Aspectos Translacionais Do Transtorno de Ansiedade Social
Aspectos Translacionais Do Transtorno de Ansiedade Social
Aspectos Translacionais Do Transtorno de Ansiedade Social
Orientador
Instituto de Psiquiatria/UFRJ
RIO DE JANEIRO
Julho/2010
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ii
INSTITUTO DE PSIQUIATRIA-IPUB
TÍTULO
Aprovada por:
Eliane Falcone
Professora Adjunta do Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
RIO DE JANEIRO
Julho/2010
iii
Freezing.
DEDICATÓRIA
Para meus avós Juca, Moyses, Pola e Fina, por proporcionarem a certeza que
eu tenho sobre família, por terem me dado exemplos do que é ser avó e de um lar
judaico.
luta incansável pelos objetivos e pelo esforço sem limites para me assegurarem tudo
sonhos, sempre.
v
AGRADECIMENTOS
trabalho.
pesquisas.
vi
RESUMO
se a apenas uma situação ou a uma gama de situações sociais. Por ser uma entidade
diagnóstica que recebeu sua delimitação entre os transtornos psiquiátricos há apenas três
décadas, muitos estudos visam levantar aspectos do TAS ainda não delineados, como o
confronto social. Essa dissertação é composta de quatro artigos que abordam questões em
discussão pela comunidade científica. O primeiro artigo é uma revisão da literatura sobre a
da Escala de Esquiva e Desconforto Social que avalia a gravidade de esquiva e mal estar
quarto foi realizado em conjunto com outros grupos de pesquisa Brasileiros, que visou tecer
manifestação do TAS.
vii
ABSTRACT
only one situation or a wide range of social situations. Because it is a diagnostic entity
separated from other psychiatric disorders only three decades ago, many studies aim to
raise aspects of SAD that have not been delineated, such as the role of social skills in their
etiology and experiential reactions at the time of social confrontation. This thesis consists
of four articles that address issues under discussion by the scientific community. The first
article is composed by a review of the literature on the prevalence of deficits in social skills
in patients with SAD in experimental situations. The second one consists of a cross-cultural
equivalence for the Brazilian population of the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale
designed to assess the severity of avoidance and distress. The third aimed to detect
posturography changes in patients with SAD while watching socially anxious images with
a stabilometric device. The fourth paper was produced in conjunction with other Brazilian
research centers, which aimed to make guidelines for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of
SAD. The articles carried on aspects of translational TAS and provide more data on the
LISTA DE SIGLAS
SUMÁRIO
Folha de rosto..............................................................................................ii
Ficha catalográfica.....................................................................................iii
Resumo.......................................................................................................vi
Abstract.....................................................................................................vii
Lista de Siglas..........................................................................................viii
Sumário......................................................................................................ix
1. Introdução.............................................................................................10
2. Transtorno de Ansiedade Social...........................................................12
7. Artigo 1.................................................................................................21
8. Artigo 2.................................................................................................30
9. Artigo 3.................................................................................................41
11. Discussão............................................................................................90
12. Conclusões..........................................................................................92
13. Referências..........................................................................................94
10
INTRODUÇÃO
obteve seu merecido espaço e sua classificação mais completa no DSM III-R, em 1987
entre o TAS e aspectos psicológicos através da Teoria das Habilidades Sociais (Caballo,
2003), e com manifestações posturográficas, pela Teoria da Cascata de Defesa (Lang et al.,
1997).
publicado em 2008 no The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, realizamos uma revisão
apresentamos a equivalência semântica da SADS (Watson & Friend, 1969), uma escala de
11
uma gama de situações em que a humilhação e o embaraço possam surgir (APA, 1994).
iniciar conversas; assinar documentos diante de outros e fazer provas. Esta ansiedade é
muscular, boca seca, náusea e cefaléia. Outros sintomas mais específicos são o rubor, o
primeiro, o medo é restrito a apenas um tipo de situação social onde a pessoa teme, por
exemplo, escrever diante de outros, mas não apresenta qualquer tipo de inibição exagerada
no restante das situações sociais. Em geral, esse subtipo tem como situação temida o
segundo se caracteriza pelo temor a todas ou quase todas as situações sociais. É comum o
paciente temer paquerar, dar ordens, telefonar em público, usar banheiro público, trabalhar
insistente, entre outras situações sociais comuns. A esquiva é um sinal importante para o
se que o indivíduo com o subtipo generalizado seja um tímido patológico (Nardi, 2003;
APA, 1994).
indivíduo como ―tímido, temeroso, que não ousa sair em companhia por medo de ser
humilhado, desgraçado (...) e pensa que todo homem o está observando‖. O termo ―fobia
social‖ se originou com Piere Janet (1903), que dividiu as fobias por subtipos (situacional,
evidências para sua validação, através da distinção entre agorafobia e fobias específicas
DSM – III (APA, 1980) a respeito de teorias etiológicas, as definições anteriores passaram
a não ser mais utilizadas e critérios específicos para o TAS baseados nos achados dos
um aumento de pesquisas clínicas no TAS e revisões no DSM foram realizadas até atingir o
no repertório do indivíduo para lidar de maneira adequada com as demandas das situações
interpessoais (Del Prette & Del Prette, 2002). É a habilidade de comunicar-se e interagir
vivido, uma vez que ser socialmente hábil em um lugar, pode não possuir o mesmo
significado em outro (Caballo, 2003). Na teoria psicológica do DHS, o indivíduo por não
comumente mais associado devido à natureza do quadro estar baseada nas dificuldades
como a agorafobia (Chambless et al. 1982), esquizofrenia (Patterson, et al., 2001), (Chien
et al. 2003) e a depressão (Segrin & Flora, 2000) também estão presentes em estudos de
avaliação de HS.
principalmente devido a resultados positivos (Monti et al., 1980; Turner et al., 1994) e
participantes com TAS em tarefas comportamentais, como falar em público e interagir com
dos estudos não permitiu uma comparação de todos os elementos observados. Estudos
infanto-juvenis com TAS encontraram, em sua maioria, um DHS nas tarefas de interação
solicitadas, assim como o único estudo que realizou uma observação naturalística do dia-a-
dia das crianças (Spence et al., 1999), quando comparados ao grupo controle. A
importância da realização de estudos com esta faixa etária se apóia na hipótese de que as
evidenciando mais claramente um possível DHS do que a população adulta, que acaba por
estruturadas, onde os participantes não sabem que estão sendo avaliados (p.ex. interagir
com alguém que está ―puxando‖ conversa), e menos evidente em situações em que há
que neste tipo de situação, nova e espontânea, o paciente com TAS não pode recorrer a
habilidades desenvolvidas, pois a situação não envolve regras claras e definidas. Somente
socialmente eficaz.
16
Nos estudos experimentais citados, escalas são geralmente utilizadas para delimitar
o grupo controle e com TAS. Para a pesquisa experimental de DHS, a ser completado no
diferentes nacionalidades.
Desta forma, foi realizada a equivalência semântica da escala Social Avoidance and
Distress Scale (Watson & Friend, 1969) para o Português, que adquiriu o nome de Escala
de Esquiva e Desconforto Social. Este instrumento avalia o mal estar e esquiva social e
respondente recebe um ponto para cada um dos itens classificados de ―verdadeiro‖ (15
itens) e para cada um classificado como ―falso‖ (13 itens). Pacientes com TAS geralmente
A escala foi administrada em pessoas sem TAS com nível educacional fundamental,
médio e superior para avaliação da compreensão entre itens. Após identificação final de
possíveis melhoras dos itens, ela foi aplicada na população da pesquisa. Não foram
sistema de controle postural para impedir a perda de equilíbrio (Pavol, 2005). Prejuízos no
equilíbrio provocado por disfunções no sistema nervoso central são observados em quadros
neurológicos como a Doença de Parkinson (Maurer, 2003), porém pouco vem sendo
animais vem sendo adaptado aos seres humanos, como uma das etapas da cascata de defesa.
movimento, monitorando a fonte de perigo, onde ocorreria uma ativação de certos circuitos
neurais de defesa que o preparariam para lutar ou fugir (Blanchard et al., 1986; Kalin, 1993;
Nos estudos com transtornos psiquiátricos, esta postura de rigidez vem sendo
(Suarez & Gallup, 1979; Mezey & Taylor, 1998). Um estudo que examinou 35
apresentado uma completa imobilidade durante o episódio (Galliano et al., 1993). Em outro
18
estudo, onde pacientes com TP foram avaliados através da utilização de questionários auto-
plataforma de força, similar a uma balança digital, que quantifica o balanço corporal
enquanto o sujeito se posiciona parado em pé sobre este. Lopes et al. (2009) apresentaram
disso, o grupo com TP apresentou uma maior velocidade na oscilação corporal do que o
hipersensibilidade para experenciar desafios sociais (McTeague et al., 2008), porém não há
pesquisas que visaram avaliar a postura corporal nos pacientes TAS quando expostos a
Diagnostic (SCID) para o DSM-IV (First et al., 1997), 30 participantes com TAS e 35
TAS exibiram uma menor oscilação nas figuras neutras e ansiogênicas, além de manterem
19
uma menor velocidade da oscilação durante todo o experimento. Não houve diferenças
correlacionada com a idade, onde menor idade dos pacientes, maior a gravidade do TAS.
Os resultados indicam uma maior rigidez do tônus muscular em pacientes com TAS
menos, permanecendo com uma postura mais rígida, de freezing, até as figuras de
mutilação, onde não se era esperada diferença entre os grupos. A menor área de oscilação
do grupo com TAS nas figuras neutras pode ser explicada pelo confrontamento social
comportamento a postura rígida foi mantida, corroborando a hipótese animal de que ao ser
de defesa, se preparando para lutar ou fugir. Nas figuras de mutilação, a resposta de horror
orientações aos profissionais de saúde, o grupo de pesquisa formado por Rio de Janeiro
Os resultados desta busca também estão sob a forma de um artigo, que estruturou as
orientações e dados obtidos de forma que possa ser facilmente utilizado pelos profissionais
Artigo 1: Social Skill Deficits in Socially Anxious Subjects. The World Journal of
REVIEW
Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Abstract
Research into the aetiology of social phobia can contribute to the prevention and treatment of socially anxious people. Based
on the theory of social skills deficits, we reviewed several studies that examined the adequacy of social behaviour through
behavioural experiments with the purpose of evaluating the existence of lack of social skills in socially anxious people
compared with the general population. In addition to electronic searches for papers published since 1970, using Medline,
Scielo and Lilacs, references from articles were identified. In general, the results indicate that socially anxious people
perform poorly in spontaneous social interactions than control participants, are classified by observers as less assertive,
friendly and shy but present only discrete differences in structured situations. Social skills deficit seems to be more easily
identified when children and adolescents are observed, since they probably still have not developed coping strategies.
Differences between social phobics appear to be found on the more global measures of performance rather than specific
skills measures.
Key words: Social phobia, social anxiety, social skill, social disability
Correspondence: Michelle N. Levitan, Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Visconde de Pirajá 407/
702, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22410003, Brazil. Tel: 552125216147. Fax: 552125236839. E-mail: [email protected]
concerning the efficacy of social skills training in Participants from the research centres and their
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these patients (Heimberg et al 1980; Monti et al parents (Beidel et al. 1999; Spence et al. 1999;
1980; Turner et al 1994). The response to SS Alfano et al. 2006) were interviewed using struc-
training, characterized by an improvement in SS, tured interviews and some specific questionnaires for
might hypothesize the role of the SSD in the SAD.
aetiology and maintenance of the SAD. The results The four studies that took place in schools did not
of this review can shed some light on this issue, since evaluate psychiatric comorbities in the SAD group,
the finding of the existence of an SSD in socially with the exception of Inderbitzen et al. (2007) who
anxious people should be improved with social skills included adolescents who received a primary com-
training. A possible failure could be explained by posite diagnosis of SAD and no other diagnosis. The
non-structured or untested protocols of social skills no diagnosis group was composed of only those
training, or the difference in the severity of the social adolescents who did not receive any psychiatric
limitations within the group, and especially the diagnosis.
absence of other techniques well recognized in the In the treatment centres, all studies evaluated
treatment SAD. It might be interesting to add some comorbid psychiatric disorders with a structured
cognitive behavioural techniques to reach negative interview, but the co-existence of SAD and other
thoughts and avoidance behaviour that, even though psychiatric disorders was used as an exclusion
they may not be involved in the aetiology of the criterion by Spence et al. (1999). They included
disturbance, certainly contribute to the continuation children with SAD if they held a primary diagnosis
of the problem (Baker and Edelman 2002). of SAD from the structured interview with the
This article aims to perform an update on the parents and excluded children with secondary diag-
existence of SSD in social phobics through natur- nosis other than SAD.
alistic and structured experiments, which are exten-
sively used to measure this variable. Adults
The majority of studies recruited people from
Methods university based on their answers to specific ques-
We searched the PubMed/Medline, Lilacs and Scielo tionnaires for SAD. Borkovec et al. (1974) and
databases for the period from 1970 to May 2008. We Arkowitz et al. (1975) recruited participants from
also used references from selected papers as com- their answers regarding social fear on two items of
plementary literature. We used the key words social the same fear survey schedule: item 14 ‘‘meeting
phobia and social anxiety crossed with social skill, someone for the first time’’ and item 47 ‘‘being with
social skill deficit, social disability, social perfor- a member of the opposite sex’’.
mance, social impairment and social functioning. Five studies (Rapee and Lim 1992; Alden and
The papers were selected in English. Wallace 1995; Hoffman et al. 1997; Baker and
We found 21 articles with the criteria above. They Edelman 2001; Voncken and Bögels 2008) used
were divided into articles related to performance and structured clinical interviews to select socially an-
social skills in social anxiety disorder in general xious participants, and only Baker and Edelman
and related to social skills in children, adolescents (2001) and Rapee and Lim (1992) used exclusion
and adults. criteria for clinical participants. The first authors
excluded panic disorder, current major depression,
psychotic disturbance and substance abuse. The
Selection of participants second authors excluded affective disorders. The
Children and adolescents study of Beidel et al. (1985) does not make reference
to the manner in which participants were recruited.
The seven studies found can be divided in two types Alden and Wallace (1995) and Voncken and Bögels
according the selection of socially phobic children (2008) were the only authors who recruited socially
and adolescents: using reports of treatment of phobic participants. They interviewed individuals
social phobia and recruitment from school. Partici- who sought treatment for social fear and presented
pants from school (Cartwright-Hatton et al. 2003; generalized social phobia as their predominant pro-
Cartwright-Hatton et al. 2005; Erath et al. 2007; blem, using an exclusion criteria for controls, who met
Inderbitzen-Nolan et al. 2007) were asked to com- no criteria for an anxiety or affective disorder. More-
plete scales to distinguish controls from social over, four studies (Halford and Foddy 1982; Hoffman
phobics. Only Inderbitzen et al. (2007) recruited et al 1997; Beidel et al 1999; Baker and Edelman
the participants from schools and also interviewed 2002) identified subgroups in the socially anxious
parents and adolescents using structured interviews. subjects. The first separated the groups as high,
Social skill deficits in socially anxious subjects 3
moderate and low anxious, and the others as general- probably due to the period of time when the study
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ized social anxiety or non-social generalized anxiety. was conducted. Five studies (Borkovec et al. 1974;
Arkowitz et al. 1975; Pilkonis 1977; Halford and
Foddy 1982; Voncken and Bögels 2008) used the
Rating of participants
recording as an additional tool of rating in parallel
Children and adolescents with ‘‘in vivo’’ observation and three (Glasgow and
Two studies did not describe the assessment of the Arkowitz 1975; Rapee and Lim 1992; Alden and
participants’ performance by videotape. Spence Wallace 1995) only used ‘‘in vivo’’ observation.
et al. (1999) used a naturalistic behavioural observa- Rapee and Lim (1992) did not make it clear how
tion of the children’s school routine, and Inderbit- the observation was conducted.
zen-Nolan et al. (2007) rated the behaviour on the Regarding the experience of the observers in
moment of the exposure. In the other five studies, rating the SS, Clark and Arkowitz (1975), Halford
the observation was performed by raters after the and Foddy (1982), Alden and Wallace (1995),
experiment using the videotape. Beidel et al. (1985) and Thompson and Rapee
Regarding the experience of the observers to rate (2002) reported providing training for their judges.
social skills (SS), two studies (Alfano et al. 2005; Some studies made an attempt to generate a more
Erath et al. 2007) point out that the observers were naturalistic procedure for behavioural assessment.
trained to code and identify SS. Four studies (Beidel For example, Baker and Edelman (2002) opted for
et al. 1999; Spence et al. 1999; Alfano et al. 2006; not training the observers, and Rapee and Lim
Erath et al. 2007) emphasized the observer’s un- (1992) were the only authors who transformed the
awareness of the participant’s social anxiety level, participants into SS raters of other participants, and
and three provided training for the confederate did not recruit any outside observers.
(Beidel et al. 1999; Cartwright-Hatton et al. 2005; In the Borkovec et al. (1974) and Voncken and
Inderbitzen-Nolan et al. 2007). Besides, the majority Bögels (2008) studies, the confederates also rated
of the studies do not specify the number of observers the subjects. In the Glasgow and Arkowitz (1975)
involved in the SS observation, although they study, they chose to recruit opposite sex partners
emphasize the existence of more than one. Spence who were subjects rather than confederates. Eight
et al. (1999) and Inderbitzen-Nolan et al. (2007) studies (Clark and Arkowitz 1974; Pilkonis 1977;
specified that they used one observer. Halford and Foddy 1982; Beidel et al 1985; Alden
Four studies (Beidel et al. 1999; Spence et al. and Wallace 1995; Baker and Edelman 2002;
1999; Alfano et al. 2006; Inderbitzen-Nolan et al. Thompson and Rapee 2002; Voncken and Bögels
2007) recruited children and adolescents to act as 2008) also reported providing training for the
confederates. Inderbitzen-Nolan et al. (2007) also confederates. The majority of the authors specified
provided training for these confederates. The study to their observers what kind of SS they should focus
by Hatton et al. (2003) did not include any on and rate.
confederate in the task regarding delivering a speech.
In the studies of Hatton et al. (2005) and Erath et al.
(2007), the confederates were adults. Children and adolescents
Social interaction. Six studies (Beidel et al. 1999;
Adults Spence et al. 1999; Cartwright-Hatton et al. 2005;
Arkowitz et al. (1975), Clark and Arkowitz (1975), Alfano et al. 2006; Erath et al. 2007; Inderbitzen-
Strahan and Conger (1998) and Borkovec et al. Nolan et al. 2007) evaluated social interaction in
(1994) conducted their studies with male partici- children and adolescents. In general, the interaction
pants, and Thompson and Rapee (2002) and includes a request to maintain a conversation with
Glasgow and Arkowitz (1995) with female partici- the confederate. Four (Beidel et al. 1999; Spence
pants. The other studies included subjects from both et al. 1999; Alfano et al. 2006; Inderbitzen-Nolan
sexes. et al. 2007) included a same-age peer confederate
Six studies (Clark and Arkowitz 1975; Beidel et al. and two (Cartwright-Hatton et al. 2005; Erath et al.
1985; Hoffman et al. 1997; Strahan and Conger 2007) used an adult (experimenter). In the first
et al. 1998; Baker and Edelman 2002; Thompson group, socially phobic youths had significantly
and Rapee 2002) used audiotape or videotape longer speech latencies, and were rated as less
recording techniques as their only tools of observa- friendly and less skilled when compared to the
tion. Three (Borkovec et al. 1974; Arkowitz et al. control group. In the second group, both studies
1975; Clark and Arkowitz 1975) were only able to (Cartwright-Hatton et al. 2005; Erath et al. 2007)
record the subject’s verbalization in the experiments, found no differences between the groups.
4 M.N. Levitan & A.E. Nardi
Performance task. Three studies evaluated SS in an ing content, fluency, nonverbal behaviour or global
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experiment using a read-aloud task (Beidel et al. skills, did not differ significantly between the groups.
1999; Spence et al. 1999; Alfano et al. 2006) and
two (Cartwright-Hatton et al. 2003; Inderbitzen- Same-sex interaction. Halford and Foddy (1982)
Nolan et al. 2007) evaluated an impromptu speech oriented the subjects to respond to the confederate
task. The read-aloud studies found that SAD prompt as if they were in the situations described by
children responded with fewer words, interacted the audiotape. The observers rated the HSA group
less and were rated as less socially effective. The as less skilled and less verbally assertive. In the
studies with impromptu speech task did not find any Voncken and Bögels (2008) study, the interaction
significant differences in SS between the groups. occurred with a same-sex confederate and an oppo-
site-sex confederate at the same time. The confed-
Naturalistic behavioural observation. Spence et al. erates rated the patients with SAD as showing less
(1999) were the only authors who evaluated children adequate social behaviour during the ‘‘get to know
on their school routine in order to obtain responses each other’’ task.
of peers regarding the social competence of SAD
children. It was found that they were classified as Unstructured experiment. Pilkonis (1977) and
unassertive by their peers and parents and partici- Thompson and Rapee (2002) used the unstructured
pated in fewer interactions with other children. methodology. In this model, the person does not
know that he/she is being filmed, so probably
interacts more naturally. While the participant waits
Adults for the experimenter, a confederate who supposedly
is another participant walks into the room and the
Social interactions. In the adult studies, the experi- possible spontaneous interaction is observed. In
ments specially focus on the behaviours of the both studies, the participants were given instruction
participants in heterosexual interactions, which is a to wait for the test in a room where a confederate
situation that occasionally causes anxiety for most appeared as another participant. The possible inter-
people (Leary 1995) and on social display such as an action consists in a demonstration of some level
impromptu speech. This type of situation may be of SS.
chosen because it reflects a typical adult confronta- Pilkonis (1977) observed that non-shy partici-
tion and the performance exhibits evidence as to pants showed a shorter latency to their first utter-
how the person reacts to this interaction. ance, spoke more frequently and for a larger
percentage of time. Shy men did the least looking
Opposite-sex interaction. Seven studies (Borkovec and shy women nodded and smiled frequently,
et al. 1974; Arkowitz et al. 1975; Clark and Arkowitz probably due to the necessity to be pleasant. In the
1975; Glagow and Arkowitz 1975; Pilkonis 1977; Thompson and Rapee (2002) study longer latencies
Beidel et al. 1985; Alden and Wallace 1995) used an in the SP group and a necessity for more prompts
opposite-sex interaction as a main purpose or as part from the confederate were found. Besides, the
of their experiment. In this type of situation, which number of micro and macro social skills exhibited
included an attempt to maintain a brief conversation was superior on the control group.
with a confederate from the opposite sex, two studies
(Glagow and Arkowitz 1975; Pilkonis 1977) found Speech delivery. Regarding the public-speaking task,
no difference between the performances of the Pilkonis (1977), Rapee and Lim (1992) and
socially anxious (SA) group when compared to the Voncken and Bögels (2008) found no differences
non-socially anxious (NSA) group. Five studies between the clinical and control groups. Theses
(Borkovec et al. 1974; Arkowitz et al. 1975; Clark results contrast with Beidel et al. (1985) and Hoff-
and Arkowitz 1975; Beidel et al. 1985; Alden and man et al. (1997), who found more frequent and
Wallace 1995) found that highly socially anxious longer pauses during the speech in the HSA group.
(HSA) subjects tended to talk less, exhibited sig-
nificantly less eye contact, had a great number of
Discussion
disfluences, emitted fewer positive verbal behaviours
and was less likeable. Despite many studies having examined the factors
Strahan and Conger (1998), using a different associated to the development of SAD, the results
structure of opposite-sex interaction, asked low are not conclusive (Hopko et al. 2001). In the
anxious (LSA) and 27 HSA men to respond to studies analysed, it is clear that there is also not yet
open-ended questions made by attractive female a ‘‘gold standard’’ method to evaluate SSD. In the
research assistants. The overall performance includ- majority, a scale is constructed for the experiment to
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Table I. Studies on social skills in socially anxious subjects.
Training Blindness
Type of
Confederate Observer Confederate Observer observation Rating Type of interaction
Borkovec et al. (1974) not mentioned not mentioned yes yes in vivotape confederate observer opposite sex interaction
Glasgow and Arkowitz (1975) not used yes not used yes in vivo observer opposite sex interaction
Arkowitz et al. (1975) not mentioned yes yes yes in vivotape observerconfederate opposite sex interaction
Clark and Arkowitz (1975) yes yes yes yes tape observer opposite sex interaction
Pilkonis (1977) yes not mentioned not mentioned not mentioned in vivovideotape confederateobserver opposite sex (naturalistic)
social interaction
impromptu speech
Halford and Foddy (1982) yes yes not mentioned yes in vivovideotape observer social interaction
Beidel et al. (1985) yes not mentioned not mentioned yes videotape observer Opposite sex same sex
interaction impromptu speech
Rapee and Lim (1992) not used no not used yes in vivo participants speech task
Alden and Wallace (1995) yes not mentioned yes not mentioned in vivo observer opposite sex interaction
Hoffman et al (1997) not mentioned yes not mentioned yes videotape observer social interactionspeech
Strahan and Conger (1998) not mentioned no yes not mentioned videotape observer opposite sex interaction
Beidel et al. (1999) yes not mentioned not mentioned yes videotape observer social interactionreading aloud
5
6 M.N. Levitan & A.E. Nardi
orient the rater, or the micro behaviours are mea- to the severity of the disorder in participants who
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sured using frequency counts or duration (Baker and seek treatment. It is possible that subjects recruited
Edelman 2002). What appears to constitute an in schools do not have the same social impairment as
important point for caution on developing this kind those who are referred for treatment; in this way the
of study, in our opinion, is the using of at least two SSD probably is more discrete.
blind and trained observers, a definition of which In the adult studies, all the clinical subjects were
behaviours will be observed, and structured criteria recruited by advertisement, with the exception of
as a scale to rate them. These cautions must be taken Alden and Wallace (1995) and Voncken and Bögels
to minimize the common methodological limita- (2008), who recruited people from treatment cen-
tions, like the variety of the behaviour to be tres. In this way, the samples tended to be homo-
measured, the level of observation and the type of geneous. The main difference in the selection was
study to be adopted. the gender chosen by some authors. Five studies
The many micro and macro behaviours (verbal or included just one gender, which limits comparison
non verbal) in the area of SSD also emphasise the between the samples. Besides, six studies used only
importance of a standardisation of the elements and tape recording to evaluate the SS exhibited, which
procedures to be utilized. Many studies opted for can be considered a method less effective for
developing more than one experiment. This metho- measuring behaviour.
dology has the advantage to enable testing different Socially phobic participants showed a statistically
hypotheses using the same subjects. Therefore it is significant difference in the two non-structured tasks
possible to hypothesize that, if there is an SSD, it (Pilkonis 1977; Hoffman et al. 1997). Rapee and
may not be manifested in all the subject’s interac- Heimberg (1997) suggest that the structure of the
tions. task may be a determinant variable in social perfor-
In children and adolescents studies, the low mance of social phobics. Social phobics are more
number of articles limits the discussion. In social likely to exhibit SSD in non-structured situations
interactions studies, four (Beidel et al. 1999; Spence than in situations that involve clear social rules.
et al. 1999; Alfano et al. 2006; Inderbitzen-Nolan et These results might be explained by the strategies
al. 2007) found that SP was less skilled and two and new abilities that social phobics develop during
(Cartwright-Hatton et al. 2005; Erath et al. 2007) their lives to face predictable situations, like safety
did not. One hypothesis is that these first studies behaviours in predictable social situations.
used a same-age confederate, creating a more Regarding the opposite-sex interaction, Clark and
natural scenario for the interaction, since the diffi- Arkowitz (1975), Glasgow and Arkowitz (1975) and
culty with children and adolescents is mostly reliant Strahan and Conger (1998), did not find a signifi-
on their contact with the group matching their age. cant difference in the performance of the groups.
On the performance task, three studies (Beidel The other three studies (Borkovec et al. 1974;
et al. 1999; Spence et al. 1999; Alfano et al. 2006) Arkowitz et al.; Hoffman et al. 1997) did find a
point out the existence of an SSD and two did not significant difference in the performance of the
(Cartwright-Hatton et al. 2003; Inderbitzen-Nolan groups. On the public-speaking task, between six
et al. 2007). These authors did not describe the studies, Pilkonis (1977) and Voncken and Bögels
number or the origin of their raters. By not knowing (2008) did not find a significant difference in the
the precedent of the raters, it remains the doubt measures of social behaviour.
whether the observers were familiarized with the The results on SS are still very mixed. In children
rating skills. and adolescents studies, the participants seem to
Since Spence et al. (1999) were the only authors present an important deficit in social interaction and
who developed a naturalistic study, it is difficult to in naturalistic observation, but slight differences are
draw conclusions based on their paper. One inter- noticed in performance tasks, like an impromptu
esting point was that the judgment of children, speech. In the adult studies, the only significant
adults and teacher regarding the behaviour of difference in SS is in the unstructured situation. In
children were very similar, pointing out a possible the social interaction with opposite and same sex and
lack of SS in the spontaneous interaction in their delivery of a speech, the number of studies favouring
routine. The type of observation (videotape or ‘‘in SSD are almost as many as those not favouring SSD.
vivo’’) seemed to not have an important impact on The aetiology of the deficit still remains uncertain.
the results. It may be derived from extreme anxiety, negative
The selection of participants seems to be an cognitions, social learning or a personality trait.
important factor in determining SS. All the studies Some authors perceive SAD as a cognitive model,
that recruited children and adolescents from clinical where the person holds distorted beliefs related to
centres for SP found SSD. This result might be due social situations (Clark and Wells 1995). In this way,
Social skill deficits in socially anxious subjects 7
they suggest that the extreme anxiety faced in these Cartwright-Hatton S, Tschernitz N, Gomersall H. 2005. Social
anxiety in children: social skills deficit, or cognitive distortion?
Downloaded By: [Nardi, Antonio Egidio] At: 18:02 30 July 2008
participants. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 33(2):91102. effectiveness therapy. Behav Res Ther 32(4):38190.
Turner SM, Beidel DC, Dancu DV, Keys DJ. 1986. Psycho- Voncken MJ, Bögels SM. 2008.Social performance deficits in
pathology of social phobia and comparison to avoidant social anxiety disorder: Reality during conversation and biased
personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 95(4):38994. perception during speech. J Anxiety Disord In press.
30
Distress Scale (SADS). Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul, 30 (1): 49-58,
2008.
Versão brasileira da SADS – LEVITAN ET AL.
Artigo original
Michelle Nigri Levitan1, Isabella Nascimento2, Rafael C. Freire3, Marco André Mezzasalma4,
Antonio Egidio Nardi5
1 Aluna, Estágio Probatório para Mestrado, Programa de Pós-Graduação, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio
de Janeiro, RJ. 2 Doutora em Psiquiatria. Instituto de Psiquiatria, UFRJ. Bolsista de Produtividade em Pesquisa, CNPq. Médica Psiquiatra, Instituto
de psiquiatria, UFRJ. 3 Mestrando, Programa de Pós-Graduação, Instituto de Psiquiatria, UFRJ. 4 Mestre em Psiquiatria e aluno, Programa de Pós-
Graduação do Instituto de Psiquiatria, UFRJ. Médico Psiquiatra, Instituto de Psiquiatria, UFRJ. 5 Livre docente e professor associado, Instituto de
Psiquiatria, UFRJ. Professor adjunto, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Psiquiatria, UFRJ.
Resumo
Introdução: É crescente a produção científica brasileira na adaptação de instrumentos internacionais da fobia social. A adaptação
transcultural é o primeiro passo na realização de comparações entre diferentes populações e se apresenta como um método que
envolve pouco custo financeiro. O presente estudo consistiu no processo de equivalência semântica da Social Avoidance and Distress
Scale para sua utilização na população brasileira de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos.
Métodos: O processo envolve duas traduções e retrotraduções realizadas por avaliadores independentes, avaliação das versões com
elaboração de uma versão sínteses e pré-teste comentado.
Resultados: Para cada item do instrumento, apresentam-se os resultados das quatro etapas. A maioria dos participantes não apresentou
dificuldades na compreensão do instrumento.
Conclusão: A utilização de duas versões de tradução e retrotradução, discussão sobre a versão síntese e a interlocução com a
população-alvo proporciona maior segurança ao processo de equivalência semântica.
Descritores: Adaptação transcultural, escalas de ansiedade social, equivalência semântica e fobia social.
Abstract
Introduction: There has been a growing scientific production on the adaptation of international instruments for social phobia. The
cross-cultural adaptation is the first stage on the comparisons between different populations and presents the advantage of a low
financial cost. This paper consisted in the process of semantic equivalence of the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale for the
Brazilian population of different sociocultural levels.
Methods: The semantic equivalence involved two translations and back-translations performed by two independent evaluators, an
evaluation of the versions and the development of a synthetic version, and a commented pretest.
Results: The results of the four stages were showed for each item of the instrument. Most participants had no difficulties in
understanding the instrument.
Conclusion: Use of two versions of translations, critical appraisal of the versions, and assessment of the target population provides
more safety to the process of semantic equivalence.
Keywords: Cross-cultural adaptation, social anxiety scales, semantic equivalence, social anxiety.
Correspondência:
MMichelle Nigri Levitan, Rua Visconde de Pirajá, 407/702, CEP 22410-003, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Tel.: (21) 2521.6147, Fax: (21) 2523.6839. E-mail:
[email protected]
Apoio financeiro: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, processo nº 554411/2005-9.
Copyright © Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul – APRS Recebido em 02/01/2008. Aceito em 19/02/2008.
Rev
RevPsiquiatr
PsiquiatrRS.
RS.2008;30(1):49-58
2008;30(1) – 49
Versão brasileira da SADS – LEVITAN ET AL.
bilíngües (RF, BN), que também eram fluentes em (11 anos de estudo) e oito com ensino superior (diploma
inglês. Três dos tradutores eram da área de psiquiatria, universitário). Os indivíduos eram adultos selecionados
e um era falante fluente de inglês. entre os estudantes e funcionários de nossa universidade.
A terceira etapa consistiu da avaliação de Eles não apresentavam histórico de distúrbios mentais
equivalência semântica, realizada pelos dois autores e foram submetidos a uma entrevista aberta pelos autores
(ML, AE), e da elaboração de uma versão sintética. A através de entrevista clínica estruturada para o DSM-
equivalência entre o instrumento original e cada uma IV33 para eliminar qualquer possibilidade de diagnóstico.
das retrotraduções foi primeiramente avaliada e, a seguir, Todos os participantes comentaram sobre a versão
cada item do instrumento original foi comparado a seu sintética, apontando dificuldades e sugerindo palavras
correspondente na versão em português. Para compor a ou termos que pudessem ser entendidos com maior
versão sintética, alguns itens foram incorporados de uma facilidade. Considerando essas sugestões, desenvolveu-
das duas versões, integralmente ou modificados pelo se uma versão final da SADS para o português brasileiro.
grupo, ao passo que outros itens se originaram da
combinação de duas versões. O resultado desta
combinação era por vezes modificado para melhor Resultados
atender aos critérios de equivalência semântica.
Foi realizado um pré-teste com a versão sintética, A Tabela 1 mostra o instrumento original, as
aplicado a oito pessoas com escolaridade elementar (8 traduções (T1 e T2), suas respectivas retrotraduções (B1
anos de estudo), oito com escolaridade intermediária e B2) e a versão sintética (antes das alterações pré-teste).
Tabela 1 - Instrumento original, traduções, retrotraduções e a versão sintética da Social Avoidance and Distress Scale
A versão feita pelos tradutores para os itens 2, 3, a palavra original referia-se a “algo que incomoda”.
13, 14, 16, 24 e 27 foram idênticas ou muito Desta forma, substituímos por “chateação”, que parece
semelhantes. Em alguns itens, uma versão teve ter o mesmo significado de “upsetting”.
prioridade sobre outra, ou ambas foram combinadas. No item 6, “I usually feel calm and comfortable at social
No item 1, “I feel relaxed even in unfamiliar social occasion,” substituímos as duas traduções do termo “social
situations”, mantivemos a tradução T2, ao invés da T1, occasion”, uma vez que o termo usado em português,
uma vez que o termo “não-familiar” em português “acontecimentos sociais”, parece indicar “um grande evento
brasileiro também significa “uma pessoa que não é social”. O termo foi substituído por “situações sociais”. Além
parente”, e poderia causar alguma confusão no disso, mantivemos a estrutura da tradução T2, uma vez que
entendimento da frase. O termo “não-familiaridade” em a T1 não traduziu a palavra “comfortable”.
português brasileiro refere-se a “não conhecer alguém Os enunciados 1, 7, 12, 15, 23 e 28 contêm os
muito bem” e pareceu mais adequado quando termos “relaxed” e “at ease”, traduzidos por palavras
comparado ao termo original “unfamiliar”. semelhantes, como “tranqüilo” e “relaxado”. Entretanto,
No item 4, embora a tradução T2 de “special desire” optamos pela tradução “à vontade”, que significa “sentir-
para “desejo especial” seja uma tradução literal, o termo se confortável”, diferente das primeiras traduções,
T1 “desejo qualquer” parece mais adequado à língua expressando “sonolento ou mal vestido”.
portuguesa. Nos itens 8 e 11, as duas traduções T1 não incluíram
No item 5, não concordamos com os tradutores em a tradução literal da palavra “unless”, mas substituíram
relação à palavra “upsetting”, que foi traduzida por a palavra por termos semelhantes em português.
“transtorno” e “desconcertante”. Durante o Consideramos a tradução T2 “a menos que” mais
desenvolvimento da versão sintética, em nossa opinião, adequada para preservar a estrutura da frase.
No item 9, optamos pela palavra T1 “aproveito”, do significado em língua inglesa, que parece se referir
que tem significado semelhante ao de “take it”, ao invés a “uma falta de problema em fazer algo”.
da palavra “aceito”. Também optamos por outra No item 25, “introducing people to each other” foi
estrutura da sentença, já que as opções sugeridas pelos traduzido por T1 como “apresentar pessoas” e, de acordo
tradutores eram um tanto “pomposas”. Elaboramos a com T2, como “apresentar pessoas umas às outras”. As
frase da seguinte forma: “Eu freqüentemente aproveito duas têm o mesmo significado de “apresentar pessoas”;
a oportunidade de conhecer novas pessoas”. no entanto, a segunda tradução não foi considerada
No item 10, optamos pela tradução T2, já que o gramaticalmente correta porque, em português
termo “reuniões informais” parecia mais semelhante à brasileiro, representa uma sentença redundante.
expressão inglesa “casual get together” do que a No item 26, a expressão “social occasions” foi
tradução T1, que optou por “encontros casuais”. Em traduzida por “ocasiões formais” (T1) e “compromissos
português brasileiro, “casual” é uma palavra com formais” (T2). A primeira refere-se a “encontros
significado semelhante à “informal”, e pode não ser formais”, e a segunda, a “compromissos formais”.
completamente entendida. Considerou-se que a T1 apresentava significado mais
No item 17, escolhemos a tradução T1 devido à semelhante a “ocasiões sociais”.
falta de tradução da palavra “easily”. Também Durante o pré-teste com os participantes, nosso
substituímos as duas traduções da palavra inglesa objetivo foi modificar qualquer termo ou sentença que
“strangers” pela palavra “desconhecidos”. T1 e T2 pudesse ser de difícil compreensão. A maioria das
utilizaram a palavra “estranhos”, que pode denotar sugestões derivou do grupo com ensino superior em
“pessoas bizarras”. relação à similaridade dos enunciados, que pareceram
O item 18 foi particularmente difícil para os um tanto repetitivos. Esta alegação não se observou nos
tradutores. O termo “walk up” não pôde ser outros grupos. Houve somente uma pessoa no grupo de
completamente entendido, uma vez que a maioria dos estudo básico que apresentou alguma dificuldade de
dicionários não contém este verbo. O verbo é mais compreensão do significado de “ocasiões sociais”.
freqüentemente traduzido por “caminhar”. Fomos Como este caso representou uma exceção no grupo de
orientados por um falante nativo dos EUA para traduzir pessoas com o mesmo nível de escolaridade, optamos
o verbo por “abordar”. por não incluir uma explicação do significado desta
No enunciado 19, a palavra “willingly” teve duas expressão na escala. As pessoas com nível universitário
traduções distintas: “com gosto” e “bom grado”. As pareceram ser os participantes mais exigentes no estudo,
traduções apresentam o mesmo significado, mas a e isso pode ser considerado um viés, uma vez que eles
primeira parecia se adequar melhor somente porque é naturalmente se sentiram mais propensos a prestar
uma palavra mais usual em português brasileiro para atenção a qualquer possível problema com os itens do
denotar alguém que não tem nenhum problema em fazer que as pessoas com nível mais baixo de escolaridade,
algo, e por isso o faz com prazer. que geralmente prestam mais atenção ao sentido geral
O termo “on the edge” no item 20 também das sentenças.
apresentou duas traduções: “nervosa” e “impaciente”.
Para a versão sintética, os autores criaram outra
expressão, “extremamente nervosa”, que dá a impressão Discussão
de uma pessoa que fica verdadeiramente incomodada
pela situação, com a sensação de estar em seu limite, e Ainda é difícil apontar a melhor metodologia para
considerou-se que esta teria um significado mais realizar equivalência semântica. Nosso trabalho
próximo do termo original. destacou este processo utilizando duas traduções
No item 21, a sentença “I tend to withdraw from independentes e duas retrotraduções. Com base nas
people” foi melhor traduzida na tradução T2, “eu tendo diretrizes propostas na literatura, enfatizamos a
a me afastar da pessoas,” do que na T1, “eu tenho a equivalência semântica, ao invés da equivalência literal
tendência a afastar as pessoas”. Na primeira tradução, dos termos para expressar conceitos da nova
o indivíduo voluntariamente se isola das pessoas, é ativo população29.
no processo de isolamento; na segunda, o indivíduo é Diferenças em definições, crenças e
isolado independente de sua vontade. comportamentos em relação a muitas populações
No enunciado 22, a expressão “I don’t mind” tem exigem que os instrumentos desenvolvidos para outros
duas traduções para o português brasileiro: “eu não me contextos culturais sejam precedidos por avaliação
importo” (T1) e “eu não faço questão” (T2). A primeira meticulosa da equivalência entre o original e sua versão
tradução indica que “eu não tenho problema em fazer adaptada34. O uso de um instrumento para outra cultura
algo”, e a segunda, que “fazer algo não é importante é uma tentativa de investigar um sintoma em uma cultura
para mim”. A primeira tradução pareceu mais próxima específica, porém pode por vezes ser questionado, uma
vez que nunca removerá todos os vieses quando adequado do instrumento, este deve ter boa
adaptado para uso em outra população35. confiabilidade e validade, além de boa sensibilidade e
Em nosso estudo, tivemos que discutir algumas especificação24. Este estudo é o primeiro passo rumo à
questões relativas a termos específicos da língua inglesa, determinação desses fatores com a aplicação da versão
como “on the edge” e “to walk up”, que não foram em português brasileiro da SADS em uma grande
facilmente traduzidos para o português brasileiro. amostra da população brasileira.
Portanto, foram transformados em termos locais de acordo
com nossa cultura. Também verificamos que alguns
tradutores tendem a excluir algumas palavras que no Referências
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Anexo
Escala de esquiva e desconforto social
Por favor, responda se as seguintes afirmações são verdadeiras ou falsas para você. Circule V para verdadeiro
e F para falso.
DISORDER
Levitan MN 1,2, Crippa JA 2,3, Bruno LM 4, Pastore DL 4, Freire R 1,2, Arrais KC 3, Hallak J
2,3
, Nardi AE 1,2
1
Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de
Janeiro.
2
National Science and Technology Institute (INCT) for Translational Medicine, Brazil
3
University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Neuroscience
Michelle Nigri Levitan- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, R.
Visconde de Pirajá 407/702, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22410-003, Brazil. Tel: 55 21 2521-6147. E-mail:
[email protected] Corresponding author
Jose Alexandre Crippa- Hospital das Clínicas – 3 Andar- Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 14048-900-Ribeirão Preto -
SP – Brasil- Phone: +55 16 36022201-Email: [email protected]
Leandro Marchetti Bruno- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Visconde de Pirajá 407/702, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ 22410-003, Brazil. Tel: 55 21 2521-6147.Email: [email protected]
Daniele Lauriano Pastore- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Visconde de Pirajá 407/702, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ 22410_003, Brazil. Tel: 55 21 2521-6147.Email: [email protected]
Rafael Freire- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Visconde de Pirajá
407/702, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22410_003, Brazil. Tel: 55 21 2521-6147. Email: [email protected]
Katia Cruvinel Arrais- Hospital das Clínicas – 3 Andar- Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 14048-900-Ribeirão Preto -
SP – Brasil- Phone: +55 16 36022201-Email: [email protected]
Jaime Hallak- Hospital das Clínicas – 3 Andar- Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 14048-900- Ribeirão Preto - SP –
Brasil- Phone: +55 16 36022201-Email: [email protected]
Antonio Egidio Nardi- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Visconde
de Pirajá 407/702, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22410-003, Brazil. Tel: 55 21 2521-6147. Email:
[email protected]
1
ABSTRACT
Body stability is controlled by the postural system and can be affected by factors such as
detect defensive behavior underlying the disorder that due to its discrete manifestation, is
hardly noticed. The purpose of the present study was to assess posturographic behavior in
patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) during presentation of visual stimuli. Patients
with (n = 30) and without (n = 35) SAD completed an experiment in which they observed
neutral, negative and anxiogenic images while standing in a force platform. We found that
the SAD group exhibited a lower sway area in the neutral and anxiogenic block and a lower
velocity of sway throughout the experiment. Prior to the experiment, there was no
significant difference in anxiety between the groups; after the experiment, people in the
SAD group were more anxious. Our data suggest that people with SAD present body
immobility consistent with a posture of defense, which prepares them to react when facing
a situation interpreted as dangerous or frightening. This study is the first to analyze postural
control in patients with SAD and to use a stabilometric device to capture this reaction.
Social Exposure.
2
INTRODUCTION
Postural sway during quiet standing reflects the interplay between the destabilizing
forces acting on the body, such gravity and external environment, and the reaction of the
postural control system to prevent the loss of balance. Balance impairments caused by
central nervous malfunction are reflected in altered postural sway (Pavol, 2005), such as in
Parkinson’s disease (Maurer et al., 2003). The best measures of normal and altered
Few studies have investigated the effect of muscle stiffness on sway amplitude.
Animal models suggest that different defensive patterns might be associated with specific
anxiety disorders (Brandão et al., 2008). For example, threatening cues activate defensive
neural circuits in animals that facilitate the processing of the threat context, thus preparing
the organism for overt defensive behavior (Le Doux, 1996). The freezing response is a
behavior in the defensive cascade where the postural sway area is reduced and the animal
abruptly stops, monitors the source of danger, and prepares for fight or flight (Azevedo et
The rigid posture present in freezing has received relatively little scientific attention
in humans (Schimdt et al., 1986). A few studies have focused on aversive stimuli
presentation (Lopes et al., 2009; Azevedo et al., 2005) or on reports from victims of sexual
abuse (Mezey and Taylor, 1998; Suarez and Gallup, 1979). In the first case, balance,
postural sway, and freezing-like-posture were assessed while the subject stood on a force
platform (i.e., stabilometric device; Azevedo et al., 2005). In the second case, researchers
tried to identify if, during the assault, victims felt an inability to move, to call out, or both, a
3
phenomenon referred to as rape-induced paralysis (Heidt et al., 2005; Burgess and
Holmstrom, 1976).
survivors based on self-reported degree of paralysis and freezing experienced during the
rape. Results showed that 37% of participants experienced complete immobility during
their sexual assaults. Another study based on self-reports from a large sample population
with Panic Disorder (PD) found that 71% of people had episodes of immobilization during
Using a stabilometric device, Lopes et al. (2009) found that 29 patients with PD
showed significantly reduced body sway and a negative correlation of and mean sway area
and anticipatory anxiety (based on the presentation of pictures with different valences, e.g.,
neutral, mutilation, and anxiogenic for PD, such being in a crowded place). Twenty-seven
control participants did not show this effect. In addition, patients with PD presented an
increased body sway velocity compared to the healthy controls while viewing the
anxiogenic images.
Studies indicate that patients with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) show
(McTeague et al., 2008). The aim of this study was to analyze the postural control response
in SAD patients and healthy controls viewing affective pictures (anxiogenic, negative and
neutral) with a stabilometric method. Studying the defense manifestations involved with
SAD will enable new perspectives and researches about etiological hypothesis of SAD and
other anxiety disorders, specially directed to the moment of monitoring the source of
4
dangerous. To our knowledge, there is no research examining the postural behavior in SAD
subjects.
Based on previous research (Lissek et al., 2008; Cornwell et al., 2006), we expect
that patients with SAD should demonstrate heightened defense circuit activation (indexed
by reduced amplitude and increased velocity of sway) when confronting social threat (i.e.,
anxiogenic pictures) compared to controls. Patients with SAD should show similar
mobilization is normal and adaptive, such as when viewing negative pictures (McTeague et
METHODS
All the subjects were recruited from the sample of an epidemiologic survey in
which 2.319 university students completed self assessment diagnostic instruments (Osório
et al., 2007; Crippa et al., 2007). Out of those, 474 were selected and ascribed to two
groups: (i) 237 individuals with a probable SAD diagnosis who, screened with the reduced
version of the Social Phobia Inventory (MINI-SPIN – Connor et al., 2001), had a score of
at least six points in the three items; and (ii) 237 volunteers with similar sociodemographic
Afterwards, all 474 subjects were contacted by telephone and completed the
Portuguese version (Del-Ben et al., 2001) of the anxiety mode of the Structured Clinical
Interview for DSM-IV, clinical version (SCID-CV – First, 1997). Following the completion
of the interview, the subjects were again distributed in two groups: (i) an experimental
group composed by individuals with SAD; and (ii) a control group formed by health
individuals. Finally, the full version of the SCID-CV was used for diagnostic confirmation
5
and exclusion of comorbid conditions (Crippa et al., 2008). The Subjective Units of
Disturbance Scale (Bech et al., 1986) was administered to measure anxiety before and after
the experiment.
Subjects were excluded from the sample who presented other psychiatric disorders,
except for previous depressive episode, since it is a frequently comorbid condition with
SAD (Filho et al., 2010). We also excluded subjects based on the following criteria:
epilepsy. The research protocol was approved by the local ethics committee and all
Thirty SAD outpatients (18 women and 12 men) and 35 healthy control subjects
Subjects were instructed to stand barefoot on a force platform and to remain quiet
with their feet together and arms relaxed along the trunk while looking at a screen. A
mobile AccuSway Plus force platform created by Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc.
Visual Stimuli
The emotional visual stimuli consisted of 48 pictures (16 neutral 16 of social threat
and 16 of physical threat). The negative block consisted of mutilation pictures selected
from International Affective Picture System (Lang et al., 2008). Objects and utensils, also
drawn from this catalog, were used as a neutral category. The anxiogenic pictures consisted
of distressing situations for the SAD patients, such as social presentations, get-togethers
6
and interview scenarios. The anxiogenic pictures were evaluated by an independent sample
of patients with SAD from a group of 30 pictures regarding social encounters, rated from 0-
10 according the degree of discomfort they caused in the evaluators. The 16 pictures with
Experimental Design
each category in a permanent order as neutral- anxiogenic- negative. The negative block
was the last to appear since the reaction of horror to the physical threats pictures can
interfere with the rest of the experiment. Pictures were presented for 3 s each (48 s per
block), and each block was preceded and followed by a stationary gray screen for 48 s. The
session on the platform lasted for 5 minutes and 36 seconds without interruption. Since
there are no other works with psychiatric disorders, the length of the experiment was based
on Lopes et al. (2009) who used successfully this design for PD.
Stabilometric signals were sampled at 50 Hz, using an anti-aliasing filter with a cut-
off frequency of 5 Hz. Based on the displacement of the center of pressure in the medial-
Statistical Analyses
The factors analyzed were group (SAD and control) and valence (neutral, anxiogenic and
7
negative). A t-test was used to compare pre- and post-experiment anxiety levels between
the groups. Chi-square tests compared demographic data. The Pearson correlation
coefficient tested correlations between variables. Linear regression (Stepwise Method) was
used to test the relationship between anxiety and time (before and after the experiment).
RESULTS
Posturography
From the total sample of 65 subjects, we excluded two people from the SAD group
and one person from the control group since they would not stand still on the platform. In
addition, three people from the SAD group and two people from the control group showed
stabilometric parameters of more than 3 standard deviations away from the respective
There were no statistical differences in demographic data between the groups. The
total sample was comprised of 66.1% women (P = .159) with a mean age of 26 ± 4.8 SD (P
= .541). Furthermore, 73.2% of the sample was single (P = .275) and 60.7% had high levels
of education (P = .211).
There was a significant difference between the groups in the use of antidepressants
(6.7% and 32% for controls and patients respectively; P ≤ .05). There was no
significant difference between groups in the state of anxiety before the experiment, as
evaluated by The Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale 4.3 ± 2.5 SD (P = .137) and the
Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale variable was negatively correlated with age (r = -
.376, P ≤ .01).
8
Experimental data
TABLE 1
Gray Screen
There was no significant difference between groups in sway area, but the SAD
group exhibited a lower medial-lateral standard deviation (3.2 ± 0.87 SD and 3.7 ± 0.90
SD, P ≤ .05) and a lower mean velocity in the medial-lateral direction (8.3 ± 1.48 SD and
9.2 ± 1.93 SD, P ≤ .05) compared to controls during the first gray screen (table 1).
Neutral pictures
While viewing neutral pictures, the SAD group exhibited a reduced sway area (98 ±
35.2 SD and 137.2 ± 72.1 SD, P ≤ .05) compared to the control group. Figure 1 depicts one
SAD patient with a lower sway area, compared to a control subject during the first gray
screen.
Anxiogenic pictures
Compared with the control group, the SAD group exhibited a reduced sway area
(110.3 ± 46.5 SD and 158.4 ± 101.3 SD, P ≤ .05), a reduced medial-lateral standard
deviation (3.1 ± 0.7 SD and 3.9 ± 1.7 SD, P ≤ .05) and a lower velocity in the medial-
lateral direction (7.9 ± 1.2 SD and 9 ± 2, P ≤ .05) in the anxiogenic block (table 1).
9
Negative pictures
There was no significant difference between the two groups in sway area in the
negative (e.g., images of mutilation) block, but the SAD group exhibited a lower mean
velocity in the medial-lateral direction (7.9 ± 1.4 SD and 9 ± 1.9 SD, P ≤ .05) compared to
Correlations
Sway area was significantly correlated across all the blocks and the first gray screen
in the control group; the more the people moved in the gray screen, the more they tended to
move in the neutral, anxiogenic and negative blocks respectively (r = .598, P < .0001; r =
0.487, P = .005; r = .545, P = .001). In the SAD group, there was a positive correlation in
sway area between neutral and anxiogenic, neutral and negative and anxiogenic and
negative but not with the first gray screen (r = .617, P = .001; r = .566, P = .003; r = .666, P
< .001).
In the SAD group, the state of anxiety before the experiment was negatively
correlated with sway area on neutral (r = -.444; P ≤ .05) and anxiogenic pictures (r = -.416,
P ≤ .05) and with medial-lateral standard deviation in both blocks respectively (r = -.406
and r = -.477, P ≤ .05). Additionally, the state of anxiety before the experiment was also
.582, P ≤ .01).
10
In the control group, the state of anxiety before the experiment was positively
correlated with the anterior-posterior frequency of sway during the gray screen (r = .369, P
≤ .05), with the anxiogenic block (r = .382, P ≤ 0,05) and with the mean velocity of medial-
The SAD group ended the experiment more anxious than the control group (4.5 ±
2.4 and 3.2 ± 1.9, p = .027). Moreover, we found a positive correlation between the state of
anxiety after the experiment and anxiety before the experiment in the SAD group (r = .522,
P ≤ .01).
DISCUSSION
The main findings of our study are that patients with SAD showed significantly
lower sway area and standard deviation during presentation of neutral and anxiogenic
pictures, and a lower velocity in the medial-lateral direction during presentation of neutral,
anxiogenic and negative pictures. Patients with SAD showed greater sway area when
viewing anxiogenic images compared to neutral images. These data may suggest that
patients initiated a posture of rigidity as the figures appeared, maintained until the
anxiogenic pictures finished, preparing to fight or flight in the negative block, in which they
tended not to distinguish from controls. It is possible that SAD patients are more alert to
new situations in general, and tend to monitor the danger earlier than the controls. As we
hypothesized, there was no statistical difference in the negative block, because all
11
participants were uncomfortable with the pictures. The SAD subjects showed reduced sway
In accordance to our study, Lopes et al. (2009) observed a smaller area among those
with PD compared to healthy controls during all image presentations except when
presenting mutilation pictures. However, we did not find a significant difference between
groups in anxiety before the experiment, possibly because a part of SAD participants may
were on medication that could control their anxiety. In contrast, Azevedo et al. (2005)
found that participants showed a reduced body sway and an increase in mean power
Because we did not find, as Lopes et al. (2009) and Azevedo et al. (2005), an
increased velocity of sway in the SAD group and a lower velocity in all the blocks
compared to healthy controls, we hypothesized that SAD may have a different associated
posturographic behavior, characterized by a lower sway area and a higher sway velocity.
As Pavol (2005) has pointed out, the best parameters to measure postural body sway are
still under investigation and may vary between conditions. SAD is associated with
personality and is part of the biological constitution of the individual; it often restrains
people from confronting daily social situations and may habituate the person not to fight or
In addition, the significant higher anxiety before the experiment found in youths
could have occurred because many adults have learned how to cope with the disorder and
to become more comfortable to social exposure or to abandon opportunities (La Greca and
Lopez, 1998; Rappe and Spence, 2004; Levitan and Nardi, 2009).
Our study has some limitations. Since we did not recruit participants free from
medication, it is possible that patients without drugs would be more alert to neutral and
12
social threat cues, evidencing more clearly the freezing-like behavior. Second, we did not
use physiological measures, such as skin conductance, which are directly associated with
extreme anxiety and may confound the measurement of postural control. We also did not
use a randomly-mixed design for the presentation of blocks, where additional results could
be found.
In conclusion, this study found that patients with SAD tend to adopt a freezing-like-
posture in neutral and anxiogenic pictures, what was not observed in controls. Viewing
anxiogenic for SAD patients as for an animal being confronted by a real danger. It is
possible that the mechanism of freezing integrates the process of development of an anxiety
disorder and shares similarities with animal reactions to predators. By this way, new ideas
concerning etiological origins of SAD and other anxiety disorders can be developed, based
on animals models.
It would also be an important issue, reflect about adapted treatments focusing in the
moment that precedes flight-or-fight, improving the chances for a patient to face social
threat and to become less alert to new confrontation. This study is also important since it is
the first to investigate posturographic behavior in SAD patients and integrates the few
studies that use the stabilometric device (Carpenter et al., 2001; Lopes et al., 2009).
13
CONCLUSION
with SAD related to social exposure. According to data obtained, they tend to adopt a rigid
posture at the beginning of the experiment, where they possible feel threatened by social
exposure, and to maintain this posture until the end of the ansiogenic pictures, that might
have evoked embarrassment or fear. By this way it is hypothesized that when confronted to
social challenges, before the fight or flight, they adopt a freezing behavior, associated to an
14
Ethical Statement
We state that the protocol of this study has been approved by the Ethics Committee
(Psychiatry Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) and written informed
consent was obtained from all participants. The work has been carried out in accordance
with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki)
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgements
No Acknowledgements to be mentioned
Contributors
Authors Michelle Nigri Levitan and Antonio Egidio Nardi designed the study,
wrote the protocol and the first proof of the paper. Authors Bruno Leandro Marchetti,
Daniele Lauriano Pastore and Rafel Freire collected data and managed the experiment.
Authors Katia Cruvinel Arrais, Jaime Hallak and José Alexandre Crippa managed the
analyses and the improvements of the paper. All authors contributed to and have approved
15
This work is supported by the Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological
fellowship. JASC (1C), JEH (1C) and AEN (1A) are recipients of a CNPq Productivity
fellowship award.
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anxiety disorder: what are we losing with the current diagnostic criteria? Acta Psychiatr.
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Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande
rR
4
INCT Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (CNPq)
ev
5
INCT Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para a Infância e
iew
Adolescência (CNPq)
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Associação Médica Brasileira
*Correspondence
José Alexandre S. Crippa
Hospital das Clínicas - Terceiro Andar
Av. Bandeirantes, 3900
14048-900-Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brasil
Phone: +55 16 36022201
e-mail: [email protected]
1
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Resumo
diferencial
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Abstract
Background: Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is the most common anxiety disorder.
The condition has a chronic course usually with no remission and is frequently
associated with significant functional and psychosocial impairment. The Brazilian
Medical Association, with the project named Diretrizes (‘Guidelines’, in English),
endeavors to develop diagnostic and treatment protocols for the most common
disorders. This work presents the most relevant findings regarding the guidelines of
the Brazilian Medical Association concerning the diagnosis and differential diagnosis
of SAD. Methods: We used the methodology proposed by the Brazilian Medical
Association for the Diretrizes project. The search was performed on the online
Fo
databases Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs, with no time
restraints. Searchable questions were structured using PICO format. Results: We
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specific subtypes, and the relationship with depression, drug dependence and abuse,
and other anxiety disorders. Additionally, the main differential diagnoses are
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Introdução
psicossocial5-7.
importante limitação das suas atividades de interação social que, por sua vez,
9
. O TAS inicia-se tipicamente na infância ou na adolescência e, em termos de
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Método
dados do Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science e Lilacs, sem limite de tempo.
cada tópico das perguntas P.I.C.O. Após análise desse material, foram selecionados
ev
presente diretriz. Abaixo, estão descritos os achados mais relevantes das diretrizes
iew
TAS.
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Resultados
Parte 1: Diagnóstico
Manifestações do TAS
sintomas físicos como rubor, tremor, taquicardia, sudorese e tensão muscular entre
ee
outros13, 14.
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Nos indivíduos com TAS, praticamente todas as situações nas quais a pessoa
pode ser observada por outros ou possa se tornar o foco das atenções são
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sociais mais temidas e evitadas, sabe-se que o falar em público é o medo social mais
pessoas, tanto como comer, beber, escrever, assinar, atuar, tocar um instrumento,
urinar em um banheiro público, ser observado ou ser o centro das atenções. O medo
que surge em tais situações pode ser classificado como o medo de desempenho. Por
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autoridades15.
permitindo que ele enfrente (ou que enfrente com muito sofrimento) as situações
Fo
ameaçadoras.
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comportamento, qualquer que seja ele, só pode ser feito com base em uma
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evitação, enquanto que para o CID-10 é necessário que apenas um destes critérios
a grandes audiências como uma condição fóbica patológica e especifica que o medo
e inclui especificadores para crianças, o que não ocorre com no CID-10. Por outro
Fo
tardio apontam para uma maior freqüência do TAS precoce em mulheres10; maior
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TAS (15%). Além disso, esses pacientes com início precoce apresentaram alto risco
circunscrito apresentou idade de início de TAS variando entre 10-21 anos e o grupo
rP
resposta ao tratamento21, 23
. Para alguns autores, é possível afirmar que o TAS
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psiquiátricas.
iew
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pânico28,
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10
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e vitalidade32.
completar a graduação em ensino superior foi 10% menor do que pessoas sem o
que nos controles33. O grupo com TAS generalizado parece ser mais prejudicado no
Fo
estratégias utilizadas pelos pacientes para lidar com o TAS e também foram
rR
encontrados uma maior ideação suicida e menor desejo de viver nestes pacientes32.
ev
95%=1,94-22,34; p<0,01)36.
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de álcool com risco relativo de 2,30 (IC 95%=1,00-5,29), assim como aumenta o
consumo abusivo (beber cinco doses ou mais em uma ou mais ocasiões) com risco
outras substâncias ilícitas. Entre pacientes com TAS e comorbidade com abuso ou
64,7%38.
ee
12
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tratamento, quando comparado com o TAS generalizado puro, TAS circunscrito puro
transtornos. Quase dois terços dos pacientes com TAS apresentam comorbidades
iew
sintomas fóbicos (OR=6,4 IC95% 4,9 a 8,3)40. Cerca de 30% dos deprimidos
preenchem critérios para TAS e um número semelhante (35%) dos pacientes com
13
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associado a início mais precoce dos sintomas42. Da mesma forma, o TAS torna o
depressão44.
Fo
TAS e timidez
ee
importantes da vida do indivíduo, não deve ser vista como algo normal e o
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TAS e depressão
pela qual isso está ocorrendo51. No TAS, esta ocorrerá por medo da avaliação
também podem ser afetadas nos dois transtornos. No caso do TAS, elas estão
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com TAS e depressão evidenciou que os pacientes deprimidos pontuaram mais nas
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pacientes com TAS também obtiveram uma pontuação alta51. Outro estudo avaliou a
categorização de pacientes com TAS sobre figuras ambíguas e evidenciou que este
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entre estes transtornos indicam que a distinção entre eles é muito sutil56. Por outro
distintas4, 56.
virtude da situação social temida. De modo geral, se comparados aos pacientes com
rP
dúvidas sobre a ação em público são mais comuns no TAS que no transtorno de
Quando os ataques de pânico estão presentes nos indivíduos com TAS, estes
iew
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TAS e agorafobia
distinção entre o TAS e a agorafobia, que na grande maioria dos casos ocorre
A exposição social pode ser tão intensa e amedrontadora, que pode resultar
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início da doença é bastante variável, sendo mais rara entre crianças, e a maioria é
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Conclusões
destaque pois dele depende o tratamento adequado dos portadores do TAS bem
diagnóstico pode ser útil no intuito de facilitar o reconhecimento do TAS tanto pelo
Fo
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• Os pacientes podem apresentar uma queixa de rubor facial, tremor das mãos,
náusea, ou urgência urinária, algumas vezes se convencendo de que uma destas
manifestações secundárias de sua ansiedade é o problema primário.
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90
DISCUSSÃO
realizados com o mesmo objetivo: contribuir para o maior entendimento dos fatores
treino em HS, ora o tratamento cognitivo padronizado. Espera-se também, que os dados
possam contribuir para um maior consenso sobre hipóteses psicológicas do TAS. Uma
limitação da revisão foi a inclusão de estudos experimentais das HS, independente do tipo
metodologia, não seria possível fazer uma análise do DHS com os mesmos critérios.
usado, pode-se mais facilmente comparar os resultados entre diferentes amostras e obter
Apesar da sintomatologia do TAS já ter sido bastante descrita, pouco ainda se sabe
estejam associados a mecanismos de defesa específicos. Neste estudo, a postura mais rígida
similar ao comportamento de freezing, observado nos animais, que prepara para a luta ou
fuga. Nosso estudo ainda é o segundo, de que nós temos conhecimento, a ser realizado com
fornecido por este tipo de estudo, conseguimos levantar hipóteses e idéias a partir dos
CONCLUSÕES
Através dos resultados sobre as alterações posturais no TAS adaptado dos modelos animais,
pela hipótese de freezing, a origem e evolução do TAS poderá ser mais bem compreendida.
pessoas não diagnosticadas à rede de atendimento, já que muitas vezes o TAS é associado à
campo psicológico, a revisão da literatura provê mais informações sobre situações e grupos
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