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Excel VBA 365 Made Easy
by
Dr. Liew Voon Kiong

Disclaimer
Excel VBA 365 Made Easy is an independent publication and is not affiliated with, nor has it been
authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by Microsoft Corporation.
Trademarks
Microsoft, Visual Basic, Excel and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of
Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
Liability
The purpose of this book is to provide basic guidelines for people interested in Excel VBA 365
programming. Although every effort and care has been taken to make the information as accurate as
possible, the author shall not be liable for any error, harm or damage arising from using the
instructions given in this book.
Copyright© Liew Voon Kiong 2020. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the author.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to many people who have made their contributions in
one way or another to the successful publication of this book.
My special thanks go to my children Xiang, Yi and Xun. My daughter Xiang edited this book while my
sons Yi and Xun contributed their ideas and even wrote some of the sample programs for this book.
I would also like to appreciate the support provided by my beloved wife Kim Huang and my youngest
daughter Yuan. I would also like to thank the millions of visitors to my Excel VBA Tutorial website at
https://excelvbatutor.com/ for their support and encouragement.
About the Author
Dr. Liew Voon Kiong holds a bachelor’s degree in Mathematics, a master’s degree in Management
and a doctorate in Business Administration. He has been involved in Visual Basic programming for
more than 30 years. He created the popular online Visual Basic Tutorial at www.vbtutor.net which
has attracted millions of visitors since 1996. It has consistently been one of the highest ranked
Visual Basic websites.
Dr. Liew is also the author of the Visual Basic Made Easy series, which includes Excel VBA Made
Easy, Visual Basic 6 Made Easy, Visual Basic 2008 Made Easy, Visual Basic 2010 Made Easy,
Visual Basic 2013 Made Easy, Visual Basic 2015 Made Easy, Visual Basic 2017 Made Easy and
Visual Basic 2019 Made Easy . Besides the VB books, he has also published JavaScript Made
Easy, JavaScript & JQuery Made Easy and HTML & CSS Made Easy. Dr. Liew’s books have
been used in high school and university computer science courses all over the world.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction to Excel VBA 365 17
1.1 The Concept of Excel VBA 17
1.2 The Visual Basic Editor in MS Excel 365 18
1.2.1 Building Excel VBA 365 using the Controls. 19
Example 1.1 Displaying a Message 22
Example 1.2 Populates Cells with Text and Values 24
1.2.2 Building Excel VBA 365 using the Visual Basic Editor 25
1.2.3 Creating Macros 29
Example 1.3 Creating a Macro 33
Example 1.4 Creating a Salary Calculator 37
Example 1.5 Creating the Macro that Add Two Numbers 38
Example 1.6 A Macro that Populates Cells using the For…Next Loop 40
Example 1.7 A Macro that Populates the Cells with Characters using the Chr() Function.
41
1.3 The Excel VBA 365 Code 41
Example 1.8 Populating a Cell using the Value Property of Range 42
Example 1.9 Coloring the Cells with the Color Property 42
Example 1.10 Adding Numbers Using the Do... Loop 43
Example 1.11 A Macro that Accepts Inputs and Add Numbers 44
1.4 Errors Handling 45
1.4.1 Writing the Errors Handling Code 45
Example 1.12 Catching Error for Invalid Division 46
Example 1.13 Nested Errors Handling 46
Chapter 2 Working with Variables 49

2.1 The Concept of Variables 49
2.2 Variable Names 49
2.3 Declaring Variables 50
2.2.1 Numeric Data Types 50
2.2.2 Non-numeric Data Types 51
Example 2.1 Declaration of Different Data Types 51
Example 2.2 Creating a Salary Calculator Using If… Then…Else 52
2.2 Option Explicit 54
Example 2.3 Using Option Explicit to Catch Typo Errors 54
2.3 Assigning Values to the Variables 56
2.4 Performing Arithmetic Operations 56
Example 2.4 Compute Examination Results 57
Example 2.5 Concatenation of Strings 58
2.5 Arrays 60
2.5.1 Declaring an Array 60
2.5.2 One-Dimensional Array 60
Example 2.6 Array of Names 60
Example 2.7 Declare Arrays in a Single Line 62
2.5.3 Two-Dimensional Array 64
Example 2.8 Tracking the Performance of Salespersons 65
Chapter 3 Message box and Input Box 67
3.1 The MsgBox ( ) Function 67
Example 3.1 Using the Name Constant vbOKCancel 69
Example 3.2 Separating the Message into Three Lines using the Chr() Function 70
Example 3.3 A Number Guessing Game 73
3.2 The InputBox() Function 75
Example 3.4 Using InputBox 76

Chapter 4 Using If...Then…Else 78
4.1 Conditional Operators 78
4.2 Logical Operators 79
4.3 Using If...Then...ElseIf… Else 79
Example 4.1 Comparing Two Numbers 79
Example 4.2 Computing the Examination Grades 81
Example 4.3 The Use of the Not Operator 84
Chapter 5 Looping 85
5.1 For…Next Loop 85
5.1.1 The Single For…Next Loop 85
Example 5.1 Populating Cells with Numbers 85
Example 5.2 Populating Alternative Cells 86
Example 5.3 Early Termination of Program 87
5.1.2 The Nested For…Next Loop 88
Example 5.4 Populating a Range of Cells 88
Example 5.5 Analyzing Exam Results 89
5.2 The Do…Loop 91
Example 5.6 A Counter 92
Example 5.7 Another Counter 93
Example 5.8 Decreasing Numbers 94
Example 5.9 Decreasing Numbers 94
Example 5.10 Displaying Numbers 95
Example 5.11 Formatting Contents using with Selection 96
Example 5.12 Prime Number Tester 97
5.3 The While…Wend Loop 99
Example 5.13 Arithmetic Progression 100
Example 5.14 Exiting a While...Wend Loop 101

Example 5.15 A Number Guessing Game 103
Chapter 6 Select Case...End Select 106
Example 6.1 Processing Student Grades 106
Example 6.2 Using Case Is 108
Example 6.3 Processing Grades 109
Chapter 7: Excel VBA 365 Objects 111
7.1: Objects 111
7.2: Properties and Methods 112
7.2.1 Properties 112
Example 7.1 The Value Property 113
7.2.2 Methods 115
a) The Count method 115
Example 7.2 The Count Property 115
b) The ClearContents Method 115
Example 7.3 Clearing Contents 115
c) The ClearFormats Method 118
Example 7.4 Clearing Format 118
d) The Clear Method 119
Example 7.5 Select Range and Clear Contents 119
e) The Select Method 119
Example 7.6 The Select Method 120
Example 7.7 Selecting a Range of Cells 120
Example 7.8 Select and Clear 120
f) The Autofill Method 120
Example 7.9 Autofill a Range 122
Example 7.10 Set the Source and Destination 123
Example 7.11 Autofill Weekdays 125

Example 7.12 Select and Clear Contents by the User 125
Chapter 8: The Workbook Object 127
8.1 Workbook Properties 127
8.1.1 The Name Property 127
Example 8.1 Displaying the Workbook Name 127
8.1.2 The Path Property 128
Example 8.2 Showing the Path of the workbook 128
Example 8.3 Showing the Path and Name of a Workbook 129
8.2 The Workbook Methods 130
8.2.1 The Save Method 130
Example 8.4 Save Workbook 130
8.2.2 The SaveAs Method 131
Example 8.5 SaveAs Method 131
8.2.3 The Open Method 132
Example 8.6 Opening a File 133
8.2.4 The Close Method 133
Example 8.7 Closing a File 133
Chapter 9 The Worksheet Object 134
9.1 Worksheet Properties 134
9.1.1 The Name Property 134
Example 9.1 Return a Worksheet Name 134
9.1.2 The Count Property 135
Example 9.3 Count Number of Columns 136
Example 9.4 Count Number of Rows 136
9.2 Worksheet Methods 137
9.2.1 The Add Method 137
Example 9.5 Add a New Worksheet 137

9.2.2 The Delete Method 137
Example 9.6 Delete a Worksheet 138
9.2.3 The Select Method 138
Example 9.7 Select a Worksheet 138
Example 9.8 Select a Cell 138
Example 9.9 Select a Range of Cells 138
Example 9.10 Select a Column of a Worksheet 139
Example 9.11 Select a Row of a worksheet 139
9.2.4 The Copy and Paste Method 139
Example 9.12 Copy and Paste 139
Example 9.13 Copy and Paste Contents 140
Chapter 10: The Range Object 141
10.1 Range Properties 141
10.1.1 Formatting 141
Example 10.1 Formatting a Range of Cells 142
Example 10.2 Using ColorIndex 142
10.1.2 The Formula Property 143
Example 10.3 Using the Formula Property 143
10.1.3 Built-in Formulas 144
Example 10.4 Using the Average Formula 144
Example 10.5: Using the Mode Formula 144
Example 10.6: Using the Median Formula 145
Example 10.7 Using the Interior and Color Properties 146
10.2 Range Methods 146
10.2.1 The Autofill Method 147
Example 10.8 Using the AutoFill Method 147
10.2.2 Select, Copy and Paste Methods 147

Example 10.9 Select, Copy and Paste 147
10.2.3 Copy and PasteSpecial Methods 147
Example 10.10 Using the Pastespecial Method 148
Example 10.11 PasteValues and PasteFormuas Methods 149
10.2.4 The Find Method 149
Example 10.12 Search for a Name 150
Example 10.12 Search for a Name in a Range 153
Example 10.13 Search for a Specific Value in a Range 154
Example 10.14 Search for a Specific Value and Replace with New Value 156
Chapter 11 Excel VBA Controls 158
11.1 Check Box 159
Example 11.1 Using the Check Box 159
Example 11.2 Tracking Which Check Box(es) Was(were) Checked 160
Example 11.3 A Shopping Cart 162
11.2 Text Box 164
Example 11.4 Using the Text Box 164
11.3 Option Button 165
Example 11.5 Using the Option Buttons 165
Example 11.6 Using If…Then…Else and the Option Button 166
Example 11.7 Changing the Color of the Font 167
11.4 List Box 168
Example 11.8 Adding Items to a List Box using the AddItem Method 169
11.5 Combo Box 170
Example 11.9 Adding Items to a Combo Box 170
11.6 Toggle Button 172
Example 11.10 Using the Toggle Button 172
11.7 Spin Button 172

Example 11.11 Increase Value Using the Spin Button 172
11.8 Scrollbar 175
Example 11.12 Increase Value Using the Scrollbar 175
11.9 Slider 176
Chapter 12 Functions 179
12.1 The Concept of Functions 179
12.2 Types of Functions 179
12.2 Built-In Functions 179
Example 12.1 Generating a Sales Report 180
12.3 User-Defined Functions 181
Example 12.2 Creating the Formula to Calculate the Area of a Triangle 181
Example 12.3 Compute Grades 185
Example 12.4 Calculate Commissions 187
12.4 Passing variables by reference and by Value in a Function 189
Example 12.5 Demonstrate ByRef and ByVal 189
Chapter 13 Sub Procedures 192
Example 13.1 Create a Font Resizing Sub Procedure 192
Example 13.2 Changing the Font Size Based on the User's Input 194
Example 13.3 Change Font Size 194
Example 13.4 Show a Hidden Text 194
Example 13.5 Buy Decision Sub Procedure 197
Chapter 14 String Handling Functions 199
14.1 InStr 199
14.2. Left 199
14.3. Right 200
14.4. Mid 200
14.5. Len 201

Example 14.1 Executing Several String Functions 201
Chapter 15 Date and Time Functions 203
15.1 Using the Now ( ) Function 203
Example 15.1 Using Several Time and Date Formatting Functions 204
15.2 Date and Time Functions 205
Example 15.2 Usage of Date and Time Functions 205
15.3 DatePart Function 206
Example 15.3 Using the DatePart Function 207
15.4 Adding and Subtracting Dates 208
Example 15.4 Subtracting Years 209
Chapter 16 UseForm 211
16.1 Keyboard Events 212
Example 16.1 Testing the Keyboard 212
Example 16.2 Identify which Key was Pressed 215
16.2 Mouse Events 215
Example 16.3 MouseDown Event 215
Example 16.4 Importing Data from a Worksheet to a List Box 219
Example 16.5 Performing Calculation 221
Example 16.6 Web Browser 222
Chapter 17 Working with Files 227
17.1 Application.GetOpenFilename method 227
Example 17.1 Opening a File 227
17.2 Application.GetSaveAsFilename method 229
Example 17.2 Saving a File 229
17.3 Creating a Text File 230
Example 17.3 Creating a Text file 231
17.4 Reading a File 235

Chapter 18 Class Modules 237
18.1 Creating a Class Module 237
Example 18.1 The BMI Calculator 239
Example 18.2 Grades Calculator 241
Example 18.3 Future Value Calculator 242
18.2 Class Module Properties 244
Example 18.4 The ATM Machine 244
Example 18.5 The Decision-Making App 249
Example 18.6 A Virtual Keyboard 252
Example 18.7 Grades Calculator 256
Chapter 19 Drawing Charts 263
Chapter 20 Dealing with Shapes 269
Example 20.1 Drawing a Hexagon Shape 269
Example 20.2 Manipulating the Color and Transparency 270
Example 20.3 Drawing Shapes 272
Example 20.4 Adding Glow 273
Example 20.5 Declaring Shapes 275
Example 20.6 Creating 3-D Effect 277
Example 20.7 Adding Text to a Shape 279
Chapter 21 Interacting with Database 281
21.1 Working with Microsoft Access Database 281
Example 21.1 Importing Data from Access Database 282
L,21.2 Building a Data Entry Form 285
Example 21.2 Designing a Data Entry Form 286
Chapter 22 Printing 290
22.1 The Basic Syntax 290
22.2 Printing a Particular Worksheet 290

22.3 Printing a Specific Page Range 290
22.4 Printing Several Copies 291
Example 22.1 Printing Several Copies 291
22.5 Print Preview 292
Example 22.2 Print Pryeview 292
Example 22.3 Dialog to Let the User to Continue or Stop Printing 294
22.6 Print a Selected Range 295
Example 22.4 Print a Selected Range 295
Example 1 BMI Calculator 302
Example 2 Financial Calculator 304
Example 3 Investment Calculator 307
Example 4 Prime Number Tester 309
Example 5 Selective Summation 311
Example 6 Excel VBA 365 Windows Media Player 313
Example 7 Animation 319
Example 8 Amortization Calculator 322
Example 9 Boggle 325
Example 10 Calculator 327
Example 11 Scientific Calculator 336
Example 12 Dice 341
Example 13 Geometric Progression 345
Example 14 Password Cracker 348
Example 15 Digital Slot Machine 351
Example 16 Professional Slot Machine 354
Example 17 Quadratic Equation Solver 361
Example 18 Simple Harmonic Motion 365
Example 19 Simultaneous Equation 368

Example 20 Star War 370
Example 21 Stock Trading 376
Example 23 Payback Period Calculator 382
Example 24 Depreciation Calculator 385
Example 25 Non-Linear Simultaneous Equation Solver 388
Example 26 Pythagoras Theorem 391
Example 27 Factors Finder 394
Example 28 Loan Payments Calculator 397
Index 400
Chapter 1 Introduction to Excel VBA 365
This book is based on the latest Microsoft Excel, which is one of the apps of Microsoft Office 365;
hence I named this book Excel VBA 365 Made Easy. All the Excel VBA code examples in this book
have been tested in Microsoft Excel 365 and proven to be bugs free, therefore you may try them out
in your own settings. Although the examples are based on MS Excel 365, they should be workable in
older versions of MS Excel because the syntaxes are based largely on Visual Basic 6.
1.1 The Concept of Excel VBA
VBA stands for Visual Basic for Applications. It is an event-driven programming language Visual
Basic embedded inside Microsoft Office applications like Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Microsoft
PowerPoint and more. By running Visual Basic within the Microsoft Office applications, we can build
customized functions and macros to enhance the capabilities of those applications. Besides that, we
can build VBA macros that automates processes in the Microsoft Office applications.
Among the Visual Basic applications, Microsoft Excel VBA 365 is the most popular. There are many
reasons why we should learn VBA for Microsoft Excel, one of the reasons is you can understand the
fundamentals of Visual Basic programming within the MS Excel environment, without having to
purchase a copy of Microsoft Visual Basic software. Another reason is by learning Excel VBA; you
can build custom-made functions to complement the built-in formulas and functions of Microsoft
Excel.
Although MS Excel has numerous built-in formulas and functions, it is still insufficient to cater for
many complex calculations and applications. This book was written in such a way that you can learn
VBA for MS Excel from scratch, and everyone shall be able to master it in a short time! Basically,
Excel VBA code is created using Visual Basic, therefore, its syntaxes remain largely the same for
every version of Microsoft Excel. Although this book is based on MS Excel 365, you may apply it in
older versions of MS Excel.
1.2 The Visual Basic Editor in MS Excel 365
To create VBA applications in Microsoft Excel 365, you must own a copy of Microsoft office 365 that
comes with the basic package comprising Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoints, Microsoft Excel,
Microsoft Access and more. If you have already owned a copy of Microsoft Office 365, proceed to
program Excel VBA by launching Microsoft Excel 365. Figure 1.1 shows the initial Workbook of
Microsoft Excel 365.
Figure 1.1 Microsoft Excel 365 workbook
Next, click on the Developer tab to access the Developer window, the environment for building Excel
365 Visual Basic applications. In the Developer environment, you may play with all kinds of tools and
apps that you can use to develop VBA and macros.
There are three ways to start programming Excel VBA, by placing controls on the worksheet and
double click it to enter the Visual Basic Editor. The second way is to enter the Visual Basic Editor
directly by clicking the View Code button or the Visual Basic button in the Developer environment. In
addition, you can also program VBA by creating macros.
1.2.1 Building Excel VBA 365 using the Controls.
There are two categories of controls, Form controls and ActiveX controls. Form controls are built into
Excel whereas ActiveX controls are loaded separately. Though Form controls are simpler to
use, ActiveX controls allow for more flexible design.
To use the controls, navigate to the Developer tab then click on the Insert button to access the
ActiveX controls and Form Controls, as shown in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2 Form and ActiveX Controls
Let us start with the command button. To place a command button on the MS Excel worksheet, click
on the command button under ActiveX controls and draw it on the worksheet, as shown in Figure
1.3. Notice that the Developer environment is in the Design Mode at this stage.
Figure 1.3 The Command Button in the Design Mode
At this stage, you might want to customize the command button by changing some of its properties.
To access the properties, right-click the command button and select the Properties option to launch
the Properties window, as show in Figure 1.4.
Figure 1.4 The Properties Window
You may change its name to any name you wish but for learning purposes I suggest you change its
name to Cmd_ShowMsg and its Caption to Show Message, as shown in Figure 1.5.
Notice that the caption on the command button has changed to Show Message.
Figure 1.5
Next, click on the command button to enter the Visual Basic Editor (We will use the short form VBE
every now and then in the book). In the VBE, Enter the statements as shown in Example 1.1, as
follows:
Example 1.1 Displaying a Message
Private Sub Cmd_ShowMsg_Click()

MsgBox ("Welcome to Excel VBA 365 Programming")
End Sub
Figure 1.6 The Visual Basic Editor
To run the VBA program, quit the VBE and the Design Mode and then click on the command
button. A message box will appear, as shown in Figure 1.7
Figure 1.7
The next example involved the use of the Range object and its property Value, as well as the cells
object. The program also introduces a For...Next loop which you are already familiar if you
have been programming in Visual Basic 6.
Example 1.2 Populates Cells with Text and Values
Private Sub Cmd_Compute_Click()

Range("A1:D4").Value = "Excel VBA 365 "
Range("A5:D5").Value = 100
Range("A6:D6").Value = 50
For i = 1 To 4
Cells(7, i) = Cells(5, i) + Cells(6, i)
Next
End Sub
The first statement will populate the cells from the range cell A1 to cell D4 with the phrase "Excel
VBA 365''. The second statement populates the cells from the range cell A5 to cell D5 with the value
of 100. The third statement populates the cells from the range cell A6 to cell D6 with the value of 50.
The For…Loop statement adds the corresponding values of row 5 and row 6 and display them in
row 7. Running the VBA produces the output UI as shown in Figure 1.8.
Figure 1.8
1.2.2 Building Excel VBA 365 using the Visual Basic Editor
To access Visual Basic Editor directly, click on Visual Basic or View Code in the Developer
environment. In the VBE, you are presented with two items, General and Worksheet. General is the
declaration section when you can declare some global variables. Worksheet is the object where you
can write some VBA code to interact with it. The current active worksheet is sheet1(the name
assigned to Worksheet1) as only one worksheet is available, as seen on the right section of the
VBE, as shown in Figure 1.9.
Figure 1.9 The Visual Basic Editor
If you add another worksheet to the workbook, the VBE will shows two worksheets, sheet1 and
sheet2, as shown in Figure 1.10
Figure 1.10
When you click the Worksheet, an event procedure will appear, as shown below:
Private Sub Worksheet_SelectionChange(ByVal Target As Range)

End Sub
A worksheet has many events associated with it (for that matter any Excel VBA objects has events
associated with them). The default event is SelectionChange , as shown in the event procedure
above. To view more events associated with the WorkSheet, click on the small inverted triangle on
the top right corner of VBE, you will see a drop-down list of events, as shown in Figure 1.11.
Figure 1.11 The Worksheet Events
Now let us enter some code into the event procedure, as follows:
Private Sub Worksheet_SelectionChange(ByVal Target As Range)

MsgBox ("You have changed your selection")
End Sub
This code means whenever you click on another cell of the Worksheet, the message " You have
changed your selection" message will appear, as shown in Figure 1.12.
Figure 1.12
You should proceed to save your Excel Workbook before your work is lost. Remember to save your
file with the extension xlsm, which means Excel Macro Enabled Workbook, otherwise your VBA will
not run when you open it the next time.
Figure 1.13 Saving File with Extension xlsm
In addition, Visual Basic Editor also allow you to insert modules and UserForms to build more
advance VBA. Usually the module allows you to develop customized functions whereas the
UserForm allows you to build more powerful applications. We will discuss module and UserForm in a
later chapter.
1.2.3 Creating Macros
You can also learn Excel VBA 365 programming by creating and editing macros. Macro is a record
and playback tool that records and plays back Excel worksheet activities performed by the
user. Macros save time as they automate repetitive tasks. It is a programming code that runs in
an Excel VBA environment. You can edit a macro as well as creating new macros using Visual Basic
syntaxes.
To record a macro, click on the Record Macro button in the Developer environment, as shown in
Figure 1.14
Figure 1.14
Upon clicking the Record Macro button, a dialog box will appear and prompts you to enter the macro
name. The macro name cannot have space between characters, underscore is allowed. Following
are a few rules in naming a macro:
● Must start with a letter or underscore

● Space is not allowed
● Does not conflict with existing names in the workbook
Figure 1.15
If you did not follow the rules, the dialog as shown in Figure 1.16 will appear.
Figure 1.16
Let us create a macro named Test_Macro. Next, click OK to start recoding the macro. Perform some
activities on the worksheet like entering some numbers and add those numbers, then stop the macro
recording.
To view the macro you have just created, click the Macros button and you can see the newly created
macro as shown in Figure 1.17. You can run, edit or delete the macro.
Figure 1.17
Let us edit the macro. When you click on the Edit button, you will be able to see the macro code in
the VBE, as shown in Figure 1.18. The code is the same as the code in a VB sub procedure which
starts with a Sub keyword and an End Sub keyword.
Figure 1.18
Example 1.3 Creating a Macro
Let us create a macro from scratch instead of recoding a macro. To create a macro, click on Macros
button and type in a name, as shown in Figure 1.19.
Figure 1.19
Click create to enter the VBE, and type come codes as shown in Figure 1.20.
Figure 1.20
The macro code is using the VB syntaxes. In the macro, we declared a variable rng to store the
range value. By using the keyword With and the Range method, the macro formats the targeted
range of cells using the font properties, the interior object and the color property. The macro will also
populate the cells with a value of 100. We shall learn more about object and properties in later
lessons. Save the macro and then click the run (a little green triangle on the tool bar) button or press
F5 to run the macro. A dialog will appear prompting you to run, edit or delete the macro as shown in
Figure 1.21.
Figure 1.21
Choose Run to execute the macro and you go back to the worksheet to see the results, as shown in
Figure 1.22
Figure 1.22
Example 1.4 Creating a Salary Calculator
This is a macro that calculates the salary based on the wage and hours worked.
Sub Cal_Salary() 'macro name

salary 8, 100
End Sub
Sub salary(wage As Single, hours As Single) 'sub procedure

MsgBox "Your salary is " & wage * hours
End Sub
When you run the macro, it will call the sub procedure with two arguments, i.e. wage and hours. The
values specified by the macro will be passed to the sub procedure to compute the salary. The output
is as shown in Figure 1.23
Figure 1.23
Example 1.5 Creating the Macro that Add Two Numbers
This macro adds two numbers input by the user via input boxes and present the sum in a message
dialog.
Sub Cal_Sum()
Dim x As Single, y As Single
x = InputBox("Enter first number")
y = InputBox("Enter second number")
sum x, y
End Sub
Sub sum(a As Single, b As Single)
MsgBox ("sum=" & a + b)
End Sub
The outputs are shown in Figure 1.24, Figure 1.25 and Figure 1.26
Figure 1.24
Figure 1.25
Figure 1.26
Example 1.6 A Macro that Populates Cells using the For…Next Loop
This macro employs a For…Next loop to populate a range of cells on the worksheet. (you will learn
more about For…Next loop in a later chapter.)
Sub Loop_macro()
Dim i, j As Integer
For i = 1 To 10
For j = 1 To 5
Cells(i, j).Value = i + j
Next
Next
End Sub
When you run the program, the cells in the range A1:E10 will be populated, as shown in Figure 1.27
Figure 1.27
Example 1.7 A Macro that Populates the Cells with Characters using the Chr() Function.
This macro generates random characters based on the Chr() function and the ASCII codes.
Sub Random_Chr()
Dim m As Integer
For i = 2 To 6
For j = 2 To 6
m = Int(26 * Rnd) + 65
Sheet1.Cells(i, j) = Chr(m)
Next
Next
End Sub
The output is as shown in Figure 1.28

Figure 1.28
1.3 The Excel VBA 365 Code

Writing Excel VBA 365 code is like writing code in Visual Basic 6, which means you can use
syntaxes like that of Visual Basic 6. However, there are some syntaxes specifically reserved for MS
Excel, like the object called Range. Range is the object that specifies the value of a cell or a range of
cells in MS Excel worksheet. The syntax of Range is as follows:
Range("cell Name").Value=K
or
Range("Range of Cells").Value=K
Value is the property of the Range object and k is a numeric value or a string.
Example 1.8 Populating a Cell using the Value Property of Range
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()

Range ("A1").Value= "Excel VBA 365"
End Sub
Running the code will fill cell A1 with the text “Excel VBA”. You can also use Range without the
Value property, as shown in Example 1.3.
Example 1.9 Coloring the Cells with the Color Property
In this example, clicking the command button will fill cell A1 to C6 with the value of 100, change its
background color to blue and its font color to yellow.
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()

Range("A1:C6")=100
Range("A1:C6").Interior.Color = vbBlue
Range("A1:C6").Font.Color = vbYellow
End Sub
The output
Figure 1.14
Example 1.10 Adding Numbers Using the Do... Loop
This example apply the Do Loop to populate cells(1,1) to cells(6,3) with numbers that
follow the formula specified in the code. For example, when i=2, the value of cells(2,2) is
2+2=4. On top of that, it also set the background for the specified range to yellow and the font
color to red.
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()
i = 1
Do
Cells(i, 1) = i
Cells(i, 2) = i + 1
Cells(i, 3) = i + 2
i = i + 1
Loop Until i > 6
Range("A1:C6").Interior.Color = vbYellow
Range(Cells(1, 1), Cells(6, 3)).Font.Color = vbRed
End Sub
The output is as shown in Figure 1.15

Figure 1.15
Example 1.11 A Macro that Accepts Inputs and Add Numbers
This is a macro that accepts inputs from the user and calculate the sum. When you run the macro,
the user will be prompted to enter two numbers via two input boxes, then sum them up.
Sub Cal_Sum()
Dim x As Single, y As Single
x = InputBox("Enter first number")
y = InputBox("Enter second number")
sum x, y
End Sub
Sub sum(a As Single, b As Single)

MsgBox ("sum=" & a + b)
End Sub
When you run the macro, two input boxes will appear to alert the user to enter two numbers, then
present the answer via a dialog message, as shown in Figure 1.16, Figure 1.17 and Figure 1.18.
1.4 Errors Handling

Errors handling is an integral part of coding in Excel VBA 365. Errors often occur when the user
enter incorrect values into a cell of an Excel worksheet. For example, an error occurs when
instruct the computer to divide a number by zero.
Another example is the user might enter a text (string) to a box that is designed to handle only
numeric values, the computer will not be able to perform an arithmetic calculation for text,
therefore, will create an error. These errors are known as synchronous errors.
Writing errors handling code should be considered a good practice for Excel VBA 365
programmers, so do not try to finish a program fast by omitting the errors handling code. However,
there should not be too many errors handling code in the program as it creates problems for the
programmer to maintain and troubleshoot the program later. Fortunately, we can write Excel VBA
365 code to handle those errors efficiently.
1.4.1 Writing the Errors Handling Code
The syntax for errors handling is

On Error GoTo program_label
where program_label is the section of code that is designed by the programmer to handle the
error committed by the user. Once an error is detected, the program will jump to the
program_label section for error handling. You also need to add the statement Exit Sub to prevent
the program from jumping to error handling section even though the inputs were correct.
Example 1.12 Catching Error for Invalid Division

On Error GoTo err_handler
num1 = InputBox("Enter first number")
num2 = InputBox("Enter second number")
MsgBox num1 / num2
Exit Sub
err_handler:
MsgBox "Invalid division, please try again"
End Sub
The program will display the error message “Invalid division, please try again” if the user enters
letters instead of numbers or enter the second number as zero, as shown in Figure 1.16
Figure 1.16
Example 1.13 Nested Errors Handling
By referring to Example 1.6, it is better to alert the user the types of error he or she has committed,
such as entering non-numeric data like letters or enter zero as denominator. It should be placed in
the first place as soon as the user input something in the input box. And the error handler label
rror_handler2 label. This means the second
error_handler1 for this error should be placed after the e
error handling procedure is nested within the first error handling procedure. Notice that you must put
an Exit Sub for the second error handling procedure to prevent to execute the first error handling
procedure again. The code is as follow:

Dim firstNum, secondNum As Double
On Error GoTo error_handler1
firstNum = InputBox("Enter first number")
secondNum = InputBox("Enter second number")
On Error GoTo error_handler2
MsgBox firstNum / secondNum
Exit Sub 'To prevent error handling when the inputs are valid
error_handler2:
MsgBox " Error!You attempt to divide a number by zero!Try again!"

Exit Sub
error_handler1:
MsgBox " You are not entering a number! Try again!"
End Sub
Figure 1.17
Figure 1.18
Additionally, you can use the keyword Resume Next to prevent error message from appearing and
branch back to the section of the program where error occurred.

On Error Resume Next
num1 = InputBox("Enter first number")
num2 = InputBox("Enter second number")
MsgBox num1 / num2
End Sub
Chapter 2 Working with Variables
2.1 The Concept of Variables

Variables are like mailboxes in the post office. The content of the variables changes every now and
then, just like the mailboxes. In computer programming, variables are areas allocated by the
computer memory to store data. According to Wikipedia:
"
emory address paired with an associated s ymbolic

A variable is a storage address identified by a m
name, which contains some known or unknown value. The variable name is the usual way
to reference the stored value, in addition to referring to the variable itself. This separation of name
and content allows the name to be used independently of the exact information it represents. The
identifier in computer source code can be b
ound to a v alue during run time, and the value of the
rogram execution"
variable may thus change during p
2.2 Variable Names
Like the mailboxes, each variable must be given a name. To name a variable in Excel VBA 365, you
must follow the following set of rules:
● It must be less than 255 characters

● No spacing is allowed
● It must not begin with a number
● Period is not permitted
● Cannot use exclamation mark (!), or the characters @, &, $, #
● Cannot repeat names within the same level of scope.
Examples of valid and invalid variable names are displayed in Table 2.1
Table 2.1 Examples of valid and invalid variable names
Valid Name Invalid Name
My_Car My.Car
ThisYear 1NewBoy
Long_Name_Can_beUSE He&HisFather *& is not acceptable
Group88 Student ID * Space not allowed
2.3 Declaring Variables
In Excel VBA 365, we must declare the variables before using them. We declare a variable by
assigning a name and a data type. Excel VBA 365 data types can be divided into two types, the
numeric data types and the non-numeric data types.
2.2.1 Numeric Data Types
Numeric data types are types of data that consist of numbers. In Excel VBA 365, the numeric data
are divided into 7 types as summarized in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Numeric Data Types
Type Storage Range of Values
Byte 1 byte 0 to 255
Integer 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
Long 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,648
Single 4 bytes -3.402823E+38 to -1.401298E-45 for negative values

1.401298E-45 to 3.402823E+38 for positive values.
Double 8 bytes -1.79769313486232e+308 to -4.94065645841247E-324 for negative

values
4.94065645841247E-324 to 1.79769313486232e+308 for positive values.
Currency 8 bytes -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 922,337,203,685,477.5807
Decimal 12 bytes +/- 79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,335 if no decimal is use

+/- 7.9228162514264337593543950335 (28 decimal places).
2.2.2 Non-numeric Data Types
Non-numeric data types are data that cannot be manipulated using arithmetic operators. They
comprise string, date, Boolean and more, as summarized in Table 2.3
Table 2.3 Non-Numeric Data Types
Data Type Storage Range

String(fixed length) Length of string 1 to 65,400 characters
String(variable length) Length + 10 bytes 0 to 2 billion characters
Date 8 bytes January 1, 100 to December 31, 9999
Boolean 2 bytes True or False
Object 4 bytes Any embedded object
Variant(numeric) 16 bytes Any value as large as Double
Variant(text) Length+22 bytes Same as variable-length string
You may declare the variables implicitly or explicitly. For example, sum=text1.text means that the
variable sum is declared implicitly and ready to receive the input in Textbox1. For explicit
declaration, variables are declared in the general section of the code window using the Dim
statement. The syntax is as follows:
Dim variableName as DataType
Example 2.1 Declaration of Different Data Types
Dim password As String

Dim yourName As String
Dim firstnum As Integer
Dim secondnum As Integer
Dim total As Integer
Dim birthDay As Date
Dim test As boolean
Dim earning As currency
You may also combine the variables into one line, separating each variable with a comma.
Dim password As String, yourName As String, firstnum As Integer.
If the data type is not specified, Excel VBA 365 will automatically declare the variable as a Variant.
For string declaration, there are two possible formats, one for the variable-length string and another
for the fixed-length string. For the variable-length string, just use the same syntax as Example 2.1
above. However, for the fixed-length string, you must use the syntax as shown below:
Dim VariableName as String * n

n defines the number of characters the string can hold. For example,
Dim yourName as String * 10

mean yourName can hold no more than 10 Characters.
Example 2.2 Creating a Salary Calculator Using If… Then…Else
This is a payroll app that calculate the salary based on wage per hour and hours worked. In this
example, we declared four types of variables, namely the string, date, currency and Boolean. The
declaration Dim college As String * 10 implies that the variable college can only holds 10
characters. In addition, we use the If…Then…Else statement to determine whether the employee
entitle a promotion.
The code

Dim college As String * 10
Dim birthDay As Date
Dim workhour As Single
Dim wage As Currency
Dim salary As Currency
Dim promotion As Boolean
yourName = "Adam"
college = "John Hopkin University"
birthDay = "1 April 1980"
workhour = 160
wage = 8
salary = workhour * wage
If workhour > 160 Then
promotion = True
Else
promotion = False
End If
Cells(3, 3) = yourName
Cells(4, 3) = college
Cells(5, 3) = birthDay
Cells(6, 3) = workhour
Cells(7, 3) = wage
Cells(8, 3) = salary
Cells(9, 3) = promotion
End Sub
The output is as seen in Figure 2.1
Figure 2.1
You can notice that the College name has been truncated to just 10 characters (including spacing).
2.2 Option Explicit

The keyword Option Explicit in Excel VB365 programming is to track errors in the usage of
variable. For example, if we commit a typo, Excel VBA 365 will pop up an error message “Variable
not defined”. Indeed, Option Explicit forces the programmer to declare every variable using the
Dim keyword. It is a good practice to use Option Explicit because it will prevent the incorrect
use of variable names due to typing errors, especially when the program gets larger. Using Option
Explicit save time in debugging.
When Option Explicit is included in the program code, every variable must be declared using
the Dim keyword. Any variable that is not declared or wrongly typed will produce the “Variable not
defined” error. The error must be corrected before the program can continue to run.
Example 2.3 Using Option Explicit to Catch Typo Errors
This example uses the Option Explicit keyword and it demonstrates how a typo is being tracked.
Option Explicit
Dim YourName As String
Dim password As String
YourName = "John"
password = 12345
Cells(1, 2) = YourNam
Cells(1, 3) = password
End Sub
The typo is YourNam and so the error message ‘variable not defined” will be displayed and the
program is suspended, as shown in Figure 2.2. The error Yournam will also be highlighted as shown
in Figure 2.3.
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3 Error message due to typo error
2.3 Assigning Values to the Variables
After declaring several variables with the Dim statements, we can assign values to them. The syntax
of an assignment is
Variable=Expression
The variable can be a declared variable or a control property value. The expression can be a
mathematical expression, a number, a string, a Boolean value (true or false) and more. Here are
some examples:
firstNumber=100
secondNumber=firstNumber-99
userName="John Lyan"
userpass.Text = password
Label1.Visible = True
Command1.Visible = False
ThirdNumber = Val(usernum1.Text)
total = firstNumber + secondNumber+ThirdNumber
2.4 Performing Arithmetic Operations
To compute numeric values, we shall use arithmetic operators. In Excel VBA 365, the symbols for
arithmetic operators are different from normal mathematical operators except for + and -. For
example, multiplication is * and division is /. Besides. we must differentiate between / and \, where /
is a normal division whilst \ is an integer division. Integer division \ discards the decimals. For
example, 27\5 is 5. The Excel VBA 365 arithmetic operators as shown in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3 Arithmetic Operators
Operator Mathematical function Example
^ Exponential 2^4=16
* Multiplication 4*3=12
/ Division 12/4=3
Mod Modulus 15 Mod 4=3
\ Integer Division 19\4=4
+ or & String concatenation "Visual"&"Basic"="Visual Basic"
Example 2.4 Compute Examination Results
This example calculates the total mark and the average mark of an examination result. We declared
four variables as Single and another two variables as Double. In the code, we use
Worksheetfunction.sum to add the marks and Worksheetfunction.count to count the number
of subjects.
The Code
Option Explicit
Private Sub Cmd_Calculate_Click()
Dim mark1, mark2, mark3, mark4 As Single
Dim total, average As Double
mark1 = 60
mark2 = 75
mark3 = 85
mark4 = 54
Cells(2, 2) = mark1
Cells(3, 2) = mark2
Cells(4, 2) = mark3
Cells(5, 2) = mark4
total = WorksheetFunction.Sum(Range(Cells(2, 2), Cells(5, 2)))
average = total / WorksheetFunction.Count(Range(Cells(2, 2), Cells(5, 2)))
Cells(6, 2) = total
Cells(7, 2) = average
End Sub
The output is shown in Figure 2.4
Figure 2.4
Example 2.5 Concatenation of Strings
In this example, three variables are declared as string. The variable firstName and the variable
secondName will receive their data entered by the user into Cells(1,1) and cells(2,1) respectively.
You will notice that performing arithmetic operation on strings will result in the concatenation of the
strings, as shown in Figure 2.5.
Option Explicit
Dim secondName As String
firstName = Cells(1,1)
secondName = Cells(2,1)
yourName = firstName + " " + secondName
Cells(3,1) = yourName
End Sub
Figure 2.5 Concatenation of Strings

2.5 Arrays
When we work with a single item in Excel VBA 365, we only need to declare one variable. However,
if we need to deal with a list of items, we need to declare an array of variables instead of using a
variable for each item. For example, if we need to enter 100 names, instead of declaring 100
different variables, we need to declare only one array.
An array is a group of variables with the same data type and name. We differentiate each item in the
array by using subscript, the index value of each item. For example, Studentname (1), Studentname
(2), Studentname (3) …Studentname(n)
2.5.1 Declaring an Array
We use the Dim statement to declare an array just as the way we declare a single variable. In Excel
VBA 365 we can have a one-dimensional array, two-dimensional array or even a multidimensional
array (up to 60)
2.5.2 One-Dimensional Array

The statement to declare a one-dimensional array in Excel VBA 365 is as follows:
Dim arrayName(index) as dataType or Dim arrayName(first index to last index) as

dataType
For example, the following statement declares an array that comprises 10 elements.
Dim StudentName(10) as String

Dim StudentName(1 to 10) as String
Dim StudentMark(10) as Single
Dim StudentMark( 1 to 10) as Single
Example 2.6 Array of Names
In this example, we define an array StudentName comprising five names using the Dim keyword.
We include an InputBox to accept input from the user. We also use the For…Next loop to accept the
input five times and display the five names from cell A1 to cell E1. The code is as follows:
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click( )
Dim StudentName(1 to 5) As String
For i = 1 To 5
StudentName(i) = InputBox(“Enter student Name”)
Cells(i, 1) = StudentName(i)
Next
End Sub
* You can also declare the array using Dim StudentName(5) As String When we run the
program, an input box will appear, as shown below. This input box will repeat five times and let the
user enter five names, as shown in Figure 2.6.
Figure 2.6
Five names will be displayed in the worksheet as shown in Figure 2.6
Figure 2.7
You can also declare more than one array on a single line. In Example 2.7, we declare three arrays
in a single line, separated by commas.
Example 2.7 Declare Arrays in a Single Line
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click( )

Dim StudentName(3) As String, StudentID(3) As String, StudentMark(3) As Single
For i = 1 To 3 StudentName(i) = InputBox(“Enter student Name”)
StudentID(i) = InputBox(“Enter student ID”)
StudentMark(i) = InputBox(“Enter student Mark”)
Cells(i, 1) = StudentName(i)
Cells(i, 2) = StudentID(i)
Cells(i, 3) = StudentMark(i)
Next
End Sub
When we run the program, three input boxes will appear consecutively to let the user enter the
student name, the student ID and then the student mark. The process will repeat three times until
the particulars of all three students have been entered. The three input boxes and the output images
are shown below:
Figure 2.8
Figure 2.9
Figure 2.10
The Output is shown in the Figure 2.11
Figure 2.11
2.5.3 Two-Dimensional Array
Multidimensional arrays are often needed when we are dealing with a more complex database,
especially those that handle a large amount of data. Data are usually organized and arranged in
table form; this is where the multidimensional arrays come into play. However, in this tutorial, we are
dealing only with the two-dimensional array. A two-dimensional array can be represented by a table
that contains rows and columns, where one index represents the rows and the other index represent
the columns.The statement to declare a two-dimensional array is
Dim arrayName (num1, num2) as datatype
Where num1 is the suffix of the first dimension of the last element and num2 is the suffix of the
second dimension of the last element in the array. The suffixes of the element in the array will start
with (0, 0) unless you set the Option Base to 1. In the case when the Option Base is set to 1, then
the suffixes of the element in the array will start with (1, 1). For example,
Dim Score (3, 3) as Integer

will create a two-dimensional array consists of 16 elements. These elements can be organized in a
table form as shown in the table below:
Table 2.1
Score(0,0) Score(0,1) Score(0,2) Score(0,3)
If you set the option base to 1, then there will be only 9 elements, i.e from Score(1,1) to Score(3,3).
However, if you want the first element to start with suffixes (1,1) you can also use the following
format of declaration:
Dim Score(1 to 3, 1 to 3) as Integer
Example 2.8 Tracking the Performance of Salespersons
If a company wants to track the performance of 5 salespersons over a period of 2 days, you can
create a 5×2 array in Excel VBA 365, denoted by a 5X 2 table in a worksheet. Therefore, you can
write the following VBA code using a nested For loop.

Dim SalesPersonName As String
Dim SalesPersonID, Day As Integer
Dim SalesVolume(2 To 6, 2 To 3) As Double
For SalesPersonID = 2 To 6
SalesPersonName = InputBox("Enter Salesperson Name")
Cells(SalesPersonID, 1) = SalesPersonName
For Day = 2 To 3
SalesVolume(SalesPersonID, Day) = InputBox("Enter Sales Volume for day " & (Day
- 1))
Cells(SalesPersonID, Day) = SalesVolume(SalesPersonID, Day)
Next Day
Next SalesPersonID
End Sub
When the user runs the program, the input box that will prompt the user to enter salesperson's
name, as shown in the Figure 2.12
Figure 2.12
Next, you will be asked to enter the sales volume for day 1 and day 2, as shown in Figure 2.13 and
Figure 2.14.
Figure 2.13
Figure 2.14
After entered data for five salespersons, you will obtain a table as shown in Figure 2.15
Figure 2.15

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Excel VBA 365 Made Easy

Dr. Liew Voon Kiong

About the Author

Chapter 1 Introduction to Excel VBA 365 17

1.1 The Concept of Excel VBA 17

1.2 The Visual Basic Editor in MS Excel 365 18

1.2.1 Building Excel VBA 365 using the Controls. 19

Example 1.1 Displaying a Message 22

Example 1.2 Populates Cells with Text and Values 24

1.2.3 Creating Macros 29

Example 1.3 Creating a Macro 33

Example 1.4 Creating a Salary Calculator 37

Example 1.5 Creating the Macro that Add Two Numbers 38

1.3 The Excel VBA 365 Code 41

Example 1.8 Populating a Cell using the Value Property of Range 42

Example 1.9 Coloring the Cells with the Color Property 42

Example 1.10 Adding Numbers Using the Do... Loop 43

Example 1.11 A Macro that Accepts Inputs and Add Numbers 44

1.4 Errors Handling 45

1.4.1 Writing the Errors Handling Code 45

Example 1.12 Catching Error for Invalid Division 46

Example 1.13 Nested Errors Handling 46

Chapter 2 Working with Variables 49

2.2 Variable Names 49

2.3 Declaring Variables 50

2.2.1 Numeric Data Types 50

2.2.2 Non-numeric Data Types 51

Example 2.1 Declaration of Different Data Types 51

Example 2.2 Creating a Salary Calculator Using If… Then…Else 52

2.2 Option Explicit 54

Example 2.3 Using Option Explicit to Catch Typo Errors 54

2.3 Assigning Values to the Variables 56

2.4 Performing Arithmetic Operations 56

Example 2.4 Compute Examination Results 57

Example 2.5 Concatenation of Strings 58

2.5.1 Declaring an Array 60

2.5.2 One-Dimensional Array 60

Example 2.6 Array of Names 60

Example 2.7 Declare Arrays in a Single Line 62

2.5.3 Two-Dimensional Array 64

Example 2.8 Tracking the Performance of Salespersons 65

Chapter 3 Message box and Input Box 67

3.1 The MsgBox ( ) Function 67

Example 3.1 Using the Name Constant vbOKCancel 69

Example 3.3 A Number Guessing Game 73

3.2 The InputBox() Function 75

Example 3.4 Using InputBox 76

4.1 Conditional Operators 78

4.2 Logical Operators 79

4.3 Using If...Then...ElseIf… Else 79

Example 4.1 Comparing Two Numbers 79

Example 4.2 Computing the Examination Grades 81

Example 4.3 The Use of the Not Operator 84

5.1 For…Next Loop 85

5.1.1 The Single For…Next Loop 85

Example 5.1 Populating Cells with Numbers 85

Example 5.2 Populating Alternative Cells 86

Example 5.3 Early Termination of Program 87

5.1.2 The Nested For…Next Loop 88

Example 5.4 Populating a Range of Cells 88

c) The ClearFormats Method 118