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Introduction To SQL

Apuntes curso Básico Introduction to SQL

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20 visualizações2 páginas

Introduction To SQL

Apuntes curso Básico Introduction to SQL

Enviado por

puyou7
Direitos autorais
© © All Rights Reserved
Levamos muito a sério os direitos de conteúdo. Se você suspeita que este conteúdo é seu, reivindique-o aqui.
Formatos disponíveis
Baixe no formato DOCX, PDF, TXT ou leia on-line no Scribd
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DATA CAMP

DATA SCIENTIST WITH PYTHON

DATABASES

INTRODUCTION TO SQL

Relational databases
 A relational database defines relationships between tables of data inside the database.
 Possibly the biggest advantage of a database is that many users can write queries to gather insights from the data at
the same time.
 More storage than spread sheets.
 Can be secured with encryption.

SQL. SQL! SQL, or S-Q-L, is short for Structured Query Language.

Tables

 Main building block of databases.


 Tables are organized into rows and columns.
 In the world of databases, rows are often referred to as records and columns as fields.
 Table names should be (BEST PRACTICE):
o lowercase
o should not include spaces - we use underscores in place of spaces
o refer to a collective group / be plural
 Record. Row that holds data.
 Field. Column in a table.
 Field name (BEST PRACTICE):
o Be lower case
o Have no spaces
o Be singular
o Be different from other field names
o Be different from the table name
 A unique identifier, sometimes called a "key”
o Is just what it sounds like:
 a unique value which identifies a record so that it can be distinguished from other records in the same
table.
 They are unique and often numbers
 Table topics should remain separated in different tables.

SQL data types


 Different types of data are stored differently and take up different amounts of storage space.
 Some operations only apply to certain data types.
o Strings
 SQL VARCHAR data type is more flexible and can store small or larger data.
o Integers
o Floats

 Schemas
o Schemas are often referred to as "blueprints" of databases.
o A schema shows a database's design, such as what tables are included in the database and any relationships
between its tables.
 Database storage
o Finally, let's discuss storage. The information we find in a database table is physically stored on the hard disk
of a server.
 Servers
o Centralized computers that perform services via requests made over a network. In our case, the service
performed is data access, but servers are also used to access websites or files stored on the server.
o Any computer can be a server if it is set up to provide a service, even a laptop!

Introducing to queries

 Keywords are reserved words used to indicate what operation we'd like our code to perform.
 BEST PRACTICES
o To end the query with a semicolon to indicate that the query is complete.
o We also capitalize keywords while keeping table and field names all lowercase.
o We can use * to select all field names.

Writing queries
 Alias (Aliasing). Rename columns in our result set.
 DISTINCT. Return unique combinations of a field or multiple fields.
 Views.
o A view is a virtual table that is the result of a saved SQL “SELECT” statement.
o A benefit of views is that when accessed, views automatically update in response to updates in
the underlying data.

CREATE VIEW table AS SELECT field, field1, field2 FROM orig_table;

SQL Flavors (Versions)


 For example, MS SQL, Oracle DB.
 Can be both free and paid.
 All used with relational databases.
 Vast majority of keywords are the same.
 All must follow universal standards set by the
o International Organization for Standards
o American National Standards Institute
 Only the additions on the top of these standards make flavors different.

 PostrgreSQL

o The POSTGRES project, led by Professor Michael Stonebraker, was sponsored by the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
o Free and open-source relational database system
o Created at the University of California, Berkley
o Refers to both the PostgreSQL database system and its associated SQL flavor.

 SQL Server
o Has free and paid versions
o Created by Microsoft
o T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is Microsoft’s flavor, used with SQL Server databases.
o T-SQL vs SQL. T-SQL is a variant of SQL, with some additions like Stored Procedures and Triggers.

 Comparing PostgreSQL and SQL Server.


o Limiting results:

 PostgreSQL: LIMIT 2;
 SQL Server: top(2)

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