lifestyle modification and weight loss should be considered as
the first step in preventing or treating MS. However, people prone to developing MS, notably
those with excess weight, are resistant to adhering to one or more of the self-care
recommendations, such as medication use, physical activity, and healthy eating. Studies have
shown that these people's lack of knowledge about the risk and protective factors of MS
contribute to non-adherence to a healthy lifestyle and evoke the need to develop more
effective health education strategies. As the process of building knowledge in groups has
proved to be more effective than that carried out individually, the use of health education
strategies based on socialization networks has been increasingly suggested. As the WhatsApp
application is configured as the main platform for online socialization, it can be hypothesized
that the construction of groups in this application to discuss obesity and SM can subsidize a
fruitful environment for the training of people on the subject. Therefore, this thesis aims to
analyze how the online sharing of health information contributes to the learning about MS. To
this end, three studies were developed: Study I: aimed at the development of an instrument to
measure adult's degree of knowledge about MS; Study II: developed to assess which factors
are predominant in determining knowledge about MS; Study III: developed to understand the
use of the WhatsApp application to improve SM learning. The results obtained in this thesis
confirm the usability hypothesis of the WhatsApp application for health education purposes
on the theme of MS and implement theoretical foundations for the discussion of the adoption
of information and communication technologies in health promotion strategies carried out
within the scope of of primary health care in the Brazilian Unified Health System.
Metodologia
Fluxograma 1…………………………………………………………………………………31
3. METODOLOGIA ............................................................................................................ 29
3. RESULTADOS ........................................................................................................... 30
4.2. Artigo 2 – Determinação dos fatores que influenciam o grau de conhecimento de adultos
sobre a Síndrome Metabólica ............................................................................................... 56
CONCLUSÃO ...................................................................................................................105
REFERÊNCIAS .................................................................................................................106
ANEXOS ...........................................................................................................................144
APÊNDICES ......................................................................................................................146
1. INTRODUÇÃO
Na área da saúde, a amplificação desse fenômeno tem gerado sérios problemas para os
sistemas de saúde (WANG et al., 2022), dificultando inclusive o gerenciamento das ações de
saúde pública global (BORA et al., 2022), como recentemente demonstrado na pandemia da
COVID-19 (FREIRE et al., 2021; MALLA; ALPHONSE, 2022). Inúmeros estudos têm
sugerido que a disseminação em massa de notícias falsas pelas redes sociais online tem
impulsionado uma série de comportamentos inadequados de saúde, beneficiando inclusive
movimentos radicais não alinhados às questões vigentes de controle da pandemia, como
aqueles anti-vacina (GHADDAR et al., 2022), em prol de imunidade de rebanho (AHORSU
et al., 2021) ou métodos preventivos ou de tratamento não comprovados pela comunidade
científica (KHAN et al., 2022). Por outro lado, não se pode ignorar os relatos de
aplicabilidade promissora do uso das redes sociais online no engajamento das comunidades
para enfrentamento de muitos problemas de saúde, como visto na epidemia do HIV
(JAISWAL; LOSCHIAVO; PERLMAN, 2020), ebola (MORIN et al., 2018) e outros.
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Aplicativos de conversa como o WhatsApp, têm sido cada vez mais utilizado no
âmbito da promoção da saúde, não apenas por configurar como uma das mais populares
plataformas de rede social no mundo (AGUIRRE et al., 2019), e especialmente no Brasil, com
146,6 milhões de usuários (GMBH; 2021), mas por viabilizar o compartilhamento de
conteúdos informativos em diferentes formatos, como mensagens de texto e de voz, vídeos e
imagens, além de permitir a troca imediata de experiências e dúvidas (AL OMAR et al.,
2020). Os estudos recentes apontam que a utilização do WhatsApp como ferramenta de
compartilhamento de conteúdo informativo em saúde tem de fato contribuído com a melhora
do aprendizado das pessoas sobre o cuidado com a saúde (GIORDANO et al., 2017; CALVO;
TURRÓ-GARRIGA; CARBONELL, 2020), especialmente para doenças crônicas com
potencial preventivo, como diversos tipos de câncer (LI et al., 2018), diabetes (KITSIOU et
al., 2017), doenças cardiovasculares (SARTORI et al., 2020), e outras. Porém, até o momento,
pelo menos de nosso entendimento, não há evidências de sua aplicabilidade no contexto de
educação em saúde direcionada ao controle da síndrome metabólica (FERRET et al., 2021a).
mundial entre 20 a 25% (CHOWDHURY et al., 2018). Devido a esse aumento da prevalência
na última década, tonou-se um importante problema de saúde pública, principalmente em
países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil (GUILHERME et al., 2019), sendo estimadas
prevalências da SM na população adulta de 29,6% podendo alcançar mais de 40% nas faixas
etárias maiores que 60 anos (OLIVEIRA et al., 2020). Com uma etiologia complexa, a SM
parece ocorrer principalmente em resposta à combinação de fatores genéticos / epigenéticos
(DO NASCIMENTO et al., 2015; AMBROSINI et al., 2020) e estilo de vida, como dieta
desequilibrada (FABIANI; NALDINI; CHIAVARINI, 2019; SEMNANI-AZAD et al., 2020)
e comportamentos sedentários ( EDWARDSON et al., 2012; AMIRFAIZ; SHAHRIL, 2019).
Assim, abordagens voltadas para a modificação do estilo de vida têm se destacado como
estratégias importantes a serem direcionadas tanto para a prevenção (OLIVEIRA; GUEDES,
2016; VAN NAMEN; PRENDERGAST; PEIRIS, 2019; JO et al., 2020) como para o
tratamento da SM (LIN et al., 2014; MYERS; KOKKINOS; NYELIN, 2019).
a hipótese que norteou a presente Tese é de que o aplicativo WhatsAapp oferece ambiente
virtual propício para o aprendizado sobre a SM. Para o teste desta hipótese foram
desenvolvidos três estudos. O primeiro direcionado ao desenvolvimento de um instrumento de
medida do grau de conhecimento de adultos sobre a SM; o segundo desenvolvido para avaliar
quais fatores são preponderantes na determinação do conhecimento sobre a SM; e o terceiro
focado na compreensão da aplicação do WhatsApp para melhoria do aprendizado sobre a SM.
1.1 JUSTIFICATIVA
1. REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Neste capítulo abordar-se-ão alguns constructos teóricos que possibilitam o embasamento
necessário para o alcance das definições constitutivas do constructo ―Compartilhamento
online de informações em saúde: Uso do aplicativo Whatsapp como estratégia de educação
em saúde direcionada para o conhecimento da síndrome metabólica‖, mediante os aspectos
revisionais.
Diante deste cenário, percebeu-se que o controle da SM é desafiador, uma vez que,
quando associados principalmente a fatores de risco modificáveis, os pacientes são obrigados
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a mudar seu estilo de vida e, por parte dos profissionais de saúde, devem mudar suas ações
com base no cuidado contínuo à saúde, visando esses indivíduos (COSTA; DUARTE;
ANDRADE, 2020).Portanto, uma vez que os fatores de risco modificáveis relacionados ao
estilo de vida respondem por grande parte de todas as mortes por doenças cardiovasculares no
mundo, sua mensuração e monitoramento tornam-se essenciais para o planejamento de
estratégias e ações para o controle do estilo de vida não saudável, prevenção de doenças e
promoção da saúde (FERRARI et al., 2017).
suporte para os desafios de saúde (HOBSON et al., 2019). A natureza onipresente do uso do
telefone móvel, juntamente com os avanços tecnológicos contínuos, deu origem a uma
proliferação de intervenções de saúde móvel (mHealth) nas quais os dispositivos móveis
visam uma variedade de focos de promoção da saúde e gestão de doenças (FEDELE et al.,
2017).
A mídia social penetrou profundamente na vida das pessoas em muitos aspectos. Em
sociedades em desenvolvimento e desenvolvidas, a mídia social tem desempenhado um papel
significativo na gestão da saúde e no controle de doenças (TRAN et al., 2017). A
telemedicina, definida como a prestação de cuidados de saúde à distância através de
tecnologia de informação e comunicações, iniciou (já no século XX) com a promessa de
melhorar a saúde até mesmo das comunidades mais remotas ao redor do mundo, mostrando
sua capacidade de desafiar distâncias físicas, geopolíticas, econômicas e sociais (KIM;
ZUCKERMAN, 2019). Portanto, as tecnologias móveis já demonstraram ser uma abordagem
eficaz para o monitoramento da saúde de adultos com diversas condições médicas crônicas;
tais tecnologias têm demonstrado eficácia no monitoramento da sintomatologia do paciente,
facilitando o autogerenciamento do paciente (BROWN et al., 2019).
Pessoas que vivem com doenças crônicas estão usando cada vez mais a Internet para obter
conhecimento sobre doenças específicas e seus tratamentos, no entanto, a introdução da
tecnologia no gerenciamento de doenças pode gerar percepções ambíguas dos pacientes, pois
alguns conseguem ver os benefícios - como detecção precoce de exacerbações e consciência
dos sintomas - enquanto outros acreditam que isso cria uma divisão entre o paciente e o
profissional de saúde (APPERSON et al., 2019).
Até o momento, alguns estudos avaliam a eficácia do uso do WhatsApp na educação em
saúde. Assim, conhecendo a popularidade e a viabilidade deste software para comunicação,
foi realizada uma revisão sistemática cujo objetivo foi determinar, sintetizar e apresentar
evidências sobre a utilização do WhatsApp na educação em saúde para contribuir com a
literatura em diferentes perspectivas, incluindo o papel das principais intervenções que podem
ser utilizadas em pacientes para educação em saúde. Através dessa ferramenta de
comunicação online é possível gerar eficácia e segurança nos programas de intervenção. Em
síntese, os principais achados demonstraram a possibilidade de utilizar o WhatsApp para
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evitar agravamentos na saúde quando o paciente não busca o tratamento, bem como melhorar
o seu prognóstico por meio da informação.
As intervenções foram variadas uma vez que inúmeros temas foram explorados a partir de
faixas etárias heterogêneas (desde adolescentes até idosos) e comorbidades. Os estudos
abordados envolveram tabagismo (2), cuidados ortodônticos (2), diabetes e/ou hipertensos (3),
atividade física (2), câncer de mama (1), drogas injetáveis (1), gestantes (1) e modificações do
estilo de vida (1).
Em relação à intervenção para tabagistas, existe disponibilidade de medicamentos e
serviços de aconselhamento destinados à interrupção do fumo, que envolve frequentes
recaídas, até que o desmame total seja efetivado (CAPONNETTO et al., 2013; REID et al.,
2016). As intervenções baseadas em telefones celulares são potencialmente eficazes para
apoiar recém-desistentes a parar de fumar (HAUG et al., 2013; WHITTAKER et al., 2009) e
prevenir recaídas (DEVRIES; KENWARD; FREE, 2013; SNUGGS et al., 2012). Alguns
estudos exploratórios apontaram que um serviço de rede social alcançou um número
considerável de fumantes na comunidade e aumentou a interação entre pares (BRANDT et al.,
2013; STRUIK; BASKERVILLE, 2014). Recentemente, verificou-se o impacto de sites,
aplicativos móveis, linhas telefônicas, serviços baseados em e-mails, consultas proativas por
telefone e lembretes por SMS na adesão de tabagistas no processo de interrupção do vício
(TRUJILLO GÓMEZ et al., 2015). Portanto, frente ao impacto em potencial das mídias
onlines, é possível perceber que o seu uso se tornou indispensável na atualidade.
Semelhante a esses achados, (CHEUNG et al., 2015) em seu estudo com pacientes
tabagistas, mostrou que a discussão e os lembretes por meio de grupos sociais do WhatsApp
reduziram significativamente as recaídas e poderiam atingir um efeito maior em relação a
abstinência de curto prazo do que o aconselhamento em grupo face a face. Além disso, os
lembretes enviados pelos moderadores foram especialmente concebidos para a prevenção de
recaídas de ex-tabagistas recentes. Além disso, no estudo de (DURMAZ et al., 2019), houve
sucesso na taxa de abstinência no grupo tabagista que recebeu mensagens via WhatsApp
como suporte adicional, em comparação com o tratamento usual. Em relação ao tempo e
intensidade das mensagens, verificou-se uma adaptação às necessidades dos pacientes no que
se refere ao conteúdo, o que permitiu uma maior adesão. Destaca-se também, a
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grupo controle mostrou que a intervenção de atividade física baseada no WhatsApp mostra
resultados indicando que o uso de uma rede social online produziu pequenas alterações em
alguns componentes da aptidão física relacionados à saúde e fatores de risco para doenças
cardiovasculares (MUNTANER-MAS et al., 2017b).
saúde móvel (mHealth) para facilitar a mudança de hábitos e a adesão ao tratamento das
doenças crônicas. Recentemente, um estudo demonstrou que dada a complexidade da adesão
ao uso de medicamentos antidiabéticos e anti-hipertensivos, intervenções educativas com o
WhatsApp podem ser úteis como reforço para aumentar a adesão aos medicamentos
(SARTORI et al., 2020). Semelhantemente, outro estudo, evidenciou que uma queda
significativa no valor de hemoglobina glicada foi observada e 80% dos participantes
consideraram a intervenção nas redes sociais "benéfica", ademais, sugeriram que fosse usada
a longo prazo, além dos seis meses propostos, o que demonstrou resultados promissores no
uso de WhatsApp independente do nível de alfabetização dos pacientes (AL OMAR et al.,
2020). De igual modo, outro estudo apontou que houve uma melhora significativa do
conhecimento sobre diabetes no grupo de intervenção. A educação do paciente por meio da
rede social ajudou a melhorar o conhecimento sobre Diabetes melito tipo 1 e a reduzir as
complicações agudas sem melhora do controle glicêmico após 2 meses (SAP et al., 2019).
Além disso, semelhante à definição da OMS, a definição EGIR requer dois critérios
adicionais, apresentando pontos de corte ligeiramente modificados para hipertensão,
triglicérides (TGs), colesterol de lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) e medidas e pontos de
corte alterados para obesidade central com base na circunferência da cintura (ALBERTI;
ZIMMET; SHAW, 2006). Os critérios de obesidade foram simplificados para a circunferência
da cintura, enquanto a definição da OMS usava uma relação cintura-quadril ou índice de
massa corporal. A microalbuminúria foi eliminada como critério diagnóstico(BALKAU B,
1999; HUANG, 2009). Em 2001, o Painel de Tratamento de Adultos III (ATP III) do
National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) elaborou uma definição para a síndrome
metabólica, que foi atualizada pela American Heart Associatione pelo National Heart
Lungand Blood Institute em 2005(ALBERTI; ZIMMET; SHAW, 2006).
De acordo com o NCEP Definição de ATP III, síndrome metabólica está presente se três
ou mais dos cinco critérios a seguir forem atendidos: circunferência da cintura acima de 40
polegadas (homens) ou 35 polegadas (mulheres), pressão arterial acima de 130/85 mmHg,
nível de triglicerídeos de jejum (TG) acima 150 mg / dl, nível de colesterol de lipoproteína de
alta densidade (HDL) em jejum inferior a 40 mg / dl (homens) ou 50 mg / dl (mulheres) e
açúcar no sangue em jejum superior a 100 mg / dl(GRUNDY et al., 2005; HUANG, 2009).
exigem que a obesidade, mas não necessariamente a resistência à insulina, esteja presente
(HUANG, 2009). Os pontos de corte específicos da população atendem ao requisito de
obesidade e isso explica o fato de que diferentes populações, etnias e nacionalidades têm
outras distribuições de normas para peso corporal e circunferência da cintura (HUANG,
2009). Ele também reconhece que a relação entre esses valores e o risco de T2D ou DCV
difere em diferentes populações, por exemplo, as pessoas do sul da Ásia têm um risco
aumentado de T2D e DCV em circunferências da cintura menores que não seriam
consideradas como atendendo aos critérios em uma população ocidental (REAVEN, 2006).
Embora a obesidade visceral seja agora reconhecida como um fator essencial, a definição da
IDF tem sido criticada por sua ênfase na obesidade, ao invés da resistência à insulina, na
fisiopatologia(ZIMMET et al., 2005).
al., 2018; PÉREZ et al., 2019). Embora a intervenção intensiva e de curto prazo no estilo de
vida visando a perda de peso entre adultos com SM é eficaz na melhoria dos resultados
clínicos, a literatura sugere uma grande possibilidade de recaída ao longo do tempo, onde os
participantes recuperaram a perda de peso ou exibiram piores marcadores de SM
(MAHADZIR; QUEK; RAMADAS, 2020).
Para intervenções baseadas apenas na prática de atividade física isolada, os resultados são
promissores, mas as inconsistências na especificidade dos parâmetros de melhora,
possivelmente em resposta à diversidade de protocolos de exercícios físicos utilizados, faixa
etária e parâmetros avaliados (LEMES et al., 2016, 2018; LIN et al., 2015; OSTMAN et al.,
2017) torna difícil definir um programa mais eficaz.
3. METODOLOGIA
Trata-se de um estudo de cáracter misto, tendo tanto componentes quantitativos quanto
qualitativos, delineados em três estudos, cujos procedimentos metodológicos serão descritos
de maneira minuciosa nos manuscritos anexados como resultados da presente Tese. De forma
geral, o primeiro estudo se caracteriza por apresentar uma abordagem metodológica,
delineado para o desenvolvimento e validação de um instrumento de medida de conhecimento
sobre a SM. O segundo, se apresenta como uma abordagem descritiva de caracter transversal
conduzido para determinar os fatores que influem no grau de conhecimento de adultos sobre a
SM. O terceiro se apresenta como um estudo quase experimental do tipo pré-pós-intervenção,
delineado para determinar a viabilidade do uso do WhatsApp na melhoria do grau de
conhecimento de adultos sobre a SM.
3. RESULTADOS
Os resultados do estudo serão apresentados no formato de artigos científicos,
considerando-se o objeto de estudo em questão, derivados da coleta de dados dos três
estudos que compõem a Tese. Abaixo segue o Fluxograma 1 com a organização dos
artigos produzidos. Os 3 artigos serão encaminhados para revistas científicas com vistas a
contribuir no campo de debates em torno do tema central que é a SM. Ressalta-se que para
produzir os três artigos, principalmente em relação ao artigo 1, foram elaboradas duas
revisões sistemáticas que já estão publicadas, sequencialmente nas revistas: Journal of
Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), Vol. 21 (4), Art 216, pp. 1705 - 1714, June 2021
online ISSN: 2247 - 806X; p-ISSN: 2247 – 8051; ISSN - L = 2247 - 8051 © JPES e
International Journal for Innovation Education and Research www.ijier.net Vol:-9 No-9,
2021 (Apêndice II e apêndice III). Abaixo segue o fluxograma 1 com a organização dos
artigos produzidos a partir dos resultados da Tese.
ESTUDO I
Objetivo:
Desenvolver e validar um instrumento de medida do grau de conhecimento das pessoas sobre
a SM.
Método:
Trata-se de estudo de caráter transversal e observacional
Periódico para submissão: Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. QUALIS A2
Normas : https://www.scielo.br/journal/reben/about/#instructions
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ESTUDO II
Objetivo:
avaliar a influência dos fatores socioeconômicos no grau de conhecimento sobre a SM, com
foco principal na relação que pode ser estabelecida entre dados sociodemográficos e os fatores
de risco para o desenvolvimento da SM.
Método:
Trata-se de estudo de caráter transversal e observacional
Periódico para submissão: Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esportes. QUALIS B1
Normas:https://www.revistas.usp.br/rbefe/about/submissions#authorGuidelines
ESTUDO III
Objetivo:
determinar o impacto do uso do aplicativo de conversas online via WhatsApp para direcionar
conteúdos informativos sobre a SM para a população.
Método:
Trata-se de estudo quase experimental do tipo pré/pós-intervenção
Periódico para submissão: Telemedicine and e-Healt. Fator de Impacto: 3,536
Normas: https://home.liebertpub.com/publications/telemedicine-and-e-health/54/for-authors
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ARTIGO ORIGINAL
I
Universidade Cesumar (UNICESUMAR). Maringá, Paraná Brasil.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT
Objective: To develop and validate an instrument to measure people's degree of knowledge
about MS. Methods: Developed in the following steps: content validation by three experts
and application of the instrument to 600 adults. Construction of 40 assertions with likert-type
responses consisting of the domains: knowledge about obesity and related diseases (CODR);
knowledge about risk factors (CFRI); and knowledge about protective factors (CFPR).
Exploratory factor analysis indicated that six assertions had very low factor loadings and were
excluded. Results: The new version with 34 statements presented satisfactory internal
consistency indicators, guaranteeing the first evidence of the instrument's internal structure
and precision. Final Considerations: The instrument proved to be consistent for its
applicability in determining the degree of knowledge of adults about MS, since the
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Crombach's alpha value was 0.93, with the lowest value being 0.92 and the highest value
being 0.92. 0.94.
Keywords: Knowledge; Metabolic syndrome; Health promotion; Chronic Noncommunicable
Diseases;
INTRODUÇÃO
A síndrome metabólica (SM) é uma condição clínica caracterizada por um conjunto
complexo de distúrbios metabólicos associados ao desenvolvimento de diversas
comorbidades, especialmente o diabetes e doenças cardiovasculares(1,2). Nas últimas décadas,
a prevalência de SM aumentou significativamente na população mundial(3) e o agravamento
de seus componentes tem contribuído com aumento da mortalidade (4,5). Diante disso, o ônus
decorrente das consequências associadas à SM sobrecarrega o sistema de saúde, ocasionando
custos significativos(6,7), tornando a SM um importante problema de saúde pública global.
Com uma etiologia complexa, a SM parece ocorrer principalmente em resposta à combinação
de fatores genéticos e/ou epigenéticos(8,9) e estilo de vida, como dieta desequilibrada – elevado
consumo de alimentos processados, ultraprocessados, gordura saturada e trans(10,11) e
comportamentos sedentários(12). Assim, abordagens voltadas para a modificação do estilo de
vida têm se destacado como importantes tanto para a prevenção (13,14) como para o tratamento
da SM(15,16). No entanto, se reconhece que o sucesso dessas abordagens depende, dentre
inúmeros fatores, do autocuidado em saúde. Este último, pode ser definido como o processo
de manutenção da saúde por meio de tomadas de decisões conscientes para o gerenciamento
da saúde(17), que no caso da SM, podem ser exemplificados pela adesão às práticas
promotoras da saúde.
Reconhecidamente, as estratégias baseadas em promoção da saúde, pautadas nos
determinantes socioculturais do processo saúde-doença, contribuem com o controle de muitos
agravos de saúde, pois ampliam a capacidade do indivíduo em analisar a realidade e tomar
decisões mais conscientes(18). Inserida em um processo social e político abrangente, com ações
pautadas na mudança dos determinantes sociais, ambientais e econômicos da saúde, a
promoção da saúde tem subsidiado a otimização dos serviços de saúde para melhoria da
qualidade de vida(19). Portanto, a promoção da saúde, por estimular hábitos de vida mais
35
saudáveis, pode conduzir mudanças significativas no cotidiano das pessoas, que em longo
prazo poderá, inclusive, ser decisiva no manejo da SM.
A análise da eficiência da abordagem de promoção da saúde na prevenção e/ou
tratamento da SM é um passo relevante para permitir a implementação de estratégias cada vez
mais eficazes de controle desse importante problema de saúde pública, e requer
desenvolvimento de instrumentos avaliativos precisos e de fácil aplicação. No que tange aos
aspectos da promoção da saúde vinculados à capacitação dos indivíduos e coletividades, o
reconhecimento dos saberes relativos ao processo saúde-doença, com foco primordial nos
fatores de risco e de proteção, se faz necessário. Até o momento, não há evidências científicas
de nenhum instrumento destinado a avaliar o grau de conhecimento das pessoas sobre
aspectos relevantes da SM, como a prevenção e seu tratamento (20). Sendo assim, o objetivo do
presente estudo foi desenvolver e validar um instrumento capaz de determinar o grau de
conhecimento das pessoas sobre a SM, com foco principal nas relações estabelecidas entre os
componentes da síndrome e o estilo de vida.
OBJETIVO
Desenvolver e validar um instrumento capaz de determinar o grau de conhecimento
das pessoas sobre a SM, com foco principal nas relações estabelecidas entre os componentes
da síndrome e o estilo de vida.
MÉTODOS
Aspectos éticos
O estudo seguiu as recomendações da Strengthening the Reporting of Observational
Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) e o protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de
Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) da Universidade Cesumar com parecer número 4.080.654. O
delineamento transversal seguiu recomendações de estudos anteriores de nosso grupo de
pesquisa(21,22) com pequenas adaptações.
Desenho de estudo
Trata-se de estudo de caráter transversal e observacional, conduzido entre os meses de
outubro de 2020 e fevereiro de 2021 no município de Maringá/PR.
36
RESULTADOS
A Tabela 1 apresenta a caracterização da construção do instrumento organizados de
acordo com os domínios específicos. Em relação ao domínio (CODR) foram utilizados(33) os
três artigos como principais referências(10,35,36) para elaboração das assertivas 2, 3, 4, 12, 13,
14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26 e 27. Essas assertivas correspondem ao conhecimento em
relação às definições sobre a SM e os sintomas e agravos que estão relacionados a ela. No
domínio CFRI foram utilizados três artigos como referencias principais (37–39) para a
elaboração das assertivas 1, 10, 11, 15, 29, 31, 32, 33. Esse domínio abrange o conhecimento
sobre os fatores de risco que podem desencadear a SM a curto, médio e longo prazo. E por
último, no domínio CFPR, foram utilizados três principais artigos para a elaboração das
assertivas 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 17, 25, 28, 30, 34(40–42). Esse domínio corresponde aos fatores de
proteção em relação a prevenção e aos cuidados na prevenção e suporte para não desenvolver
a SM e/ou tratamento caso seja necessário.
39
2;3;4;12;13;14;16;18;19;
Domínio 1 (AZHDARI; KARANDISH; MANSOORI,
2019; FABIANI; NALDINI; CHIAVARINI,
20;21;22;23;24;26;27 2019; KIVIMÄKI et al., 2019)
CODR
CVC individual
Itens Clareza Adequação Relevância
1 1,0 0,9 1,0
2 1,0 0,9 1,0
3 0,8 0,8 0,9
4 1,0 0,9 0,8
40
serem submetidos à AFE. Com isso, foi realizada a análise para verificar a dimensionalidade
do instrumento após aplicação da versão adaptada (2ª versão) via redes sociais online.
A Tabela 3 apresenta a caraterização dos 600 respondentes do instrumento para a
conclusão do processo de validação. Nota-se que a maioria dos participantes apresenta idade
entre 31 e 50 anos (41%), do sexo feminino (71%), brancos (79%) e declararam ter o ensino
médio completo (48%). Sobre a renda familiar, a média declarada foi de 6 salários-mínimos.
Feminino 426 71
Masculino 174 29
Faixa etária
18 – 30 156 26
31 – 50 246 41
51 – 70 174 29
71 – 90 24 4
Escolaridade
Cor
Negra 30 5
Parda 87 14,5
42
Branca 474 79
Amarela 9 1,5
A partir das repostas dos 600 participantes, os dados foram trabalhados por meio da
AP, sendo que os resultados indicaram a retenção de dois fatores. Porém, a estrutura sugerida
pela AP não correspondia à estrutura inicialmente pensada para o instrumento, além disso, os
índices de ajuste para a AFE com 2 fatores não foram adequados. Assim, realizou-se a AFE
para verificar como o instrumento se comportava considerando sua unidimensionalidade, o
que gerou índices de ajustes satisfatórios. No entanto, algumas assertivas apresentaram cargas
fatoriais muito baixas (1, 2, 3, 5, 14 e 40), optando-se assim pela exclusão. Na Tabela 4 estão
presentes os valores do modelo estimado pela AFE para cada assertiva, com as respectivas
cargas fatoriais e índices de comunalidade, bem como dos indicadores de consistência interna
apresentado pelo fator.
21 0,6 0,37
22 0,5 0,27
23 0,6 0,33
24 0,5 0,22
25 0,7 0,49
26 0,7 0,51
27 0,6 0,35
28 0,6 0,40
29 0,6 0,31
30 0,7 0,45
31 0,7 0,42
32 0,6 0,38
33 0,6 0,36
34 0,7 0,42
TLI 0.91
CFI 0.91
CC 0.96
44
VME 0.46
Depois de validado o instrumento, sua versão final ficou composta por 34 assertivas.
DISCUSSÃO
A importância da elaboração de um instrumento de coleta de dados específico para se
reconhecer o grau de conhecimento sobre SM tornou-se evidente ao ser identificado a
inexistência de um instrumento específico para esta finalidade na literatura científica nacional
e internacional(20). Com esse instrumento, será possível ampliar o uso de instrumentos
quantitativos nas pesquisas em educação em promoção da saúde direcionados ao tema da SM.
Instrumentos de análise de conhecimento podem ser úteis ao avaliar o resultado de um
programa de educação da população, pois eles geralmente oferecem opções de resposta sim /
não de múltipla escolha ou dicotômicas(33). Na área da saúde, escalas do tipo Likert ou de
frequência são mais comumente usadas, tendo o formato de resposta de escolha fixa
projetadas para medir atitudes ou opiniões(33). Essas escalas ordinais medem os níveis de
concordância e/ou discordância e pressupõe que as atitudes podem ser medidas (33), sendo
assim, no instrumento desenvolvido no presente estudo foi utilizado como base conceitual o
modelo de escala proposto por Likert (34).
O instrumento de análise de conhecimento sobre SM proposto no presente estudo foi
desenvolvido atendendo questões de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo sob a ótica da validade
de conteúdo de uma proposta metodológica a partir da valoração de um painel de
especialistas, como proposto em outros estudos(43,44). A princípio, foram elaboradas as 40
questões que passaram pelo método de validação de conteúdo por meio do julgamento
subjetivo de um comitê de três especialistas. Essa etapa possibilitou assegurar a evidência de
validade da escala, ou seja, indicar com precisão o que se propôs mensurar. Após a adequada
às sugestões recebidas dos juízes especialistas, as assertivas foram modificadas, representando
a versão final do instrumento, com 34 assertivas. Para estimar as evidências de validade de
conteúdo foi utilizado o CVC, coeficiente este capaz de avaliar a concordância entre os
juízes(23). Neste estudo, os juízes avaliaram o instrumento acerca da clareza de linguagem,
adequação prática e relevância teórica dos itens e os valores obtidos indicaram adequada boa
47
concordância entre os juízes(24), mostrando que uma das etapas do processo de validação
seguiu as recomendações necessárias.
No que concerne à validação de instrumentos relacionados a conteúdos educativos em
saúde, um dos problemas mais recorrentes de validade do constructo reside na forma
inapropriada de validação, sem critérios metodológicos rigorosos, inexistência de
instrumentos validados por profissionais capacitados(45). Isso pode resultar na disponibilização
de materiais educativos equivocados nos aspectos técnicos e didático-pedagógicos, sendo
imprescindível que instrumentos que validem conteúdos de materiais educativos na área da
saúde, sejam capazes de avaliar quaisquer temáticas, apresentando confiabilidade e validade
adequadas(46). Nesse sentido, para avaliar as evidências de validade do instrumento, foi
realizada análise paralela para estimar a dimensionalidade do conjunto de itens(25,26) e em
seguida, a estrutura fatorial foi estimada usando a análise fatorial exploratória e a análise
fatorial confirmatória, evidenciando mais uma vez que o processo de validação seguiu
rigorosamente os padrões descritos na literatura científica (27,28). Acerca dos indicadores de
precisão do instrumento, foram calculados coeficientes Alfa de Cronbach e ômega
McDonald‘s como recomendado na literatura(31,32), todos os resultados obtidos indicaram que
o instrumento em questão apresenta validação consistente.
A importância da elaboração do presente instrumento assume importância visto que
muitas das articulações para melhorar a qualidade de vida de pessoas com risco de
desenvolver a SM dependem da melhoria de conhecimento das pessoas sobre aspectos
relevantes da síndrome (47). Dentre as principais limitações dos estudos de educação em saúde,
destaca-se a dificuldade de mensurar o ganho de conhecimento dos indivíduos após a
intervenção educativa(48). Assim, este estudo pode contribuir para a melhoria da
implementação das intervenções em promoção da saúde baseadas em estratégias de educação
para pessoas com risco de desenvolver ou já acometidos pela SM e doenças associadas, uma
vez que o referido instrumento fornece um instrumento viável para avaliação do grau de
conhecimento sobre a SM. Instrumentos de medida de conhecimento assumem relevância no
cenário atual de preocupação com a disponibilização de informações sobre saúde aos
indivíduos(49), pois atribuem valores numéricos a conceitos abstratos, os quais podem ser
observáveis e mensuráveis, contribuindo para aprimorar a práxis em saúde(50). Dentre os
aspectos avaliados por esses instrumentos, são frequentes as temáticas que envolvem
48
promoção, prevenção e recuperação da saúde(51,52), com foco primordial nos aspectos que
tangenciam a melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas. No entanto, no que concerne à
validação de instrumentos relacionados a conteúdos educativos em saúde, há problemas
recorrentes, destacando a forma inapropriada de validação (53), sem critérios metodológicos
rigorosos(54), inexistência de instrumentos validados por profissionais capacitados(55). Em vista
disso, eventuais achados podem resultar na disponibilização de instrumentos avaliativos
equivocados, prejudicando o processo de avaliação das estratégias de educação em saúde (46).
Assim, o instrumento desenvolvido no presente estudo foi validado utilizando critérios
estatísticos padronizados e pode, portanto, ser útil na análise de eficácia de intervenções
direcionadas para aumentar o nível de conhecimento das pessoas em relação à SM. O
instrumento é de fácil aplicação e tem em sua proposta com 34 assertivas, na qual a somatória
dos escores pode indicar o grau de conhecimento das pessoas sobre a SM, tendo as
pontuações mais altas indicativos de bom conhecimento sobre aspectos relevantes da
prevenção e tratamento dessa síndrome, sendo que as pontuações mais baixas sugerem maior
desconhecimento frente a SM.
Limitações do estudo
Este estudo obteve resposta para o instrumento de uma amostra que estava disponível e
disposta a participar e elas podem diferir das pessoas que não responderam ao instrumento.
CONCLUSÃO
Com base no estudo realizado, propostas de capacitações frente a SM na atenção
primária são indispensáveis, tanto para os profissionais de saúde quanto para população que
busca melhorar a saúde e qualidade de vida. A aplicação do instrumento pode ser realizada
para o direcionamento de intervenções em promoção da saúde, a fim de trabalhar de forma
mais assertiva as intervenções e ações realizadas na atenção básica.
49
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Determination of factors that influence the adults‘ knowledge degree about metabolic
syndrome.
Jhainieiry Cordeiro Famelli Ferret1; Braulio Henrique Magnani Branco 2 e Marcelo Picinin
Bernuci2.
Revisores indicados:
5. Leonardo Vidal
57
Resumo
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a condition that substantially increases the risk for developing
cardiovascular disease. The aim of this work was to evaluate which factors the degree of
knowledge of adults about the metabolic syndrome. A questionnaire called an instrument for
assessing knowledge about risk and protective factors related to metabolic syndrome was
applied. Participants were also submitted to the assessment of socioeconomic measures,
through an interview and the assessment of anthropometric measures, such as abdominal
circumference and blood pressure levels. A superior performance in the answers obtained in
the applied questionnaire was positively correlated with the sociodemographic characteristics
of the participants, such as education level. An inverse correlation was found between
participants' performance and the presence of obesity. The results found suggest the
relationship between sociodemographic factors and obesity, and the knowledge about the
metabolic syndrome. The presence of an important risk factor for metabolic syndrome and the
configuration of low knowledge of the condition can guide education strategies.
INTRODUÇÃO
MATERIAL E MÉTODOS
Desenho do estudo
Participantes e recrutamento
Coleta de dados
61
Análise de dados
62
RESULTADOS
Caracterização sociodemográfica
Escolaridade
Perfil étnico-racial
Idade
Mínimo 18 21
Mediana 36 36
64
Máximo 56 56
Renda familiar
Perfil antropométrico
Circunferência Pontuação no
PA PA Circunferência Altura
do Pescoço questionário
Máxima Mínima abdominal (cm) (M)
(cm) sobre SM
Mediana 12 8 88 35 1,7 23
Discussão
Limitações do estudo
Uma característica que pode determinar viés em nossa análise é o fato de que nossa
amostra não possui o mesmo número de representantes nas diferentes categorias étnico-raciais
auto declaradas pelos participantes do estudo. Os indivíduos declarados brancos estão em
maior número na amostra. Pelos fatores acima mencionados, relacionados ao grau de
educação formal e desempenho no questionário aplicado, essa poderia ser uma característica
limitante do nosso estudo.
Adicionalmente, o convite feito aos colaboradores do estudo foi realizado durante o
período pandêmico. A participação exigia a presença dos indivíduos, o que por diferentes
fatores, pode ter influenciado na característica geral da amostra.
Futuras investigações podem ser conduzidas com igualdade numérica de
representantes nas diferentes categorias étnica-raciais.
Considerações finais
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78
Jhainieiry Cordeiro Famelli Ferret 1, Braulio Henrique Magnani Branco 2, Marcelo Picinin
Bernuci2
email [email protected]
79
Resumo
Abstract
Health education can result in effective behavior change and generate a positive impact on
preventing certain diseases. Objective: To analyze the use of WhatsApp as a tool for
disseminating information related to metabolic syndrome. Methods: A Metabolic Syndrome
Knowledge Assessment Instrument (ACSM) questionnaire was applied to twenty-two
participants. The ACSM was composed of thirty-four assertive questions distributed among
three domains: (i) knowledge about obesity and related diseases, (ii) knowledge about risk
factors, and (iii) knowledge about protective factors. Study participants responded to the
ACSM before and after an intervention performed by distributing educational media (images,
videos, and audio) distributed daily for three consecutive weeks in a WhatsApp group.
Results: There was a significant mean improvement in participants' performance in the
responses to ACSM after the intervention performed through WhatsApp. Conclusions: Social
media such as WhatsApp can be helpful tools in the dissemination of health information.
Increased knowledge about risk factors and prevention for preventable diseases such as
metabolic syndrome can improve health promotion and management policies.
INTRODUÇÃO
al., 2015; Schiavon et al., 2020), especialmente no tocante a doenças que podem ser
efetivamente prevenidas. Dentre essas condições ressaltam-se aquelas não geneticamente
determinadas.
A Síndrome Metabólica (SM) é uma enfermidade cujos fatores de risco podem ser
minimizados com a informação que se traduz em efetiva mudança comportamental. A SM é
diagnosticada com o preenchimento de diferentes critérios: i. Superação de limites de
circunferência abdominal, específicos para homens e mulheres; ii. Alterações lipídicas com
altos índices de triglicerídeos e concentrações abaixo do que as recomendadas de HDL; iii.
Pressão arterial aumentada e iv. Alterações glicêmicas (Senkus et al., 2018; Vieira et al.,
2021). O atendimento de pelo menos três dessas condições pode predizer o diagnóstico de SM
(Senkus et al., 2019). Interessantemente, as estatísticas demosntram que muitas das condições
acima descritas são significativamente influenciendas pelo estilo de vida, dentre elas o
tabagismo, o consumo de álcool e o sedentarismo (Senkus et al., 2019).
do usuário (Li et al., 2019; Nayak et al., 2018; Pereira et al., 2020). Esse método não formal,
via rede social WhatsApp pode ser promissor e inovador, pois permite não só a transmissão,
mas também o compartilhamento das informações (Walker et al., 2019).
MATERIAL E MÉTODOS
Design do estudo
Participantes e recrutamento
Conhecimento sobre SM
Intervenção
todas as interações geradas foram arquivadas para análise do comportamento do grupo frente
às mídias deliberadas. No Quadro 2 estão apresentados alguns exemplos de imagens que
foram distribuídas ao longo da intervenção. Algumas delas continham conteúdo informativo e
outros eram meramente ilustrativas, essas estavam sempre acompanhadas de texto
complementar. Todas as dúvidas e questionamentos foram respondidos pelo moderador,
sempre com base nos pressupostos teóricos da literatura científica.
Análise estatística
Semana 01
8h vídeo
Dia 1
gravado pela Nenhuma interação
Segunda-feira
mediadora
8h Mensagem obesidade”.
Dia 3
de texto e “Bom dia! Tudo em excesso pode ser nocivo a nossa
Quarta-feira
figura. saúde, mas com relação a obesidade, os alimentos ricos
em açucares e gordura devem ser observados”.
figura.
Semana 02
Dia 2
Feriado
Terça-feira
Semana 03
8h Mensagem
de texto e
Apnéia do sono fator de risco para desenvolver
Dia 1 figura.
diabetes.
Segunda-feira 20h Mensagem
Sem interações.
de texto e
figura.
8h Mensagem
de texto
20h Mensagem
Dia 5 Fatores de proteção.
de texto
Sexta-feira Sem interações.
23h59 vídeo de
agradecimento/
encerramento
Análise de conteúdo
Quadro 2. Exemplo de algumas figuras que foram enviadas aos participantes durante o
processo de intervenção pelo WhatsApp.
Semana 01
Excesso de ingestão de
Dia 3 alimento pode ser uma
Dia 5
Obesidade pode
Sexta-feira aumentar o risco de
morte?
Semana 02
94
Morbidades associadas ao
Dia 1
diabetes: hipertensão, doenças
Segunda-feira
cardiovasculares, infarto e gota.
Semana 03
Envelhecimento e síndrome
Dia 4
metabólica.
Quinta-feira
95
Dia 5
Fatores de proteção.
Sexta-feira
RESULTADOS
Tabela 2. Erros dos participantes em cada domínio específico antes (pré) e depois (pós) da
intervenção. O desempenho (número de acertos) de cada participante antes e após a
intervenção está, também, apresentado.
1 9 1 1 1 3 0 21 32
2 6 6 5 2 4 1 19 25
3 13 1 3 1 4 0 14 32
4 12 6 5 3 5 3 12 22
5 7 3 3 1 1 0 23 30
6 4 6 5 3 5 5 20 20
7 9 5 3 0 3 4 19 25
8 9 11 5 1 8 0 12 22
9 14 12 6 4 10 6 4 12
10 8 12 4 4 3 3 19 15
11 9 1 6 3 8 4 11 26
12 10 6 7 3 7 5 10 20
13 10 7 2 0 7 7 15 20
97
14 14 5 5 3 5 5 10 21
DISCUSSÃO
Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro estudo a utilizar o WhatsApp como ferramenta de
educação em saúde para pessoas brasileiras com foco no aprendizado sobre o SM. A
intervenção de três semanas consistiu na abordagem de fatores relevantes associados ao tema
como a obesidade, o sedentarismo e outras enfermidades associadas a essa síndrome.
O aplicativo, que é conhecido pelas pessoas como uma ferramenta diária de interação
diversa possibilitou um espaço receptivo para divulgação do tema e ao esclarecimento de
dúvidas não comumente discutidas no dia a dia. Os telefones celulares e outros dispositivos
sem fio têm o potencial de ampliar os serviços de saúde, permitindo que os consumidores se
envolvam com informações de saúde, co-gerenciem essas condições e ganhem suporte para os
desafios vigentes nessa área (Giansanti & Cosentino, 2021).
Nesse trabalho, o WhatsApp foi utilizado para a interação diária com os participantes
do estudo. O conhecimento prévio dos indivíduos sobre SM foi avaliado por meio de
questionário específico. Após serem submetidos à intervenção, os participantes foram
reavaliados e os escores gerais obtidos no questionário foram significativamente superiores
quando comparados à primeira avaliação, o que sugere a eficácia do método proposto para
ganho de conhecimento no tema.
“...Acredito sim que a obesidade é uma doença de natureza multifatorial cujo tratamento
exige atenção multidisciplinar”.
“...Agora trabalhando 60 horas por semana fica difícil conciliar a atividade física na
rotina”.
Esses dados sugerem que não há uma correlação absoluta entre a conscientização de
uma informação crítica em saúde e a incorporação efetiva de práticas que a subsidiem.
Limitações do estudo:
Conclusões
conhecido alcance podem ser fatores importantes a serem considerados para a seleção de
novas estratégias de educação em saúde.
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https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S200822
CONCLUSÃO
Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o desenvolvimento e validação de um
instrumento de medida de conhecimento sobre a SM pode ser usado com eficácia para avaliar
quais fatores são determinantes para o conhecimento das pessoas sobre a síndrome. Além
disso, o instrumento contribuiu para avaliar o uso do aplicativo de conversa online WhatsApp
como estratégia de educação em saúde. Em vista dos argumentos apresentados, conclui-se que
o compartilhamento online de informações em saúde contribui para o aprendizado das pessoas
sobre a SM. O WhatsApp se mostrou uma ferramenta importante no processo de capacitação
em saúde e pode ser usado em futuras intervenções, com populações diversas, especialmente
aquelas com risco de desenvolver obesidade e consequentemente a SM. Desta forma,
acreditamos que pode ocorrer não só mehoria no conhecimento sobre a síndrome, mas o
empoderamento em saúde da população, particularmente no que diz respeito à prevenção e ao
tratamento da SM. Ressalta-se ainda que o uso do whatsapp se configura como sendo de fácil
acesso, onde o usuário envia e recebe mensagens sem custo, bastando uma conexão com a
internet. Isto pode ser muito bem utilizado em programas veiculados aos SUS, como por
exemplo, no Programa de Estratégia Saúde da Família. A formação de grupos virtuais poderá
facilitar o acesso das pessoas à informação qualificadas em saúde; facilitar a comunicação
106
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ANEXOS
145
APÊNDICES
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Journal of Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), Vol. 21 (4), Art 216, pp. 1705 - 1714, June 2021 online
ISSN: 2247 - 806X; p-ISSN: 2247 – 8051; ISSN - L = 2247 - 8051 © JPES
Original Article
DOI:10.7752/jpes.2021.04216
Resistance exercises have been suggested as a good strategy for the treatment of
metabolic syndrome (MS).
However, given the heterogeneity of intervention protocols, there is still no consensus
on the best exercise program prescribed for MS patients. Thus, the present review
aimed to systematically assess, summarize and present the available evidence on the
use of interventions based on the practice of resistance exercise indicated for MS
treatment in young adults. The search for articles was carried out in the "PubMed" and
"Cochrane" electronic databases up to September 2019 using the descriptor "metabolic
syndrome" associated with "resistance training". The review followed the PRISMA
guidelines and was filed in the PROSPERO registry base (CRD n ° 42020180252).
Three hundred and eighteen studies were identified, 284 of which were excluded
because they did not meet the inclusion criteria, and seven were analyzed in total. At
14 weeks, resistance exercise can improve inflammation and anthropometric
parameters (body fat content), regardless of significant changes in body mass and SM
classification factors. Resistance exercise also promoted increased exercise load
149
during the 1RM test, indicating a functional adaptation to the stimulus generated in
resistance exercise sessions. It has also been shown that resistance exercise can provide
evidence of improvement in metabolic health and functional fitness in pre-
menopausal women with moderate cardiovascular risk. For more extended periods of
activity, 16 weeks, resistance exercise promoted muscle fiber hypertrophy and an
increased proportion of type IIx fibers in the vastus lateralis muscle. With 24 weeks of
resistance exercise, it was possible to demonstrate significant reductions in plasma
levels of ALT, decreases in HOMA-IR and liver adiposity, and there was an
improvement in glycolipid metabolism due to a decrease in ALT levels and the
triglyceride content of the liver. The studies were unanimous in claiming that
resistance exercise protocols effectively improve aspects of MS, such as benefiting the
inflammatory profile and reducing body fat. Although the protocols were slightly
different from each other, it is
Key Words: Physical training; Chronic noncommunicable diseases; Health
promotion; Metabolic
Introduction
In the last few decades, the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) has
increased significantly (Saklayen, 2018). The worsening of its components has been
correlated with increased mortality from several diseases, especially cardiovascular
ones (DeBoer et al., 2020; Sergi et al., 2020). Because of this, the direct and indirect
onus derived from the consequences associated with MS overloads the health system,
causing significant costs (Fong, 2019; Nilson et al., 2020; Yoo et al., 2020),
representing, therefore, a severe global public health problem. With a complex
etiology, MS seems to occur mainly in response to the combination of
genetic/epigenetic factors (Ambrosini et al., 2020; do Nascimento et al., 2015) and
lifestyles, such as an unbalanced diet (Fabiani, Naldini, and Chiavarini, 2019;
Semnani-Azad et al., 2020) and sedentary behaviors (Amirfaiz and Shahril, 2019;
Edwardson et al., 2012). Thus, approaches aimed at modifying lifestyle have stood out
as essential strategies to be targeted both for prevention (Jo et al., 2020; Oliveira e
Guedes, 2016; van Namen et al., 2019) and for the treatment of SM (Lin et al., 2014;
Myers et al., 2019). Although evidence has suggested incorporating physical activity,
associated or not with a restrictive diet and pharmacological treatment, within the
scope of MS control strategies, there is still no consensus on the most effective
approach (Albert Pérez et al., 2018; Pérez et al., 2019).
Current evidence states that resistance exercise in adults can effectively treat
diseases associated with MS positively altering physiological variables derived from
risk factors (Turri-Silva et al., 2018). Resistance exercise is beneficial for patients
with MS when it comes to health improvement, as it is a common form of exercise
and can promote an increase in muscle mass, reduces body fat and blood pressure, and
improves lipidic profile (Turri-Silva et al., 2018). In addition, it causes a decrease in
150
body weight and an improvement in insulin sensitivity, reducing the propensity for
sarcopenia and osteoporosis (DeVallance et al., 2016). However, due to MS showing
different standards based on different authors, a systematic review on SM and
resistance exercise could help health professionals provide assertive interventions to
promote non-pharmacologic health.
- 1705
Corresponding Author: MARCELO PICININ BERNUCI, E-mail: [email protected]
For interventions based only on the practice of isolated physical activity, the
results are promising, but the inconsistencies in the specificity of the improvement
parameters, possibly in response to the diversity of physical exercise protocols used,
age group and evaluated parameters (Lemes et al., 2016, 2018; Lin et al., 2015;
Ostman et al., 2017) makes it challenging to define a more effective program. Thus,
the present systematic review aimed to evaluate, synthesize and critically present the
available evidence on physical activity prescription based on resistance exercise in
young adults.
This systematic review is based on the PRISMA-E 2012 reporting guide (Preferred
Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) (Welch et al., 2016). The
study was included in the international prospective record database of systematic
reviews - PROSPERO (Nº CRD 42020180252).
Literature search and study selection Between August 14, 2019, and
September 10, 2019, articles were searched for in the United States National Library
of Medicine - PubMed and Cochrane Library electronic databases. The search terms
used the indexing terms of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database, whose
descriptors were "metabolic syndrome" and associated with "resistance training" or
"resistance exercise‖, or "Strength training" or "Strength exercise." Two independent
researchers carried out the article selections and analysis whose disagreements were
resolved with a third researcher's help.
Ineligibility criteria Studies over five years old, with animals, which did not
include resistance exercise, psychological, nutritional, or medical interventions,
evaluated children, adolescents, and the elderly, systematic reviews, review articles,
editorials, and reports were deemed to be ineligible studies that did not use
resistance exercises.
Bias risk assessment The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk
of bias was used, according to the following categories: Generation of the random
sequence; allocation secrecy; blinding of participants, evaluators, and professionals;
incomplete outcomes; selective reports and other potential sources bias. The level of
risk of bias was determined for each domain: (1) high risk, (2) uncertain risk, or (3)
low risk.
Results
Study selection
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As shown in Figure 1, the initial electronic search identified 318 studies. Of
the 318 studies, 47 were removed because they were duplicated. Two studies were
excluded because they were not available, two animal studies were also excluded, 45
were removed for not having resistance exercise in the study and 20 studies were
removed for presenting resistance exercise associated with diet or psychotherapy.
Furthermore, 121 studies involving other diseases such as cancer, HIV, polycystic
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Description of study interventions
15 sedentary men 11 year old; and 29 MetS (51 ± Quasi-experimental study / American Heart
(Silveira (57.53 ±
12year old Association (AHA) and the National
Martins,
Boufleur 7.07 years old) with 2 or Heart,Lung, and Blood
Farinha, et more MS components. Institute (NHLBI)
al., 2015)
11 obese men and a close relative
with
Stuart et al.
2017 59 patients with type 2
NAFLD were assigned
diabetes. The average years old was
to a resistance exercise 40, with a range of Clinical trial / World Health Organization
group (n = 28) man = 8, (WHO) and
woman = 20 years old
Takahashi et The Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III)
56.7
al. 2015
National Cholesterol Education Program
± 12.0 or a control
(NCEP)
group (n = 31) men = 9,
women =
22;52.9 ± 15.4
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Bruce test, severity (USG) was parameters, individuals reduced MetS group showed a non-significant
Quasi- with blood measured body fat content. Also, RT resulted 11% reduction in body fat. The MetS RT
experimenta pressure in lower circulating TNF-α and IL- group had a 12% increase in VO2peak,
l study / measurement 6, higher levels of IL-10, and while no change was found with the Con
National (SBP-; BPD, stabilization of concentrations of RT or among the sedentary (non-exercise)
Cholesterol flexibility via IL-1β and IFN-γ. Body fat and groups.
Education the Wells inflammatory profile were
Program bench, height, reduced, as well as the risk of CD
(NCEP) abdominal
circumference, After 16 weeks of training, weight was
body Height and
weight, A significant interaction of time not statistically different and there was no
composition together with waist and per treatment between body weight change in fasting glucose or insulin. Body
via DXA. hip circumference, were and BMI. Also, a significant composition did change with an increase
Biochemical measured, fat interaction of time per treatment in lean body mass and a decrease in fat
measurements: distribution was was observed between ALT and mass. The proportion of type IIa fibers
TG, TC, HDL, assessed, body HOMA-IR levels. The reduction of decreased, and type IIx fibers increased.
and FG, IL-1β composition was ALT (76.9 ± 63.4 vs. 59.3 ± Peak force significantly increased.
cytokines IL-6, calculated, TC, HDL, 49.2), HOMA-IR
IL-10, TNF-α, TG, FG, HbA1c, and
and IFN-γ and insulin were analyzed. (4.0 ± 2.9 vs. 3.1 ± 1.6), and
application of SBP and DBP, pulse degree of
the three-day pressure, and carotid-
hepatic steatosis (2.00 ± 0.82 vs.
food record. femoral pulse wave
1.55 ±
velocity were measured.
0.71) were observed.
Body weight,
BMI, AST, An insulin infusion
ALT, GGT,
LDL-c, TG at 40 mU
FG, and The MS group (n=10) and the
2 −1
plasma insulin. • m •min was NMS group (n = 9) statistically
Insulin performed for 2 h and a
resistance was steady-state glucose showed differences in body
calculated, and infusion rate (ssGIR) to composition variables. The first
hepatic quantify insulin
steatosis was sensitivity. Fasting group showed high values for body
assessed via glucose and insulin. mass, lean body mass, fat
USG. Body fat mass and lean
body mass were percentage, the sum of skinfolds,
measured. Maximum and waist circumference. The other
leg and hip strength
were evaluated group showed high values for IPF,
RFD, and static jump peak power
at 0 and 20 kg. This group had
Body mass,
higher values for SBP and DBP
height, and
and total cholesterol ratio for HDL
body
and insulin. This condition may
composition
mean that we have multiple
were
sclerosis, higher levels of body fat
measured.
but less favorable body
Measurement
composition, lean mass and
of
increased absolute strength, but
subcutaneous
were less fit for aerobic exercise.
folds in 7
They have more risk factors.
locations and
waist There were differences between
circumference. blood lipids, abdominal/general
Specific obesity and BP, baseline TG and
urinary hemoglobin A1c. After the
exercise intervention, the RT with
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1707
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30 to 54 isometrically. The maximum jump Aerobic fitness quantified by V O2max
height was measured without load was increased. GLUT4 in muscle
and with a load of 20 kg. V O2max increased.
62 sedentary Flexibility measured and balance. minutes with spontaneous breathing and
Clinical trial / World
pre- Health Organization supine.
menopausal
(OMS); European
women
Group for the Study of
Flandez et diagnosed with Insulin Resistance
al. 2017 MS (40−50
(EGIR); The Adult
years old Treatment Panel III
(46.47 ± 3.71 (ATP III)
years old).
National Cholesterol
Randomly Education Program
divided into an (NCEP); International
Diabetes Foundation
experimental (IDF)
group and a
control group
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was also found There were There were no was no significant difference properties of chaosin individuals with MS.
a considerable
reduction in no significant differences between the ETG and FWG. There Resistance exercise can promote other
statistically between the two EGs was a significant increase in beneficial cardiovascular adaptations, such
LDL-c from
significant in blood BMs. All the general coordination, maximal as left ventricular hypertrophy and
baseline to
within- or functional variables voluntary isometric strength of the reduced vascular resistance, which
postinterven
between- analyzed showed upper and lower limbs, the local together can reduce the effort of the heart.
tion and a
group improved intragroup muscular endurance of the lateral
trend toward
differences values in both the and ventral trunk area, and aerobic
reduction in
in total ETG and FWG. An capacity in the EGs relative to the
all of the
cholesterol increase in physical CG. None of these functional skills
metabolic
after the performance ability significantly changed in the CG.
parameters
training concerning the CG
(not 12 weeks of RT protocol can be a
program was also noted in each
statistically reliable intervention for autonomic
intervention. of the EGs, and there
significant). dynamic balance, increasing the
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Description of the exercises
The description of the types of exercises, duration of the training and muscle
groups worked are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - Characterization of resistance exercise protocols
Intervention Weekly sessions and
Author (s)
duration of sessions Series and repetitions Exercises or muscle groups
time
Three days a week for In weeks 3 to 10, the subjects triceps pulley extension, biceps curvature, trunk
Silveira performed three sets of 15 extension, abdominal curvature, leg-press, knee
14 weeks, with a
repetitions, with the number of flexion, plantar ankle flexion, hip abduction, and
Martins et minimum of 48-72 h of
14 weeks exercises increasing to 12. adduction1.
al. 2015
recovery between
During the last four weeks, the
sessions. Average 1-
subjects performed three sets of
hour session
12 repetitions.
The exercises include push-ups and squats. 3 sets
of 10 push-ups and 3 sets of 10 squats with a 1-
minute break between them lasting 20-30
(Takahashi 20-30 minute series were minutes. There was dietary restriction and
comprising push-ups and squats. encouragement of physical activities following
3 sets of 10 push-ups and 3 sets
et al., 2015) 24 weeks Not related of 10 repetitions. the guidelines of the American
Gastroenterological Association for NAFLD and
the Physical Activity of Health Promotion,
recommended by the Ministry of Health, Labor,
and Welfare of Japan.
South et al. these days being increasing 5–10% each week. Weeks 5 to 8
8 weeks
2016
dedicated to resistance consisted of increasing load and increasing
exercises and 1 to 2 training intensity. During weeks 5 to 7, load
days dedicated to increase by 5–10% and decreased during week 8
working on the middle to allow fatigue dissipation. The post-test was
section (abdominal) or carried out during the 9 th week, 2-3 days after the
3 sets of 8-12 repetitions until
stretching. last training session. The exercises emphasized
fatigue, but not a failure. The
large muscle groups and multi-joint movements.
load and repetition range is in
line with those for hypertrophic 3 days/week six exercises (leg press, chest, side
training defined by the American flexion, leg flexion, shoulder press, and leg
DeVallance College of Sports Medicine extension) on weight machines. For
(ACSM) and the National familiarization, three sets of minimum resistance
Strength and Conditioning warm-ups, followed by sets of five and three reps
with increasing resistance. Progressive increase in
intensity over 2 weeks: weeks 1–2, 60% of
maximum; weeks 3-4, 70% of maximum; weeks
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Association and is also in line 5–6, 80% of maximum; and weeks 7–8, 85% of
Stuart et al.
4 blocks, 4 weeks each.
2017 16 weeks with ACSM's stance RT for the maximum. Three sets of 8-12 reps until
Five days a week
health in an adult population. fatigue but not failure. The load and repetition
range is in line with those for hypertrophic
training defined by the (ACSM) and the National
Strength and Conditioning Association and is also
in line with the ACSM stance on RT for health in
a population adult.
During weeks 1–4, the set of
goals and repetition scheme was During weeks 1–4, the target set and repetition
3 × 10; during weeks 5–8, the scheme was 3 × 10; during weeks 5–8, the target
goal was 4 × 5; during weeks 9- was 4 × 5; during weeks 9–12, the target was 4 ×
12, the goal was 4 × 10; and 10; and during weeks 13–16, the target was 4 × 5.
during weeks 13-16, the target Thus, training volume was maintained at
was 4 × 5. Thus, the training relatively high levels throughout the 16 wk. The
volume was maintained at training was carried out by strength power
relatively high levels during the athletes and consisted primarily of large muscle
16 weeks. mass multi-joint exercises such as squats and
pulling movements (e.g., clean pulls). Training
occurred 5 days a week, with light days devoted
to midsection work on Tuesdays and Thursdays
during weeks 1–4 and 9–12 and on Wednesdays
during weeks 5–8 and 9–13.
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The ETG used a multifunction training station
The sessions were organized in a (111.8 cm long, 61 cm wide, and 5.1 cm high)
circuit of 10 specific exercises with different elastic tubes anchored in several
for upper limbs, lower limbs, and positions (TheraBand Exercise Station, Hygienic
lumbopelvic stability. Corporation, Akron, OH). This training station
Three -Four sessions a also had anchor points for affixing elastic tubes
Flandez et 12 weeks
30 s of active between exercises
al. 2017 week, with 3-4 sets of with up to three different levels of viscoelastic
(running in place and joint
10-15 repetitions per hardness (30.5 cm of length) that could be
mobility of soft tissue for upper
exercise attached to either individual handles or a bar. We
limbs) and recovery of 60 s
developed the prescribed exercises by modifying
between sets (completion of the
the types of anchors and material and by adding a
entire circuit)
fitball. The FWG used bars, discs, and standard
dumbbells, and as with the ETG STP, we used a
fitball for assistance in specific exercises. The
intensity was modified while the participant did
the exercise by changing the equipment.
Discussion
1710
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women's metabolic health and functional fitness with moderate cardiovascular risk
using elastic tubes in the training protocol. It is important to note that these non-
traditional devices are efficient, low-cost, accessible, effective and motivating. The
study provides scientific evidence supporting the use of practical tools that
healthcare professionals can use to help prevent and treat cardiovascular and
metabolic diseases in sedentary pre- menopausal women. Regarding the functioning
of the heart's capacity, resistance training was more recently, Turri-Silva et al.
(2018), found to be effective, increasing the chaos and dynamics of the autonomic
nervous system (ANS). These findings showed significant changes in heart rate
variability (HRV) analysis means by non-linear parameters. Resistance exercise
protocol can be a reliable intervention for dynamic autonomic balance. It was
increasing the properties of ANS chaos in individuals with MS. In addition, there are
other benefits for the cardiovascular system; for example, left ventricular
hypertrophy and reduced vascular resistance together can reduce cardiac strain.
The main findings of Silveira Martins et al. (2015) in a 14-week intervention were
that resistance exercises cause improvements in inflammation and anthropometric
parameters (body fat content) regardless of significant changes in body mass and
SM classification factors. Furthermore, resistance exercises promoted increased
exercise load during the 1RM test, indicating a functional adaptation to the stimulus
generated in resistance exercise sessions. For Stuart et al. (2017), resistance
exercises resulted in increased strength, increased lean body mass, muscle fiber
hypertrophy and an increased proportion of type IIx fibers in the vastus lateralis
muscle. Aerobic fitness also increased and effectively reduced body fat, increased
muscle size, and changed skeletal muscle fiber to type IIx fast-twitch fibers, but
insulin responsiveness to the whole body did not change in the absence of weight
loss.
The studies analyzed here, which lasted at most 24 weeks, showed that simple
resistance exercises achieved significant reductions in alanine aminotransferase
(ALT) plasma levels, accompanied by decreases in insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)
and liver adiposity. There was also an improvement in glycolipid metabolism caused
by decreased ALT levels and the liver's triglyceride content induced by resistance
exercises. There was no significant change in body weight (Takahashi et al., 2015).
Regarding the time allocated to interventions, the studies were not
homogeneous in the duration of the programs and the frequency of meetings. Two
studies (published in the same year) had a shorter period, 8 weeks, one of them with
6 meetings a week (South et al., 2016) and one with 3 meetings a week (DeVallance
et al., 2016). Two studies lasted 12 weeks, both with meetings 3 times a week
(Flandez et al., 2017; Turri-Silva et al., 2018). One study lasted 14 weeks with 3
meetings a week (Silveira Martins et al. 2015). Another study lasted 16 weeks with
5 meetings a week (Stuart et al., 2017) and another study lasted 24 weeks, not
describing the meetings' duration in detail (Takahashi et al., 2015).
Types of exercises, series and repetitions in the studies were also not
homogeneous. One study performed supervised resistance exercise three days a
week for 14 weeks, with a minimum of 48-72h of recovery between sessions. The
first two weeks of RT consisted of 15 repetitions and then two series of 17
repetitions in five exercises for all muscle groups, respectively, at 40% of a
maximum repetition (1RM). From weeks 3 to 10, the subjects performed three sets
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of 15 repetitions at 60% 1RM, with the number of exercises increasing up to 12.
During the last four weeks, the subjects performed three sets of 12 repetitions at
70% 1RM in the following exercises: pull-down, bench press, rower, triceps pulley
extension, biceps curl, trunk extension, abdominal curl, leg press, knee flexion,
plantar ankle flexion, abduction and hip adduction, on average for 1h. At the
beginning of the sessions, the warm-up was carried out using a low-intensity walk in
a closed place for 10 min. In the end, stretching was performed individually.
Stretching exercises varied with the sessions and were directed to stretch the upper
and lower back, shoulders, arms, chest, abdomen, thighs (back, front, internal and
external) and calves (Silveira Martins et al., 2015).
In another study, patients performed push-ups and squats. There were 3 sets of
10 push-ups and 3 sets of 10 squats, with intervals between sets of 1 minute for 20 to
30 minutes. The control group made dietary restrictions, encouraging regular
physical activity following the American Gastroenterological Association for
NAFLD and the Health Physical Activity Promotion guidelines recommended by
the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan (Takahashi et al.,
2015).
On the other hand, South et al. (2016) carried out training that consisted of
two phases: the first phase lasted 4 weeks, using light loads with high repetitions,
reinforcing endurance and conditioning. Lasting for 8 weeks, the second phase was
used with heavy loads and fewer repetitions, highlighting maximum strength and
power. Each week the load and intensity were increased, with load being increased
by 5-10% weekly, reducing in the last week to reduce fatigue. Post-tests were carried
out during the 9th week. The exercises emphasized large muscle groups and multi-
joint movements. Higher body strength training with higher speed was emphasized
during mid-thigh pulls, squats and vertical jumps. Also, higher speed and greater
power were emphasized during light days. The individuals exercised 6 days a week,
with resistance exercises alternating with abdominal exercises or stretching.
1711
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In another study, individuals with MS and healthy subjects were randomly
selected to participate in a weight machine resistance exercise program doing six
exercises (leg press, bench press, pull-down, leg curl, shoulder press and leg
extension) 3 days a week. Before starting the series of exercises, the participants
performed warm-ups using the machines for familiarization. Then they did a series
of five and three repetitions, ending with one repetition and increased resistance. In
fourteen days, the resistance exercise was increased to fatigue, as long as failure did
not happen (DeVallance et al., 2016).
In another study, the training consisted of specific supervised exercises 5 days
a week. Saturdays were considered a very light training day, and participants were
instructed to perform specific stretching exercises independently. Each day the
exercises were performed in the indicated sequence. During weeks 1–4, the set of
goals and repetition scheme was 3 × 10; during weeks 5–8, the goal was 4 × 5;
during weeks 9-12, the goal was 4
× 10; and during weeks 13-16, the target was 4 × 5. Thus, the training volume was
kept at relatively high levels during the 16 weeks. The training was performed by
strength and power athletes and consisted mainly of multiarticular exercises of large
muscle mass, such as squats and pull movements (for example, clean pulls). The
training took place 5 days a week, with light days dedicated to mid-section work on
Tuesdays and Thursdays during weeks 1–4 and 9–12 and on Wednesdays during
weeks 5–8 and 9–13 (Stuart et al., 2017).
In the study by Flandez et al. (2017), a standard strength training program
(STP) was designed and applied equally to elastic tubes (ETG) and bars and discs
(FWG) over the 12-week intervention (which involved 3-4 sessions per week, with
3-4 sets of 10-15 repetitions per exercise). The first 2 months of the program
focused on developing local muscle endurance resistance, and the last month focused
on developing muscle hypertrophy. The sessions were organized in a circuit of 10
specific exercises for upper limbs, lower limbs, and lumbar-pelvic stability. Three
familiarization sessions were conducted before starting the program to ensure an
adequate and safe execution with an ideal adaptation to each workout's intensity.
Conclusion
1712
JPES ®
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1714
(UNICESUMAR),
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4625-9128
Student, Dept. of Medicine, University Center of Maringa (UNICESUMAR), Maringa, Parana, Brazil.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2376-4797
Filipe Rocco
Student, Dept. of Medicine, University Center of Maringa (UNICESUMAR), Maringa, Parana, Brazil.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3839-6349
Abstract
The acknowledgment of social media as a strategy in health education is essential, providing benefits to
health promotion and the prevention and treatment of comorbidities. This study assessed the contribution
of WhatsApp use on the prognosis of medical conditions and its impact on enhancing the quality of life.
The review protocol used PubMed and Web of Science as databases, followed PRISMA-E 2012 guidelines,
was registered in PROSPERO (Nº2021232688), and its risk of bias was analyzed Cochrane Collaboration's
tool for assessing the risk of bias. Thirteen impact studies (n = 1653 participants) were selected and showed
Introduction
The term health education has been used since the first decades of the 20th century (Falkenberg et al. 2014).
It can be defined as the principle through which individuals and groups of people learn how to behave to
promote, maintain and restore health. Among the benefits is creating a sense of health promotion,
preventive and curative methods allowing the population to develop appropriate knowledge and attitudes
necessary for maintaining good health (Idoko, Idoko, and Chidolue 2019). The World Health Organization
(WHO) defines health education as: An educational process based on the construction of knowledge that
aims at the theme's appropriation by the population […]. A group of actions contributes to enhancing
populational autonomy on health care and its ability to debate with health professionals and managers to
demand health care according to its necessities. The WHO affirms that the definition of health education
consists in the production and organization of knowledge related to practicing healthcare through teaching,
didactic guidelines and, curricular orientation (World Health Organization 2009).
Moreover, it is known that the perception of the health care user as a social, historical, and political
individual associated with its family, environment, and society are important for creating health education
measures that allow the user to take care of itself, its family and surroundings (Machado et al. 2007). Thus,
there are many strategies for promoting health education, one of them being social media. Social media is
defined as an application or platform that allows exchanging messages, documents, and multimedia files
through chatrooms (Giansanti 2020). The use of smartphones, in general, is rapidly growing, and associated
with them are applications related to health care. Therefore, the mobile revolution offers a new opportunity
to provide medical support whenever and wherever people need it (Giordano et al. 2017; Nardo et al. 2016).
To this moment, a few studies assessed the efficacy of WhatsApp use on health education. Hence, knowing
the popularity and viability of this software for communication, this systematic review goal was to
determine, synthesize and present evidence on the use of WhatsApp in health education.
This article is a systematic review, written based on the PRISMA-E 2012 (Preferred Reporting Items for
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) report guide (Welch et al. 2012). It was registered on
PROSPERO (Nº CRD CRD42021233688).
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Literature research and study selection
The research for the articles on this review used the United States National Library of Medicine PubMed
and Web of Science as databases. It occurred during the following period – September 4th, 2020 – January
26th, 2021. The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database index term was applied to this research, and
the description was "social media". The selection and analysis of the papers were made by two independent
researchers whose disagreements were solved with the help of a third researcher.
Eligibility Criteria
The studies considered eligible were the ones that contemplated WhatsApp's use to provide health
education to patients published during the last 05 years. The applied exclusion criteria were: studies older
than 5 years, animal studies, studies that did not include WhatsApp, case reports, letters to editors, opinion
articles, and editorials. Articles that were not wholly available doubled articles, and articles focused on
health care students/professionals were also excluded.
Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias was used according to the following categories:
Random sequence generation; placing sigil; blinding of the participants, assessors, and professionals;
uncompleted turnouts; selective reports and other potential bias sources. The level of bias risk was
determined for each domain: (1) High Risk, (2) Uncertain Risk (3) Low Risk.
Results
Study selection
As demonstrated in Figure 1, the initial electronic research identified 786 studies, 478 at PubMed and 308
at Web of Science. Out of the 786 studies, 3 were eliminated after duplication analysis. Due to access
unavailability, 17 articles were excluded from this study. Thirty-nine articles were removed for being a
letter to editors, 6 for being opinion articles, and 7 for editorials. Twelve articles were removed due to their
classification as case reports/experience, 3 for being news, and 1 for being a manuscript. 680 were excluded
for not including WhatsApp as an interventional measure on patient's health education. Thus, 13 articles
were systematically and thoroughly analyzed.
Figure 1
Study features
Thirteen studies were selected and involved 1653 patients, 7 of them being randomized clinical trials, 2
non-randomized trials, 1 pre-post intervention, 1 prospective-observational study, 1 study that applied
mixed methods and 1 article that presented an experimental design. There were various interventions
because the approached themes included heterogeneous age ranges (from teenagers to elderly patients) and
comorbidities. The approached studies included smoking (n = 2), breast cancer (n = 1), injectable drug use
(n = 1), pregnant patients (n = 1), type 2 diabetes mellitus (TD2M) and systemic arterial hypertension (n
= 3), physical exercise (n = 2), and lifestyle changes (n = 1). The general features of the studies are
presented in Table 1.
Main findings
According to Table 2, there was a significant effect of the interventions on the approached groups. All the
studies showed substantial impact on the presented comorbidities, demonstrating efficacy in minimizing
the symptoms, progression and/or worsening of the presented disorders. Among the most specific findings
Discussion
The objective of this systematic review includes assessing, resuming, and presenting the available evidence
about the use of WhatsApp. Hence, it is intended to contribute by presenting literature with different
perspectives, including the role of primary interventions that patients in health education can efficiently
and safely use through this application. In short, the main findings demonstrated the possibility of using
WhatsApp to prevent worsening of a patient's health conditions when the latter refuses to seek treatment
and optimize the disorder's prognosis through information.
Despite the availability of medication and counseling services, smoking cessation is related to frequent
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relapses until the practical act of stop smoking takes place (Caponnetto et al. 2013; Reid et al. 2016).
Cellphone-based interventions are potentially efficacious in supporting recent quitters to stop smoking
(Haug et al. 2013; Whittaker et al. 2009) and prevent relapses (Devries, Kenward, and Free 2013; Snuggs
et al. 2012). A few exploratory studies have shown that a social media service reached many smokers in
the community and increased peer interaction (Brandt et al. 2013; Struik and Baskerville 2014). The impact
of websites, mobile apps, telephone lines, email-based services, telephone appointments, and Short
Message Service (SMS) reminders on the adhesion of smoking patients to the addiction interruption process
was recently observed (Trujillo Gómez et al. 2015). Thus, considering the potential impact of social
media, it seems that the use of this tool became essential in the present day. Similarly to these findings,
Cheung et al. (2015) demonstrated in their study with smoking patients that the discussions and reminders
through WhatsApp significantly decreased relapses and could present a more significant effect on short-
time abstinence when compared to face-to-face groups. Moreover, the reminders sent by the moderators
were specially created to prevent relapses of recent quitters. Furthermore, in (Durmaz et al. 2019) study,
there was a success in the abstinence rate on the smoking group that received WhatsApp messages as
additional support compared to the usual treatment. Regarding the time and intensity of the messages, it
was seen that adaptations to the patients' needs allowed a greater adhesion. The app's privacy, sigil, and
practicality that helped the continuity of care allow greater adhesion to medication use.
The success of an orthodontic treatment involving removable retainers is greatly dependent on the patient's
adhesion and presents a significant risk of relapse in the long-term with a variety of studies showing
approach strategies to optimize the adhesion of these patients (Eppright et al. 2014; Wong and Freer 2005).
In the last decades, there were great adhesions to focus groups, motivational interviews, and patient
education, although, on the present day, most of these measures take place on social medial and smartphone
applications (Ackerman and Thornton 2011; Scheerman et al. 2018). Studies have shown that integrating
new social technology in a standard motivational protocol focused on oral hygiene is efficacious in
enhancing teenage patients' adhesion and increasing oral hygiene during the multibracket orthodontic
treatment (Zotti et al. 2016, 2019). It was observed that WhatsApp use established a long-term follow-up
that presented an increase in the stability and adhesion of the orthodontic treatment.
A few studies assessed the efficacy of mobile phones on the promotion of physical activities and showed
that these devices could help to enhance health determinants (Cavallo et al., 2012; Valle et al., 2013;
Alghafri et al., 2018) demonstrated that the "MOVEdiabetes" intervention was effective on raising the
levels of physical activities among sedentary adults that suffered from TD2M. There was a reduction in
systolic and diastolic blood pressures and positive alterations on these patients' lipid profiles, especially
triglycerides, over 12 months, demonstrating positive cardiovascular results in the long term. One can
conclude that personalized physical activity appointments can take place in diabetes primary care, including
monthly WhatsApp messages. Similar results were seen in the (Muntaner-Mas et al. 2017) study, in which
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the intervention group showed increased maximal isometric handgrip strength, aerobic capacity, decreased
Training and educating women during pregnancy and post-partum can impact the behaviors of seeking
medical care and health results (Gakidou et al. 2010; Karlsen et al. 2011). The antenatal services have
demonstrated an increase in adhesion and a decrease in premature birth rates, and enhance satisfaction with
care in some contexts (Catling et al. 2015). From this perspective, Patel et al. (2018) obtained great results
on their studies with pregnant patients who showed higher follow-up rates, post-partum birth control,
increments in the adhesion, decrease in premature births, and an enhancement in the satisfaction with care.
In short, the author suggests that mothers need informative support outside the antenatal appointments and
confirms the acceptance of this type of service by the patients, considering the high demand. Evidence
suggests that social support raises stress resilience which causes a plausible impact on health results.
Diet and physical activity are aspects of lifestyle changes that lead to better blood sugar level control and
diminished morbidity in diabetic patients (Alanzi 2018). Globally, studies report that education on self-
management of diabetes had positive results on controlling HbA1c levels and on reducing the risk of fatal
complications (Kitsiou et al. 2017; Quinn et al. 2018). However, diabetic patients face many obstacles to
adherence to traditional self-care protocols, such as lack of knowledge of the disorder, personalized
interventions, cost, and time limitations (Adisa, B. Alutundu, and O. Fakeye 2009; Pal et al. 2018; Whitley
et al. 2006).
A recent metanalysis shows that interventions focused on increasing adhesion to pharmacological treatment
need to focus on behavioral strategies (Conn & Ruppar, 2017). Smartphones are potential mobile health
(mHealth) tools to facilitate change of habits and adhesion to treating chronic diseases. Recently, a study
conducted by (Sartori et al. 2020) demonstrated that educational interventions through WhatsApp could
positively support adhesion to medication. The study showed a significant effect on patients' knowledge
regarding risk factors for coronary artery disease and promoted lifestyle changes.
In another study stated that a significant decrease in HbA1c levels was observed, and 80% of the
participants considered the social network intervention to be positive, besides suggesting that it should be
used for a longer period (6 months) which demonstrated promising results on the use of WhatsApp, despite
the patient's level of education. This study is important for the pharmaceutical practice because it shows
the importance of these professionals exploring social media as a potential tool to teach, monitor, and assess
clinical results. The research approach involved direct communication with diabetic patients overcoming
the boundaries of direct personal contact, providing quality information that is easily accessible and has no
cost (Al Omar et al. 2020).
Similarly, (Sap et al. 2019), showed in their study that the intervention group presented a significant
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increase in its knowledge on diabetes. Through social medical, patient education helped enhance the
knowledge on type I Diabetes and reduce acute complications with no changes in blood glucose control
after two months.
Various studies proved that mobile apps on health intervention methods significantly increased patients'
knowledge and reduced readmission in hospitals due to the comprehension of cardiac diseases (Beatty,
Fukuoka, and Whooley 2013; Widmer et al. 2014). Besides that, Forman et al., 2014 also mentioned that
mobile technology helped make health education interventions more viable. Tang also studied the "healthy
lifestyle" thematic, and the author reports that there is a clear indication that the interventions through
mobile apps have a positive effect on the patient's knowledge regarding risk factors for coronary artery
disease. This finding established the new reference for current methods of health education distribution in
Malaysia. This can be due to the fact that information distributed through cellphones was more attractive
and could be recovered anywhere. Besides that, patients that were previously defenseless can now
directly express their concerns to health professionals through WhatsApp. The positive and encouraging
atmosphere created inside the group made the patients eager for new information every day.
The morbidity rates associated with breast cancer are higher in low/medium income countries due to
failures on early diagnosis and insufficient access to treatment (Knaul et al. 2018; Torre et al. 2017).
Educational interventions through mobile technologies help promote health due to its simplicity,
accessibility, and minimization of the distance, cost, and time barriers (Bradway et al. 2017; Oreskovic,
Huang, and Moon 2015). A study conducted by (Pereira et al. 2020)) showed the benefits of the educative
intervention on breast cancer. According to the authors, it is the first study to use WhatsApp as a health
education tool destined for Brazilian women on Brazil's public health system that focused on risk reduction
and early detection of this disorders. The application enabled the solving of doubts that were not commonly
discussed during a regular appointment. The application made it possible to clarify doubts not commonly
discussed during the face-to-face service. In essence, it was noticeable that the use of social media
positively interfered on the prognosis of this comorbidity.
At last, when dealing with injectable drug use, a few studies that support the use of social networking on
eHealth appear to be effective in reducing the direct harm caused by the abuse of alcohol and other drugs
(Rice, Milburn, and Monro 2011) and on the acceptance of prevention programs (Rice et al. 2012).
Educational and psychological interventions destined to socially excluded people show psychological
benefits on their own (Calvo and Carbonell 2018). Thus, Calvo et al. (2020) also demonstrated WhatsApp's
efficacy on health intervention in his study, describing two main lessons extracted from his work. All
patients that finished the process reported that they would be willing to participate periodically in virtual
groups or continuously as part of their therapeutic process. In that way, it was possible to reduce the risks
International Educative Research Foundation and Publisher © 2021 pg. 68
International Journal for Innovation Education and Research www.ijier.net Vol:-9 No-9, 2021
related to injectable drug use, especially regarding the diseases transmitted through it.
This study contemplated different interventions to describe WhatsApp-based strategies applied to pregnant,
smokers, diabetic, breast cancer, received dental care, and injectable drug users and interventions on the
adherence to a healthier lifestyle and the practice of physical activities. All studies were unanimous in
presenting positive changes related to health care, demonstrating the potential of this intervention model
on treating chronic conditions and health education and prevention. Therefore, stimulating the use of this
intervention model can help treat the patient and promote a series of actions that encourage a healthier
lifestyle.
The use of instant message apps is almost universal among the general population, and with that, new ways
of managing health through these applications are arising. These interventions proved to be dynamic to
health professionals as well as to patients. Moreover, great versatility in the age range and themes
approached by this study was observed, demonstrating a significant number of possibilities for preventing
and promoting health.
Acknowledgement
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Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
APÊNDICE IV – 1ª Versão da Escala de Conhecimento sobre Síndrome Metabólica
AVALIAÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO SOBRE SÍNDROME METABÓLICA
1. Concordo totalmente
2. Concordo parcialmente
3. Não concordo e nem discordo
4. Discordo parcialmente
5. Discordo totalmente
15. A ingestão de açúcar deve ser controlada para evitar o aumento dos 1 2 3 4 5
índices de obesidade, do Diabetes e da Síndrome Metabólica.
1. Concordo totalmente
2. Concordo parcialmente
4. Discordo parcialmente
5. Discordo totalmente
15. A ingestão de açúcar deve ser controlada para evitar o aumento dos
1 2 3 4 5
índices de obesidade, do Diabetes e da Síndrome Metabólica.
18. Ter apneia do sono pode ser um fator de risco para desenvolver
1 2 3 4 5
diabetes.
1. O excesso de ingestão de alimentos pode ser umas das causas mais comum da obesidade
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
5. O Sedentarismo (falta de atividade física) ou o baixo nível de atividades físicas fazem com que
uma pessoa tenha um gasto calórico reduzido.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
6. O sedentarismo (falta de atividade física) pode ser tão perigoso para a saúde quanto à obesidade
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
7. O sedentarismo (falta de atividade física) pode causar várias doenças, como, por exemplo, a
diabetes mellitus, a obesidade, o aumento do colesterol, o infarto do miocárdio.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
9. Para sair do sedentarismo as pessoas devem adotar uma mudança de hábitos de vida e se
dedicar a atividades físicas ou esportivas que aumentem o gasto energético como caminhar, correr,
pedalar, nadar, dançar, praticar ginástica, exercícios com pesos e jogar bola. Ou ainda lavar a
calçada, limpar a casa.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
10. A ingestão de açúcar deve ser controlada para evitar o aumento dos índices de obesidade, do
Diabetes e da Síndrome Metabólica.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
11. O açúcar está presente em muitos alimentos industrializados, como refrigerantes, sucos,
iogurte e ketchup.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
12. Estar acima do peso, principalmente se a gordura estiver concentrada em volta da cintura, é um
fator de risco para desenvolver o Diabetes e patologias associadas
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
13. Ter apneia do sono pode ser um fator de risco para desenvolver diabetes
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
14. A pessoa que tem Diabetes tem excesso de açúcar (glicose) no sangue
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
15. Comer demasiado açúcar em forma de doces, bebidas açucaradas e bolos pode provocar
Diabetes.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
17. As pessoas que têm Diabetes geralmente devem praticar exercício físico durante 30 a 60
minutos por dia, na maioria dos dias da semana.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
18. A medicação ajuda a controlar os níveis glicêmicos, mas manter o peso ideal, uma alimentação
equilibrada e praticar regularmente exercício físico são fatores essenciais para ajudar a controlar o
Diabetes
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
21. O acúmulo de gordura visceral, ou seja, da gordura dentro do abdome, é amais danosa para as
pessoas e apresenta maior relação com as doençasrelacionadas a Síndrome Metabólica.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
22. Dentre as condições que definem a Síndrome Metabólica, pode-se destacar a resistência à ação
da insulina, o que obriga o pâncreas a produzir mais esse hormônio.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
23. Fator de risco para desenvolver a Síndrome Metabólica é ter grande quantidade de gordura
abdominal - Em homens cintura com mais de 102cm e nas mulheres maior que 88cm
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
24. Para a maioria das pessoas o risco de desenvolver a Síndrome Metabólicaaumenta com o
envelhecimento.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
25. O risco de desenvolver Síndrome Metabólica aumenta se a pessoa tem uma vida sedentária
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
26. Para a maioria das pessoas o desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica envolve aumento do
peso, principalmente na região abdominal (circunferência da cintura); histórico de diabetes na
família; níveis elevados de gordura no sangue; pressão alta. *
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
28. O aumento da atividade física e a perda de peso são as melhores formas de tratamento para
síndrome metabólica, mas pode ser necessário o uso de medicamentos para tratar os fatores de
risco.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
29. Priorizar alimentos ricos em gorduras não saturadas e reduzir ingestão de carboidratos tem-se
mostrado eficaz para perder peso e evitar o risco de desenvolver a síndrome metabólica. *
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
30. O aumento da atividade física e a perda de peso são as melhores formas de tratamento
paraSíndrome Metabólica.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
33. Dentre as recomendações para prevenir e tratar a Síndrome Metabólica, estão a cessação do
fumo e controle na ingestão de bebida alcoólica para prevenir e tratar a Síndrome Metabólica.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
34. A prática da atividade física vem sendo recomendada como forma de prevenção e tratamento
da síndrome metabólica.
☐ Concordo totalmente
☐ Concordo parcialmente
☐ Não concordo e nem discordo
☐ Discordo parcialmente
☐ Discordo totalmente
APÊNDICE VII – Cartaz de divulgação