Primeira Guerra Mundial - Wikipédia, A Enciclopédia Livre 40
Primeira Guerra Mundial - Wikipédia, A Enciclopédia Livre 40
Primeira Guerra Mundial - Wikipédia, A Enciclopédia Livre 40
suprimento constante de pólvora apesar do bloqueio naval britânico.[266] A artilharia foi responsável pelo
maior número de vítimas e consumiu grandes quantidades de explosivos.[267 ]
O uso generalizado da guerra química era uma característica distintiva do conflito. Os gases utilizados
incluíram cloro, gás mostarda e fosgênio. Poucos ferimentos de guerra foram causados pelos gases,[268]
uma vez que eram rapidamente criadas contramedidas efetivas aos ataques, como as máscaras de gás. O
uso da guerra química e do bombardeio estratégico em pequena escala foram ambos proibidos pelas
Convenções da Haia de 1899 e 1907 e ambos provaram ter deficácia limitada,[269] embora tenham
conquistado a imaginação pública.[27 0]
Os aviões de asa fixa foram utilizados pela primeira vez militarmente pelos italianos na Líbia em 23 de
outubro de 1911 durante a Guerra Ítalo-Turca para reconhecimento, logo seguido pelo lançamento de
granadas e fotografia aérea no próximo ano. Em 1914, sua utilidade militar era óbvia. Eles foram
inicialmente usados para reconhecimento e ataques terrestres. Para derrubar aviões inimigos, armas
antiaéreas e aviões de combate foram desenvolvidos. Os bombardeiros estratégicos foram criados,
principalmente pelos alemães e britânicos, embora os primeiros usassem Zeppelins também.[27 3] No
final do conflito, os porta-aviões foram usados pela primeira vez, com HMS Furious lançando Sopwith
Camels em uma invasão para destruir os hangares de Zeppelins em Tondern em 1918.[27 4]
Reconhecidos por seu valor como plataformas de observação, os balões eram alvos importantes para as
aeronaves inimigas. Para defendê-los contra ataques aéreos, eles eram fortemente protegidos por armas
antiaéreas e patrulhados por aeronaves aliadas; para atacá-los, foram inventadas armas incomuns, tais
como mísseis ar-ar. Assim, o valor de reconhecimento de dirigíveis e balões contribuiu para o
desenvolvimento do combate aéreo entre todos os tipos de aeronaves e para o impasse das trincheiras,
porque era impossível mover um grande número de tropas não detectadas. Os alemães realizaram
ataques aéreos com dirigíveis na Inglaterra durante 1915 e 1916, na esperança de prejudicar a moral
britânica e fazer com que as aeronaves fossem desviadas da linha de frente e, de fato, o pânico resultante
disto levou à dispersão de vários esquadrões de caças da França.[27 3][27 6]
Crimes de guerra
O navio hospitalar canadense HMHS Llandovery Castle foi Navio hospitalar canadense HMHS
torpedeado pelo submarino alemão SM U-86 em 27 de junho de 1918 Llandovery Castle
em violação do direito internacional. Apenas 24 dos 258 médicos e
pacientes sobreviveram. Sobreviventes relataram que o U-boot
surgiu e correu por baixo dos botes salva-vidas, metralhando os sobreviventes na água. O capitão do
submarino alemão, Helmut Brümmer-Patzig, foi acusado de crimes de guerra na Alemanha após o fim do
conflito, mas escapou da acusação indo para a Cidade Livre de Danzig, além da jurisdição dos tribunais
alemães.[27 9]
Armas químicas
Estupro da Bélgica
Os invasores alemães trataram qualquer resistência - como sabotagem de linhas ferroviárias - como
ilegais e imorais e atiravam contra os infratores e queimavam edifícios em retaliação. Além disso, eles
tendiam a suspeitar que a maioria dos civis eram potenciais franco-atiradores (guerrilheiros) e,
consequentemente, levavam e, às vezes, matavam reféns entre a população civil. O exército alemão
executou mais de 6 500 civis franceses e belgas entre agosto e novembro de 1914, geralmente em
fuzilamentos em grande escala de civis ordenados por oficiais alemães. O exército alemão destruiu entre
quinze a vinte mil edifícios - sendo o mais famoso deles a biblioteca da universidade em Lovaina - e gerou
uma onda de refugiados composta por mais de um milhão de pessoas. Mais de metade dos regimentos
alemães na Bélgica estiveram envolvidos em grandes incidentes.[298] Milhares de trabalhadores foram
enviados para a Alemanha para trabalhar em fábricas. A propaganda britânica dramatizou o "Estupro da
Bélgica" e atraiu muita atenção nos Estados Unidos, enquanto Berlim disse que isto era legal e necessário
por causa da ameaça de franco-atiradores como os da França em 1870.[299] Os britânicos e os franceses
ampliaram os relatórios e os divulgaram em casa e nos Estados Unidos, onde desempenharam um papel
importante na dissolução do apoio à Alemanha.[300][301 ]
Ver também
Veteranos da Primeira Guerra Mundial ainda
Quatro Grandes
vivos
Quatorze Pontos
Lista de aviões dos países aliados na Primeira
Genocídio armênio Guerra Mundial
Genocídio assírio Lista de aviões dos países dos Impérios
Guerra submarina irrestrita Centrais na Primeira Guerra Mundial
Motins do exército francês (1917) Lista de filmes relacionados à Frente Ocidental
Armas Químicas na Primeira Guerra Mundial (Primeira Guerra Mundial)
A guerra para acabar com a guerra Lista de ases da aviação da Primeira Guerra
Mundial com 20 ou mais vitórias
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