Python (linguagem de programação)

Python é uma linguagem de programação de alto nível e de propósito geral . Sua filosofia de
design enfatiza a legibilidade do código com o uso de recuo significativo . [ 32 ]

Python é dinamicamente tipado e coletado como lixo . Ele suporta múltiplos paradigmas de
programação , incluindo programação estruturada (particularmente procedural ), orientada a
objetos e funcional . É frequentemente descrito como uma linguagem "baterias incluídas" devido
à sua abrangente biblioteca padrão . [ 33 ] [ 34 ]

Guido van Rossum começou a trabalhar no Python no final da década de 1980 como sucessor
da linguagem de programação ABC e o lançou pela primeira vez em 1991 como Python 0.9.0.
[ 35 ]
O Python 2.0 foi lançado em 2000. O Python 3.0, lançado em 2008, foi uma revisão
importante não totalmente compatível com versões anteriores. O Python 2.7.18, lançado em
2020, foi o último lançamento do Python 2. [ 36 ]

Python é consistentemente classificada como uma das linguagens de programação mais

populares e ganhou amplo uso na comunidade de aprendizado de máquina . [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ]

História

O designer do Python,
Guido van Rossum , na
OSCON 2006

O Python foi concebido no final da década de 1980 [ 41 ] por Guido van Rossum no Centrum
Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) na Holanda como um sucessor da linguagem de programação
ABC , que foi inspirada no SETL , [ 42 ] capaz de lidar com exceções e interagir com o sistema
operacional Amoeba . [ 12 ] Sua implementação começou em dezembro de 1989. [ 43 ] Van
Rossum assumiu a responsabilidade exclusiva pelo projeto, como desenvolvedor líder, até 12 de
julho de 2018, quando anunciou suas "férias permanentes" de suas responsabilidades como "
ditador benevolente vitalício " (BDFL) do Python, um título que a comunidade Python concedeu a
ele para refletir seu compromisso de longo
Pitão
prazo como o principal tomador de decisões
do projeto [ 44 ] (ele já saiu da aposentadoria e
se autointitula "BDFL-emérito"). Em janeiro de
2019, os desenvolvedores ativos do núcleo
Python elegeram um Conselho Diretor de
cinco membros para liderar o projeto. [ 45 ] [ 46 ]

Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, Paradigma Multiparadigma :

orientado a objetos ,
with many major new features such as list
[1]
procedural (
comprehensions, cycle-detecting garbage
imperativo ),
collection, reference counting, and Unicode
funcional ,
support.[47] Python 2.7's end-of-life was initially estruturado , reflexivo
set for 2015, then postponed to 2020 out of
concern that a large body of existing code Projetado por Guido van Rossum

could not easily be forward-ported to Desenvolvedor Fundação de

[48][49]
Python 3. No further security patches or Software Python
other improvements will be released for
Apareceu pela 20 de fevereiro de
it.[50][51] While Python 2.7 and older versions
primeira vez 1991 [ 2 ]
are officially unsupported, a different unofficial
Python implementation, PyPy, continues to
Lançamento estável 3.13.1 / 3 de
support Python 2, i.e. "2.7.18+" (plus 3.10),
dezembro de 2024
with the plus meaning (at least some)
"backported security updates".[52] Disciplina de pato , dinâmico , forte
digitação ; [ 3 ] anotações de
Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008, tipo opcionais (desde
with some new semantics and changed 3.5, mas essas dicas
syntax. At least every Python release since são ignoradas,

(now unsupported) 3.5 has added some exceto com

ferramentas não
syntax to the language, and a few later
oficiais) [ 4 ]
releases have dropped outdated modules, or
changed semantics, at least in a minor way. SO Nível 1 : Linux de 64
bits , macOS ;
Since 7 October 2024, Python 3.13 is the latest Windows 10+ de 64 e
stable release, and it and, for few more 32 bits [ 5 ]
months, 3.12 are the only releases with active Camada 2 : por
support including for bugfixes (as opposed to exemplo,
just for security) and Python 3.9,[53] is the WebAssembly de 32

oldest supported version of Python (albeit in bits (WASI)

Nível 3 : Android de
the 'security support' phase), due to Python 3.8
64 bits , [ 6 ] iOS ,
reaching end-of-life.[54][55] Starting with 3.13, it FreeBSD e Raspberry
and later versions have 2 years of full support Pi (32 bits) SO

(up from one and a half), followed by 3 years não oficial (ou que
funciona): Outras
of security support (for same total support as
variantes do tipo Unix
before).
/ BSD ) e algumas

Security updates were expedited in 2021 (and outras plataformas

[7][8][9]
again twice in 2022, and more fixed in 2023
and in September 2024 for Python 3.12.6 Licença Licença da Python
down to 3.8.20), since all Python versions Software Foundation
were insecure (including 2.7[56]) because of
Extensões de nome .py, .pyw, .pyz, [ 10 ]
security issues leading to possible remote
de arquivo .pyi, .pyc, .pyd
code execution[57] and web-cache
poisoning.[58] Site python.org (https://w
ww.python.org/)
Python 3.10 added the | union type
Principais implementações
operator[59] and the match and case
keywords (for structural pattern matching CPython , PyPy , Python sem pilha ,

statements). 3.11 expanded exception MicroPython , CircuitPython , IronPython ,

Jython
handling functionality. Python 3.12 added the
new keyword type . Notable changes in 3.11 Dialetos
from 3.10 include increased program
Cython , RPython , Starlark [ 11 ]
execution speed and improved error
reporting.[60] Python 3.11 claims to be Influenciado por
between 10 and 60% faster than Python 3.10,
ABC , [ 12 ] Ada , [ 13 ] ALGOL 68 , [ 14 ]
and Python 3.12 adds another 5% on top of
APL , [ 15 ] C , [ 16 ] C++ , [ 17 ] CLU , [ 18 ] Dylan ,
that. It also has improved error messages [ 19 ]

(again improved in 3.14), and many other Haskell , [ 20 ] [ 15 ] Ícone , [ 21 ] Lisp , [ 22 ]

changes. Modula-3 , [ 14 ] [ 17 ] Perl , [ 23 ] ML padrão [ 15 ]

Python 3.13 introduces more syntax for types, Influenciado

a new and improved interactive interpreter
Apache Groovy , Boo , Cobra , CoffeeScript ,
(REPL), featuring multi-line editing and color [ 24 ]
D , F# , GDScript , Go , JavaScript , [ 25 ] [ 26 ]
support; an incremental garbage collector Julia , [ 27 ] Mojo , [ 28 ] Nim , Ring , [ 29 ] Ruby ,
(producing shorter pauses for collection in [ 30 ]
Swift [ 31 ]
programs with a lot of objects, and addition to
Programação Python no Wikilivros
the improved speed in 3.11 and 3.12), and an
experimental just-in-time (JIT) compiler (such
features, can/needs to be enabled specifically for the increase in speed),[61] and an experimental
free-threaded build mode, which disables the global interpreter lock (GIL), allowing threads to run
more concurrently, that latter feature enabled with python3.13t or python3.13t.exe .

Python 3.13 introduces some change in behavior, i.e. new "well-defined semantics", fixing bugs
(plus many removals of deprecated classes, functions and methods, and removed some of the
C API and outdated modules): "The [old] implementation of locals() and
frame.f_locals is slow, inconsistent and buggy [and it has] has many corner cases and
oddities. Code that works around those may need to be changed. Code that uses locals() for
simple templating, or print debugging, will continue to work correctly."[62]

Some (more) standard library modules and many deprecated classes, functions and methods,
will be removed in Python 3.15 or 3.16.[63][64]

Python 3.14 is now in alpha 2;[65] regarding possible change to annotations: "In Python 3.14,
from __future__ import annotations will continue to work as it did before, converting
annotations into strings." [66]

PEP 711 proposes PyBI: a standard format for distributing Python Binaries.[67]

O Python 3.15 "Tornará o modo UTF-8 padrão", [ 68 ] o modo existe em todas as versões atuais do
Python, mas atualmente precisa ser ativado. O UTF-8 já é usado, por padrão, no Windows (e em
outros lugares), para a maioria das coisas, mas, por exemplo, para open arquivos, não é e a
ativação também torna o código totalmente multiplataforma, ou seja, usa UTF-8 para tudo em
todas as plataformas.

Filosofia e características do design

Python é uma linguagem de programação multiparadigma . A programação orientada a objetos

e a programação estruturada são totalmente suportadas, e muitos de seus recursos suportam
programação funcional e programação orientada a aspectos (incluindo metaprogramação [ 69 ] e
metaobjetos ). [ 70 ] Muitos outros paradigmas são suportados por meio de extensões, incluindo
design por contrato [ 71 ] [ 72 ] e programação lógica . [ 73 ] Python é conhecida como uma
linguagem de colagem , [ 74 ] capaz de funcionar muito bem com muitas outras linguagens com
facilidade de acesso.

Python usa tipagem dinâmica e uma combinação de contagem de referência e um coletor de

lixo de detecção de ciclo para gerenciamento de memória . [ 75 ] Ele usa resolução dinâmica de
nomes ( vinculação tardia ), que vincula nomes de métodos e variáveis ​durante a execução do
programa.
Seu design oferece algum suporte para programação funcional na tradição Lisp . Ele tem
funções filter , map e ; compreensões de listas , dicionários , conjuntos e expressões
geradoras . [ 76 ] A biblioteca padrão tem dois módulos ( e ) que implementam ferramentas
funcionais emprestadas de Haskell e Standard ML . [ 77 ] reduce itertools functools

Sua filosofia central é resumida no Zen of Python (PEP 20), que inclui aforismos como: [ 78 ]

Bonito é melhor que feio.

Explícito é melhor que implícito.

Simples é melhor que complexo.

Complexo é melhor que complicado.

A legibilidade é importante.

However, Python features regularly violate these principles and have received criticism for adding
unnecessary language bloat.[79] Responses to these criticisms are that the Zen of Python is a
guideline rather than a rule.[80] The addition of some new features had been so controversial that
Guido van Rossum resigned as Benevolent Dictator for Life following vitriol over the addition of
the assignment expression operator in Python 3.8.[81][82]

Nevertheless, rather than building all of its functionality into its core, Python was designed to be
highly extensible via modules. This compact modularity has made it particularly popular as a
means of adding programmable interfaces to existing applications. Van Rossum's vision of a
small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from
his frustrations with ABC, which espoused the opposite approach.[41]

Python claims to strive for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar while giving developers
a choice in their coding methodology. In contrast to Perl's "there is more than one way to do it"
motto, Python embraces a "there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it."
philosophy.[78] In practice, however, Python provides many ways to achieve the same task. There
are, for example, at least three ways to format a string literal, with no certainty as to which one a
programmer should use.[83] Alex Martelli, a Fellow at the Python Software Foundation and Python
book author, wrote: "To describe something as 'clever' is not considered a compliment in the
Python culture."[84]

Os desenvolvedores do Python geralmente se esforçam para evitar a otimização prematura e

rejeitam patches para partes não críticas da implementação de referência do CPython que
ofereceriam aumentos marginais na velocidade ao custo da clareza. [ 85 ] A velocidade de
execução pode ser melhorada movendo funções críticas de velocidade para módulos de
extensão escritos em linguagens como C, ou usando um compilador just-in-time como o PyPy .
Também é possível fazer a compilação cruzada para outras linguagens , mas isso não fornece a
aceleração total que pode ser esperada, já que o Python é uma linguagem muito dinâmica , ou
um subconjunto restrito do Python é compilado e possivelmente a semântica é ligeiramente
alterada. [ 86 ]

Os desenvolvedores do Python buscam que ele seja divertido de usar. Isso se reflete em seu
nome — uma homenagem ao grupo de comédia britânico Monty Python [ 87 ] — e em abordagens
ocasionalmente lúdicas para tutoriais e materiais de referência, como o uso dos termos "spam"
e "eggs" (uma referência a um esquete do Monty Python ) em exemplos, em vez dos
frequentemente usados ​"foo" e "bar" . [ 88 ] [ 89 ] Um neologismo comum na comunidade Python é
pythonic , que tem uma ampla gama de significados relacionados ao estilo do programa. O
código "pythonic" pode usar bem os idiomas Python , ser natural ou mostrar fluência na
linguagem, ou estar em conformidade com a filosofia minimalista do Python e ênfase na
legibilidade. O código que é difícil de entender ou que parece uma transcrição grosseira de outra
linguagem de programação é chamado de unpythonic . [ 90 ]

Sintaxe e semântica

Um exemplo de código Python e recuo

Exemplo de código C# com chaves e

ponto e vírgula

Python foi criado para ser uma linguagem de fácil leitura. Sua formatação é visualmente
organizada e frequentemente usa palavras-chave em inglês onde outras linguagens usam
pontuação. Ao contrário de muitas outras linguagens, ele não usa chaves para delimitar blocos,
e ponto e vírgula após as instruções são permitidos, mas raramente usados. Ele tem menos
exceções sintáticas e casos especiais do que C ou Pascal . [ 91 ]
Recuo

Python uses whitespace indentation, rather than curly brackets or keywords, to delimit blocks. An
increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the
end of the current block.[92] Thus, the program's visual structure accurately represents its
semantic structure.[93] This feature is sometimes termed the off-side rule. Some other languages
use indentation this way; but in most, indentation has no semantic meaning. The recommended
indent size is four spaces.[94]

Statements and control flow

Python's statements include:

The assignment statement, using a single equals sign =

The if statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with else and
elif (a contraction of else-if)

The for statement, which iterates over an iterable object, capturing each element to a local
variable for use by the attached block

The while statement, which executes a block of code as long as its condition is true

The try statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught
and handled by except clauses (or new syntax except* in Python 3.11 for exception
groups[95]); it also ensures that clean-up code in a finally block is always run regardless of
how the block exits

The raise statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception

The class statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a
class, for use in object-oriented programming

The def statement, which defines a function or method

The with statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager (for example,
acquiring a lock before it is run, then releasing the lock; or opening and closing a file), allowing
resource-acquisition-is-initialization (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally
idiom[96]

The break statement, which exits a loop

The continue statement, which skips the rest of the current iteration and continues with the
next
 The del statement, which removes a variable—deleting the reference from the name to the
value, and producing an error if the variable is referred to before it is redefined

The pass statement, serving as a NOP, syntactically needed to create an empty code block

The assert statement, used in debugging to check for conditions that should apply

The yield statement, which returns a value from a generator function (and also an
operator); used to implement coroutines

The return statement, used to return a value from a function

The import and from statements, used to import modules whose functions or variables
can be used in the current program

The match and case statements, an analog of the switch statement construct, that
compares an expression against one or more cases as a control-of-flow measure.

The assignment statement ( = ) binds a name as a reference to a separate, dynamically

allocated object. Variables may subsequently be rebound at any time to any object. In Python, a
variable name is a generic reference holder without a fixed data type; however, it always refers to
some object with a type. This is called dynamic typing—in contrast to statically-typed languages,
where each variable may contain only a value of a certain type.

Python does not support tail call optimization or first-class continuations, and, according to Van
Rossum, it never will.[97][98] However, better support for coroutine-like functionality is provided by
extending Python's generators.[99] Before 2.5, generators were lazy iterators; data was passed
unidirectionally out of the generator. From Python 2.5 on, it is possible to pass data back into a
generator function; and from version 3.3, it can be passed through multiple stack levels.[100]

Expressions

Python's expressions include:

The + , - , and * operators for mathematical addition, subtraction, and multiplication are
similar to other languages, but the behavior of division differs. There are two types of divisions
in Python: floor division (or integer division) // and floating-point / division.[101] Python uses
the ** operator for exponentiation.

Python uses the + operator for string concatenation. Python uses the * operator for
duplicating a string a specified number of times.

The @ infix operator. It is intended to be used by libraries such as NumPy for matrix
multiplication.[102][103]
The syntax := , called the "walrus operator", was introduced in Python 3.8. It assigns values to
variables as part of a larger expression.[104]

In Python, == compares by value. Python's is operator may be used to compare object

identities (comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, a <= b
<= c .

Python uses and , or , and not as Boolean operators.

Python has a type of expression named a list comprehension, and a more general expression
named a generator expression.[76]

Anonymous functions are implemented using lambda expressions; however, there may be only
one expression in each body.

Conditional expressions are written as x if c else y [105] (different in order of operands

from the c ? x : y operator common to many other languages).

Python makes a distinction between lists and tuples. Lists are written as [1, 2, 3] , are
mutable, and cannot be used as the keys of dictionaries (dictionary keys must be immutable in
Python). Tuples, written as (1, 2, 3) , are immutable and thus can be used as keys of
dictionaries, provided all of the tuple's elements are immutable. The + operator can be used
to concatenate two tuples, which does not directly modify their contents, but produces a new
tuple containing the elements of both. Thus, given the variable t initially equal to (1, 2,
3) , executing t = t + (4, 5) first evaluates t + (4, 5) , which yields (1, 2, 3,
4, 5) , which is then assigned back to t —thereby effectively "modifying the contents" of t
while conforming to the immutable nature of tuple objects. Parentheses are optional for tuples
in unambiguous contexts.[106]

Python features sequence unpacking where multiple expressions, each evaluating to anything
that can be assigned (to a variable, writable property, etc.) are associated in an identical
manner to that forming tuple literals—and, as a whole, are put on the left-hand side of the equal
sign in an assignment statement. The statement expects an iterable object on the right-hand
side of the equal sign that produces the same number of values as the provided writable
expressions; when iterated through them, it assigns each of the produced values to the
corresponding expression on the left.[107]

Python has a "string format" operator % that functions analogously to printf format
strings in C—e.g. "spam=%s eggs=%d" % ("blah", 2) evaluates to "spam=blah
eggs=2" . In Python 2.6+ and 3+, this was supplemented by the format() method of the
str class, e.g. "spam={0} eggs={1}".format("blah", 2) . Python 3.6 added "f-
strings": spam = "blah"; eggs = 2; f'spam={spam} eggs={eggs}' .[108]
 Strings in Python can be concatenated by "adding" them (with the same operator as for adding
integers and floats), e.g. "spam" + "eggs" returns "spameggs" . If strings contain
numbers, they are added as strings rather than integers, e.g. "2" + "2" returns "22" .

Python has various string literals:

Delimited by single or double quotes; unlike in Unix shells, Perl, and Perl-influenced
languages, single and double quotes work the same. Both use the backslash ( \ ) as an
escape character. String interpolation became available in Python 3.6 as "formatted string
literals".[108]

Triple-quoted (beginning and ending with three single or double quotes), which may span
multiple lines and function like here documents in shells, Perl, and Ruby.

Raw string varieties, denoted by prefixing the string literal with r . Escape sequences are
not interpreted; hence raw strings are useful where literal backslashes are common, such
as regular expressions and Windows-style paths. (Compare " @ -quoting" in C#.)

Python has array index and array slicing expressions in lists, denoted as a[key] ,
a[start:stop] or a[start:stop:step] . Indexes are zero-based, and negative
indexes are relative to the end. Slices take elements from the start index up to, but not
including, the stop index. The third slice parameter, called step or stride, allows elements to be
skipped and reversed. Slice indexes may be omitted—for example, a[:] returns a copy of the
entire list. Each element of a slice is a shallow copy.

In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to

languages such as Common Lisp, Scheme, or Ruby. This leads to duplicating some functionality.
For example:

List comprehensions vs. for -loops

Conditional expressions vs. if blocks

The eval() vs. exec() built-in functions (in Python 2, exec is a statement); the former
is for expressions, the latter is for statements

Statements cannot be a part of an expression—so list and other comprehensions or lambda

expressions, all being expressions, cannot contain statements. A particular case is that an
assignment statement such as a = 1 cannot form part of the conditional expression of a
conditional statement.

Methods

Methods on objects are functions attached to the object's class; the syntax
instance.method(argument) is, for normal methods and functions, syntactic sugar for
Class.method(instance, argument) . Python methods have an explicit self
parameter to access instance data, in contrast to the implicit self (or this ) in some other
object-oriented programming languages (e.g., C++, Java, Objective-C, Ruby).[109] Python also
provides methods, often called dunder methods (due to their names beginning and ending with
double-underscores), to allow user-defined classes to modify how they are handled by native
operations including length, comparison, in arithmetic operations and type conversion.[110]

Typing

The standard type hierarchy in

Python 3

Python uses duck typing and has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are
not checked at compile time; rather, operations on an object may fail, signifying that it is not of a
suitable type. Despite being dynamically typed, Python is strongly typed, forbidding operations
that are not well-defined (for example, adding a number to a string) rather than silently
attempting to make sense of them.

Python allows programmers to define their own types using classes, most often used for object-
oriented programming. New instances of classes are constructed by calling the class (for
example, SpamClass() or EggsClass() ), and the classes are instances of the metaclass
type (itself an instance of itself), allowing metaprogramming and reflection.

Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes (both using the same syntax): old-style and
new-style;[111] current Python versions only support the semantics of the new style.

Python supports optional type annotations.[4][112] These annotations are not enforced by the
language, but may be used by external tools such as mypy to catch errors.[113][114] Mypy also
supports a Python compiler called mypyc, which leverages type annotations for optimization.[115]
Summary of Python 3's built-in types

Type Mutability Description Syntax examples

True
bool immutable Boolean value
False
bytearray(b'Some
ASCII')
bytearray(b"Some
bytearray mutable Sequence of bytes
ASCII")
bytearray([119,
105, 107, 105])

b'Some ASCII'
b"Some ASCII"
bytes immutable Sequence of bytes
bytes([119, 105,
107, 105])

Complex number with real and 3+2.7j

complex immutable
imaginary parts 3 + 2.7j

Associative array (or dictionary) of key

{'key1': 1.0, 3:
and value pairs; can contain mixed
dict mutable False}
types (keys and values), keys must be a
{}
hashable type

An ellipsis placeholder to be used as an ...

types.EllipsisType immutable
index in NumPy arrays Ellipsis

Double-precision floating-point number.

The precision is machine-dependent but
float immutable in practice is generally implemented as 1.33333
a 64-bit IEEE 754 number with 53 bits of
precision.[116]

Unordered set, contains no duplicates; frozenset([4.0,

frozenset immutable
can contain mixed types, if hashable 'string', True])
int immutable Integer of unlimited magnitude[117] 42

[4.0, 'string',
list mutable List, can contain mixed types True]
[]

An object representing the absence of a

types.NoneType immutable value, often called null in other None
languages

A placeholder that can be returned from

types.NotImplementedType immutable overloaded operators to indicate NotImplemented
unsupported operand types.

An immutable sequence of numbers

range(−1, 10)
range immutable commonly used for looping a specific
range(10, −5, −2)
number of times in for loops[118]
 {4.0, 'string',
Unordered set, contains no duplicates;
set mutable True}
can contain mixed types, if hashable
set()

'Wikipedia'
"Wikipedia"

"""Spanning
multiple
A character string: sequence of Unicode lines"""
str immutable
codepoints

Spanning
multiple
lines

(4.0, 'string',
True)
tuple immutable Can contain mixed types ('single
element',)
()

Arithmetic operations

Python has the usual symbols for arithmetic operators ( + , - , * , / ), the floor division
operator // and the modulo operation % (where the remainder can be negative, e.g. 4 % -3
== -2 ). It also has ** for exponentiation, e.g. 5**3 == 125 and 9**0.5 == 3.0 , and a
matrix‑multiplication operator @ .[119] These operators work like in traditional math; with the
same precedence rules, the operators infix ( + and - can also be unary to represent positive
and negative numbers respectively).

The division between integers produces floating-point results. The behavior of division has
changed significantly over time:[120]

Current Python (i.e. since 3.0) changed / to always be floating-point division, e.g.
5/2 == 2.5 .

The floor division // operator was introduced. So 7//3 == 2 , -7//3 == -3 , 7.5//3

== 2.0 and -7.5//3 == -3.0 . Adding from __future__ import division
causes a module used in Python 2.7 to use Python 3.0 rules for division (see above).

In Python terms, / is true division (or simply division), and // is floor division. / before
version 3.0 is classic division.[120]

Rounding towards negative infinity, though different from most languages, adds consistency. For
instance, it means that the equation (a + b)//b == a//b + 1 is always true. It also means
that the equation b*(a//b) + a%b == a is valid for both positive and negative values of a .
However, maintaining the validity of this equation means that while the result of a%b is, as
expected, in the half-open interval [0, b), where b is a positive integer, it has to lie in the interval
(b, 0] when b is negative.[121]

Python fornece uma round função para arredondar um float para o inteiro mais próximo. Para
desempate , Python 3 usa round to even : round(1.5) e round(2.5) ambos produzem 2 .
[ 122 ]
Versões anteriores a 3 usavam round-away-from-zero : round(0.5) is 1.0 ,
round(-0.5) is −1.0 . [ 123 ]

Python permite expressões booleanas com múltiplas relações de igualdade de uma maneira que
é consistente com o uso geral em matemática. Por exemplo, a expressão a < b < c testa se
a é menor que b e b é menor que c . [ 124 ] Linguagens derivadas de C interpretam essa
expressão de forma diferente: em C, a expressão primeiro avaliaria a < b , resultando em 0 ou
1, e esse resultado seria então comparado com c . [ 125 ]

Python usa aritmética de precisão arbitrária para todas as operações inteiras. O

Decimal tipo/classe no decimal módulo fornece números decimais de ponto flutuante para
uma precisão arbitrária predefinida e vários modos de arredondamento. [ 126 ] A
Fraction classe no fractions módulo fornece precisão arbitrária para números racionais .
[ 127 ]

Devido à extensa biblioteca matemática do Python e à biblioteca de terceiros NumPy que

estende ainda mais os recursos nativos, ele é frequentemente usado como uma linguagem de
script científica para auxiliar em problemas como processamento e manipulação de dados
numéricos. [ 128 ] [ 129 ]

Exemplos de programação

Programa "Olá, Mundo!" :

imprimir ( 'Olá, mundo!' )

Programa para calcular o fatorial de um inteiro positivo:

1 n = int ( input ( 'Digite um número e seu fatorial será

impresso: ' ))
2
3 se n < 0 :
4 raise ValueError ( 'Você deve inserir um inteiro não
 negativo' )
5
6 fatorial = 1
7 para i no intervalo ( 2 , n + 1 ):
8 fatorial *= i
9
10 imprimir ( fatorial )

Bibliotecas

A grande biblioteca padrão do Python [ 130 ] fornece ferramentas adequadas para muitas tarefas
e é comumente citada como um de seus maiores pontos fortes. Para aplicativos voltados para a
Internet, muitos formatos e protocolos padrão, como MIME e HTTP, são suportados. Ela inclui
módulos para criar interfaces gráficas de usuário , conectar-se a bancos de dados relacionais ,
gerar números pseudoaleatórios , aritmética com decimais de precisão arbitrária, [ 126 ]
manipular expressões regulares e testes de unidade .

Algumas partes da biblioteca padrão são cobertas por especificações — por exemplo, a
implementação da Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) wsgiref segue o PEP 333 [ 131 ] —
mas a maioria é especificada por seu código, documentação interna e suítes de teste . No
entanto, como a maior parte da biblioteca padrão é código Python multiplataforma, apenas
alguns módulos precisam ser alterados ou reescritos para implementações variantes.

Em 17 de março de 2024, o Python Package Index (PyPI), o repositório oficial de software

Python de terceiros, continha mais de 523.000 [ 132 ] pacotes com uma ampla gama de
funcionalidades, incluindo:

Automação

Análise de dados

Bases de dados

Documentação

Interfaces gráficas de usuário

Processamento de imagem

Aprendizado de máquina

Aplicativos móveis

Multimídia

Redes de computadores

Computação científica
 Administração do sistema

Estruturas de teste

Processamento de texto

Estruturas da Web

Raspagem da web

Ambientes de desenvolvimento

A maioria das implementações Python (incluindo CPython) inclui um loop de leitura-avaliação-

impressão (REPL), permitindo que funcionem como um interpretador de linha de comando para
o qual os usuários inserem instruções sequencialmente e recebem resultados imediatamente.

O Python também vem com um ambiente de desenvolvimento integrado (IDE) chamado IDLE ,
que é mais voltado para iniciantes.

Outros shells, incluindo IDLE e IPython , adicionam recursos adicionais, como preenchimento
automático aprimorado, retenção de estado de sessão e destaque de sintaxe .

Além dos ambientes de desenvolvimento integrados de desktop padrão , incluindo PyCharm,

IntelliJ Idea, Visual Studio Code etc., existem IDEs baseados em navegador da web , incluindo
SageMath , para desenvolver programas relacionados a ciências e matemática; PythonAnywhere
, um IDE baseado em navegador e ambiente de hospedagem; e Canopy IDE, um IDE comercial
com ênfase na computação científica . [ 133 ]

Implementações

Implementação de referência

CPython é a implementação de referência do Python. Ele é escrito em C, atendendo ao padrão

C89 (Python 3.11 usa C11 [ 134 ] ) com vários recursos C99 selecionados . O CPython inclui suas
próprias extensões C, mas extensões de terceiros não são limitadas a versões C mais antigas —
por exemplo, elas podem ser implementadas com C11 ou C++. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] O CPython compila
programas Python em um bytecode intermediário [ 137 ] que é então executado por sua máquina
virtual . [ 138 ] O CPython é distribuído com uma grande biblioteca padrão escrita em uma mistura
de C e Python nativo, e está disponível para muitas plataformas, incluindo Windows (começando
com Python 3.9, o instalador Python falha deliberadamente ao instalar no Windows 7 e 8;
[ 139 ] [ 140 ]
O Windows XP foi suportado até o Python 3.5) e a maioria dos sistemas modernos do
tipo Unix , incluindo macOS (e Apple M1 Macs, desde Python 3.9.1, com instalador
experimental), com suporte não oficial para VMS . [ 141 ] A portabilidade da plataforma foi uma de
suas primeiras prioridades. [ 142 ] (Durante o desenvolvimento do Python 1 e 2, até mesmo OS/2
e Solaris foram suportados, [ 143 ] mas o suporte foi abandonado para muitas plataformas.)

Todas as versões atuais do Python (ou seja, desde a 3.7) oferecem suporte apenas a sistemas
operacionais com suporte a multithreading.

Outras implementações

Todas as implementações alternativas têm semânticas pelo menos ligeiramente diferentes (por
exemplo, podem ter dicionários não ordenados, ao contrário de todas as versões atuais do
Python), por exemplo, com o ecossistema Python maior, como com o suporte à API C Python
com PyPy:

PyPy is a fast, compliant interpreter of Python 2.7 and 3.10.[144][145] Its just-in-time compiler
often brings a significant speed improvement over CPython, but some libraries written in C
cannot be used with it.[146] It has e.g. RISC-V support.

Codon (https://github.com/exaloop/codon) is a language with an ahead-of-time (AOT)

compiler, that (AOT) compiles a statically-typed Python-like language with "syntax and
semantics are nearly identical to Python's, there are some notable differences"[147] e.g. it uses
64-bit machine integers, for speed, not arbitrary like Python, and it claims speedups over
CPython are usually on the order of 10–100x. It compiles to machine code (via LLVM) and
supports native multithreading.[148] Codon can also compile to Python extension modules that
can be imported and used from Python.

Stackless Python is a significant fork of CPython that implements microthreads; it does not
use the call stack in the same way, thus allowing massively concurrent programs. PyPy also
has a stackless version.[149]

MicroPython and CircuitPython are Python 3 variants optimized for microcontrollers, including
Lego Mindstorms EV3.[150]

Pyston is a variant of the Python runtime that uses just-in-time compilation to speed up the
execution of Python programs.[151]

Cinder is a performance-oriented fork of CPython 3.8 that contains a number of optimizations,

including bytecode inline caching, eager evaluation of coroutines, a method-at-a-time JIT, and
an experimental bytecode compiler.[152]
[153][154][155]
Snek (https://sneklang.org/) Embedded Computing Language (compatible with
e.g. 8-bit AVR microcontrollers such as ATmega 328P-based Arduino, as well as larger ones
compatible with MicroPython) "is Python-inspired, but it is not Python. It is possible to write
Snek programs that run under a full Python system, but most Python programs will not run
under Snek."[156] It is an imperative language not including OOP / classes, unlike Python, and
 simplifying to one number type with 32-bit single-precision (similar to JavaScript, except
smaller).

No longer supported implementations

Other just-in-time Python compilers have been developed, but are now unsupported:

Google began a project named Unladen Swallow in 2009, with the aim of speeding up the
Python interpreter five-fold by using the LLVM, and of improving its multithreading ability to
scale to thousands of cores,[157] while ordinary implementations suffer from the global
interpreter lock.

Psyco is a discontinued just-in-time specializing compiler that integrates with CPython and
transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The emitted code is specialized for certain
data types and is faster than the standard Python code. Psyco does not support Python 2.7 or
later.

PyS60 was a Python 2 interpreter for Series 60 mobile phones released by Nokia in 2005. It
implemented many of the modules from the standard library and some additional modules for
integrating with the Symbian operating system. The Nokia N900 also supports Python with
GTK widget libraries, enabling programs to be written and run on the target device.[158]

Cross-compilers to other languages

There are several compilers/transpilers to high-level object languages, with either unrestricted
Python, a restricted subset of Python, or a language similar to Python as the source language:

Brython,[159] Transcrypt[160][161] and Pyjs (latest release in 2012) compile Python to JavaScript.

Cython compiles (a superset of) Python to C. The resulting code is also usable with Python via
direct C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.

PyJL compiles/transpiles a subset of Python to "human-readable, maintainable, and high-

performance Julia source code".[86] Despite claiming high performance, no tool can claim to
do that for arbitrary Python code; i.e. it's known not possible to compile to a faster language or
machine code. Unless semantics of Python are changed, but in many cases speedup is
possible with few or no changes in the Python code. The faster Julia source code can then be
used from Python, or compiled to machine code, and based that way.

Nuitka compiles Python into C.[162] It works with Python 3.4 to 3.12 (and 2.6 and 2.7), for
Python's main supported platforms (and Windows 7 or even Windows XP) and for Android. It
claims complete support for Python 3.10, some support for 3.11 and 3.12 and experimental
support for Python 3.13. It supports macOS including Apple Silicon-based. It's a free compiler,
though it also has commercial add-ons (e.g. for hiding source code).
 Numba is used from Python, as a tool (enabled by adding a decorator to relevant Python code),
a JIT compiler that translates a subset of Python and NumPy code into fast machine code.

Pythran compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (C++11).[163]

RPython can be compiled to C, and is used to build the PyPy interpreter of Python.

The Python → 11l → C++ transpiler[164] compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (C++17).

Specialized:

MyHDL is a Python-based hardware description language (HDL), that converts MyHDL code to
Verilog or VHDL code.

Older projects (or not to be used with Python 3.x and latest syntax):

Google's Grumpy (latest release in 2017) transpiles Python 2 to Go.[165][166][167]

IronPython allows running Python 2.7 programs (and an alpha, released in 2021, is also
available for "Python 3.4, although features and behaviors from later versions may be
included"[168]) on the .NET Common Language Runtime.[169]

Jython compiles Python 2.7 to Java bytecode, allowing the use of the Java libraries from a
Python program.[170]

Pyrex (último lançamento em 2010) e Shed Skin (último lançamento em 2013) compilam para
C e C++, respectivamente.

Desempenho

A comparação de desempenho de várias implementações Python em uma carga de trabalho não

numérica (combinatória) foi apresentada no EuroSciPy '13. [ 171 ] O desempenho do Python em
comparação com outras linguagens de programação também é avaliado pelo The Computer
Language Benchmarks Game . [ 172 ]

Desenvolvimento

O desenvolvimento do Python é conduzido em grande parte por meio do processo Python

Enhancement Proposal (PEP), o mecanismo principal para propor novos recursos importantes,
coletar informações da comunidade sobre problemas e documentar decisões de design do
Python. [ 173 ] O estilo de codificação do Python é abordado no PEP 8. [ 174 ] Os PEPs excelentes
são revisados ​e comentados pela comunidade Python e pelo conselho diretor. [ 173 ]

O aprimoramento da linguagem corresponde ao desenvolvimento da implementação de

referência do CPython. A lista de discussão python-dev é o fórum principal para o
desenvolvimento da linguagem. Problemas específicos foram discutidos originalmente no
rastreador de bugs Roundup hospedado pela fundação. [ 175 ] Em 2022, todos os problemas e
discussões foram migrados para o GitHub . [ 176 ] O desenvolvimento ocorreu originalmente em
um repositório de código-fonte auto-hospedado executando o Mercurial , até que o Python foi
movido para o GitHub em janeiro de 2017. [ 177 ]

Os lançamentos públicos do CPython vêm em três tipos, diferenciados pela parte do número da
versão que é incrementada:

Versões incompatíveis com versões anteriores, onde se espera que o código quebre e precise
ser portado manualmente . A primeira parte do número da versão é incrementada. Esses
lançamentos acontecem com pouca frequência — a versão 3.0 foi lançada 8 anos após a 2.0.
De acordo com Guido van Rossum, é muito improvável que uma versão 4.0 aconteça. [ 178 ]

Os lançamentos principais ou "de recursos" são amplamente compatíveis com a versão

anterior, mas introduzem novos recursos. A segunda parte do número da versão é
incrementada. A partir do Python 3.9, espera-se que esses lançamentos aconteçam
anualmente. [ 179 ] [ 180 ] Cada versão principal é suportada por correções de bugs por vários
anos após seu lançamento. [ 181 ]

Lançamentos de correção de bugs, [ 182 ] que não introduzem novos recursos, ocorrem
aproximadamente a cada 3 meses e são feitos quando um número suficiente de bugs foi
corrigido upstream desde o último lançamento. Vulnerabilidades de segurança também são
corrigidas nesses lançamentos. A terceira e última parte do número da versão é
incrementada. [ 182 ]

Muitos alpha, beta e release-candidates também são lançados como prévias e para testes antes
dos lançamentos finais. Embora haja um cronograma aproximado para cada lançamento, eles
são frequentemente atrasados ​se o código não estiver pronto. A equipe de desenvolvimento do
Python monitora o estado do código executando o grande conjunto de testes unitários durante o
desenvolvimento. [ 183 ]

A principal conferência acadêmica sobre Python é a PyCon . Há também programas especiais

de mentoria em Python, como o PyLadies .

O Python 3.12 removeu wstr o significado de que as extensões do Python [ 184 ] precisam ser
modificadas, [ 185 ] e o 3.10 adicionou a correspondência de padrões à linguagem. [ 186 ]

O Python 3.12 removeu alguns módulos desatualizados, e mais serão removidos no futuro,
obsoletos a partir do 3.13; o código de formato de array 'u' já obsoleto emitirá
DeprecationWarning desde o 3.13 e será removido no Python 3.16. O código de formato 'w'
deve ser usado em vez disso. Parte de ctypes também está obsoleta e
http.server.CGIHTTPRequestHandler emitirá um DeprecationWarning, e será removido
no 3.15. Usar esse código já tem um alto potencial para bugs de segurança e funcionalidade.
Partes do módulo de digitação estão obsoletas, por exemplo, criar uma
 typing.NamedTuple classe usando argumentos de palavra-chave para denotar os campos e
tal (e mais) será desautorizado no Python 3.15.

Geradores de documentação de API

As ferramentas que podem gerar documentação para a API Python incluem pydoc (disponível
como parte da biblioteca padrão), Sphinx , Pdoc e seus forks, Doxygen e Graphviz , entre outros.
[ 187 ]

Nomeação

O nome Python é derivado do grupo de comédia britânico Monty Python , de quem o criador do
Python, Guido van Rossum, gostava enquanto desenvolvia a linguagem. Referências ao Monty
Python aparecem frequentemente no código e na cultura Python; [ 188 ] por exemplo, as variáveis ​
metassintáticas frequentemente usadas na literatura Python são spam e eggs em vez das
tradicionais foo e bar . [ 188 ] [ 189 ] A documentação oficial do Python também contém várias
referências às rotinas do Monty Python. [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Os usuários do Python são às vezes
chamados de "Pythonistas". [ 192 ]

O prefixo Py- é usado para mostrar que algo está relacionado ao Python. Exemplos do uso desse
prefixo em nomes de aplicativos ou bibliotecas Python incluem Pygame , uma ligação do Simple
DirectMedia Layer ao Python (comumente usado para criar jogos); PyQt e PyGTK , que ligam Qt e
GTK ao Python, respectivamente; e PyPy , uma implementação Python escrita originalmente em
Python.

Popularidade

Desde 2003, Python tem consistentemente classificado entre as dez linguagens de

programação mais populares no Índice da Comunidade de Programação TIOBE , onde em
dezembro de 2022 era a linguagem mais popular (à frente de C, C++ e Java ). [ 39 ] Foi
selecionada como Linguagem de Programação do Ano (pelo "maior aumento nas classificações
em um ano") em 2007, 2010, 2018 e 2020 (a única linguagem a ter feito isso quatro vezes em
2020 [ 193 ] ).

Grandes organizações que usam Python incluem Wikipedia , Google , [ 194 ] Yahoo !, [ 195 ] CERN ,
[ 196 ]
NASA , [ 197 ] Facebook , [ 198 ] Amazon , Instagram , [ 199 ] Spotify , [ 200 ] e algumas entidades
menores como Industrial Light & Magic [ 201 ] e ITA . [ 202 ] O site de rede social de notícias Reddit
foi escrito principalmente em Python. [ 203 ] Organizações que usam Python parcialmente
incluem Discord [ 204 ] e Baidu . [ 205 ]
Usos

Python Desenvolvido

Python pode servir como uma linguagem de script para aplicações web , por exemplo, via
mod_wsgi para o servidor web Apache . [ 206 ] Com a Web Server Gateway Interface , uma API
padrão evoluiu para facilitar essas aplicações. Frameworks web como Django , Pylons , Pyramid
, TurboGears , web2py , Tornado , Flask , Bottle e Zope dão suporte aos desenvolvedores no
design e manutenção de aplicações complexas. Pyjs e IronPython podem ser usados ​para
desenvolver o lado cliente de aplicações baseadas em Ajax. SQLAlchemy pode ser usado como
um mapeador de dados para um banco de dados relacional. Twisted é um framework para
programar comunicações entre computadores, e é usado (por exemplo) pelo Dropbox .

Libraries such as NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib allow the effective use of Python in scientific
computing,[207][208] with specialized libraries such as Biopython and Astropy providing domain-
specific functionality. SageMath is a computer algebra system with a notebook interface
programmable in Python: its library covers many aspects of mathematics, including algebra,
combinatorics, numerical mathematics, number theory, and calculus.[209] OpenCV has Python
bindings with a rich set of features for computer vision and image processing.[210]

Python is commonly used in artificial intelligence projects and machine learning projects with the
help of libraries like TensorFlow, Keras, Pytorch, scikit-learn and the Logic language
ProbLog.[211][212][213][214][215] As a scripting language with a modular architecture, simple syntax,
and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for natural language processing.[216]

The combination of Python and Prolog has proved to be particularly useful for AI applications,
with Prolog providing knowledge representation and reasoning capabilities. The Janus system, in
particular, exploits the similarities between these two languages, in part because of their use of
dynamic typing, and the simple recursive nature of their data structures. Typical applications of
this combination include natural language processing, visual query answering, geospatial
reasoning, and handling of semantic web data.[217][218] The Natlog system, implemented in
Python, uses Definite Clause Grammars (DCGs) as prompt generators for text-to-text generators
like GPT3 and text-to-image generators like DALL-E or Stable Diffusion.[219]

Python can also be used for graphical user interface (GUI) by using libraries like Tkinter.[220][221]
Python has been successfully embedded in many software products as a scripting language,
including in finite element method software such as Abaqus, 3D parametric modelers like
FreeCAD, 3D animation packages such as 3ds Max, Blender, Cinema 4D, Lightwave, Houdini,
Maya, modo, MotionBuilder, Softimage, the visual effects compositor Nuke, 2D imaging
programs like GIMP,[222] Inkscape, Scribus and Paint Shop Pro,[223] and musical notation
programs like scorewriter and capella. GNU Debugger uses Python as a pretty printer to show
complex structures such as C++ containers. Esri promotes Python as the best choice for writing
scripts in ArcGIS.[224] It has also been used in several video games,[225][226] and has been
adopted as first of the three available programming languages in Google App Engine, the other
two being Java and Go.[227]

Many operating systems include Python as a standard component. It ships with most Linux
distributions,[228] AmigaOS 4 (using Python 2.7), FreeBSD (as a package), NetBSD, and OpenBSD
(as a package) and can be used from the command line (terminal). Many Linux distributions use
installers written in Python: Ubuntu uses the Ubiquity installer, while Red Hat Linux and Fedora
Linux use the Anaconda installer. Gentoo Linux uses Python in its package management system,
Portage.

O Python é amplamente utilizado na indústria de segurança da informação , inclusive no

desenvolvimento de exploits. [ 229 ] [ 230 ]

A maior parte do software Sugar para o One Laptop per Child XO, desenvolvido no Sugar Labs
em 2008 , é escrito em Python. [ 231 ] O projeto do computador de placa única Raspberry Pi
adotou o Python como sua principal linguagem de programação do usuário.

O LibreOffice inclui Python e pretende substituir Java por Python. Seu Python Scripting Provider
é um recurso central [ 232 ] desde a versão 4.0 de 7 de fevereiro de 2013.

Linguagens influenciadas por Python

O design e a filosofia do Python influenciaram muitas outras linguagens de programação:

Boo usa recuo, uma sintaxe semelhante e um modelo de objeto semelhante. [ 233 ]

Cobra usa recuo e uma sintaxe semelhante, e seu documento de Agradecimentos lista Python
em primeiro lugar entre as linguagens que o influenciaram. [ 234 ]

CoffeeScript , uma linguagem de programação que pode ser compilada para JavaScript, tem
sintaxe inspirada em Python.

ECMAScript – JavaScript pegou iteradores e geradores emprestados do Python. [ 235 ]

GDScript , uma linguagem de script muito semelhante ao Python, incorporada ao mecanismo

de jogo Godot . [ 236 ]
 Go foi projetado para a "velocidade de trabalho em uma linguagem dinâmica como Python"
[ 237 ]
e compartilha a mesma sintaxe para fatiar matrizes.

Groovy foi motivado pelo desejo de trazer a filosofia de design Python para Java . [ 238 ]

Julia foi projetada para ser "tão utilizável para programação geral quanto Python". [ 27 ]

Mojo é um superconjunto não estrito [ 28 ] [ 239 ] do Python (por exemplo, ainda faltam classes e
adicionamos, por exemplo, struct ). [ 240 ]

Nim usa recuo e sintaxe semelhante. [ 241 ]

O criador do Ruby , Yukihiro Matsumoto , disse: "Eu queria uma linguagem de script que fosse
mais poderosa que Perl e mais orientada a objetos que Python. É por isso que decidi projetar
minha própria linguagem." [ 242 ]

Swift , uma linguagem de programação desenvolvida pela Apple, tem alguma sintaxe inspirada
em Python. [ 243 ]

Kotlin combina recursos Python e Java, minimizando o código clichê para maior eficiência do
desenvolvedor. [ 244 ]

As práticas de desenvolvimento do Python também foram emuladas por outras linguagens. Por
exemplo, a prática de exigir um documento descrevendo a justificativa e os problemas que
cercam uma mudança na linguagem (em Python, um PEP) também é usada em Tcl , [ 245 ] Erlang
, [ 246 ] e Swift. [ 247 ]

Veja também

Portal de programação
de computadores
Portal de software livre
e de código aberto

Sintaxe e semântica do Python

pip (gerenciador de pacotes)

Lista de linguagens de programação

História das linguagens de programação

Comparação de linguagens de programação

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Leitura adicional

Downey, Allen B. (maio de 2012). Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist (versão
1.6.6 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-72596-5.

Hamilton, Naomi (5 de agosto de 2008). "The AZ of Programming Languages: Python" (https://

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Lutz, Mark (2013). Aprendendo Python (5ª ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-15806-4.

Summerfield, Mark (2009). Programação em Python 3 (2ª ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional.

ISBN 978-0-321-68056-3.

Ramalho, Luciano (maio de 2022). Python fluente (https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/bo

oks/fluent-python-2nd-edition) . O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1-4920-5632-4.

Links externos

Site oficial (https://www.python.org/)