Marble and granite waste as mineral addition in

mortars with different water-cement ratios

Resíduo de mármore e granito como adição mineral em
argamassas com diferentes relações água-cimento

Bruna Silva Almada

White José dos Santos
Silvia Roberta Souza
Abstract

C
ivil construction is associated with several environmental impacts,
such as CO2 emissions during cement production and waste
generation. In this context, aiming to contribute to the sustainable
development of the sector, this article aims to study the effect of
replacing cement by marble and granite waste (MGW) in different
water/cement ratios (w/c). To do this, the waste was characterized and applied
in 1:3 mortars, replacing the cement at 20% content. Mortars with and without
plasticizing additives were produced, measuring the amount of water by fixing
the workability and the additive content. Water demand, compressive strength,
dynamic modulus of elasticity, water absorption by immersion and capillarity,
electrical resistivity and accelerated carbonation were evaluated. The results
showed that the MGW acted as a filler, promoting refinement of the porous
structure and maintenance of compressive strength due to better particle
packing. It was observed that MGW made the mortar structure more
homogeneous. However, the filler effect of the waste (inert) did not
compensate for the reduction in the cement content of the mortars for strength
to carbonation. In general, it was observed that waste is more efficient in lower
water/cement ratios.
Keywords: Marble waste. Granite waste. Waste recovery. Cementitious composite.

Resumo
A construção civil está associada a diversos impactos ambientais, como a
emissão de CO2 durante a produção de cimento e a geração de resíduos.
Neste contexto, visando contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável do
setor, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da substituição de
cimento por resíduo de mármore e granito (RMG) em diferentes relações
água/cimento (a/c). Para isso, o resíduo foi caracterizado e aplicado em
argamassas de traço 1:3, substituindo o cimento no teor de 20%. Argamassas
com e sem aditivo plastificante foram produzidas, dosando-se a quantidade de
1
água pela fixação da trabalhabilidade e do teor de aditivo. Foram avaliados a
Bruna Silva Almada
1
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto demanda de água, resistência à compressão, módulo de elasticidade
Ouro Preto – MG – Brasil dinâmico, absorção de água por imersão e por capilaridade, resistividade
elétrica e carbonatação acelerada. Os resultados mostraram que o RMG
2
White José dos Santos atuou como fíler, promovendo refinamento da estrutura porosa e manutenção
2
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais da resistência à compressão devido ao melhor empacotamento de partículas.
Belo Horizonte – MG – Brasil
Observou-se que o RMG tornou a estrutura da argamassa mais homogênea.
Contudo, o efeito fíler do resíduo (inerte) não compensou a redução do teor de
3
Silvia Roberta Souza cimento das argamassas para a resistência à carbonatação. De forma geral,
3
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Ouro Preto – MG – Brasil observou-se que o resíduo é mais eficiente em relações água/cimento mais
baixas.
Recebido em 04/11/21 Palavras-chave: Resíduo de mármore. Resíduo de granito. Aproveitamento de resíduo.
Aceito em 19/04/22 Materiais cimentícios.

ALMADA, B. S.; SANTOS, W. J. Dos; SOUZA, S. R. Marble and granite waste as mineral addition in mortars with different 7
water-cement ratios. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.
ISSN 1678-8621 Associação Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212022000400624
 Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.

Introduction
Civil construction is one of the industries that produces the most waste and disposes of it in the environment
and, regarding the increased demand for concrete, is also related to the depletion of natural resources
(MAGALHÃES; DANILEVICZ; SAURIN, 2017; HABERT et al., 2020; MEDEIROS et al., 2021). Thus,
using alternative materials can contribute to sustainable development, reducing the environmental
degradation caused by waste and prolonging natural material reserves. According to SNIC (SINDICATO…,  
2022) – National Cement Industry Union, in 2021, Brazil produced almost 61 million tons of cement,
contributing negatively to CO2 emission into the atmosphere. Taking this into account, it is noteworthy that
the country ranks high in the production of ornamental stones, whose extraction and processing process
generates a large volume of waste, estimated at about 20 to 30% of the raw material (ALIABDO;
ELMOATY; AUDA, 2014; ULUBEYLI et al., 2016; BUYUKSAGIS; UYGUNOGLU; TATAR, 2017).
During the wet cutting process, ornamental rock slabs, such as granite and marble, experience wear,
resulting in the formation of a grayish sludge, also called abrasive sludge, which, when dry, generates a fine
powdery waste. Sousa (2007) presents soil and groundwater contamination, an alteration of the biological
chain of living beings, and river silting as the main impacts generated by inadequate disposal of this sludge.
In this context, many studies have been carried out focusing on reusing marble and granite waste (MGW) in
cementitious materials (ALIABDO; ELMOATY; AUDA, 2014; SARDINHA; BRITO; RODRIGUES,
2016; SADEK; EL-ATTAR; ALI, 2016; SINGH; NAGAR; AGRAWAL, 2016; MUNIR; KAZMI; WU,
2017; GHORBANI et al., 2018; KHODABAKHSHIAN et al., 2018; LI et al., 2019; SINGH;
SRIVASTAVA; BHUNIA, 2019; ALMADA et al., 2020). These studies show that MGW does not, or has
low, pozzolanic activity, but can act as a filler, improving some mechanical and durability properties of
cementitious materials (BABOO et al., 2011; ALIABDO; ELMOATY; AUDA, 2014; ELYAMANY et al.,
2014; VARDHAN et al., 2015; AREL, 2016; SADEK; EL-ATTAR; ALI, 2016; MUNIR; KAZMI; WU,
2017; BARBOSA; SANTOS, 2013; KHODABAKHSIAN et al., 2018; ALMADA et al., 2020).
According to Dill (2010), marble waste usually contains calcite and/or dolomite in their composition. These
carbonate materials can participate in the cement hydration process. The small CaCO 3 particles react in the
alkaline environment with the aluminates present in the cement to form hydrated carbonate products, such as
monocarboaluminate (Ca4Al2(CO3)OH)12·5H2O) and calcium hemicarboaluminate
(Ca4Al2(CO3)0,5OH)13·5,5H2O) (KAKALI et al., 2000; MATSCHEI; LOTHENBACH; GLASSER, 2007;
DHANDAPANI et al., 2021; KECHAGIA et al., 2021). The growth of these products takes place
competitively to monosulfoaluminate, a product of aluminate and sulfate interaction of cement. Thus, more
sulfate ions remain in the solution and there is ettringite formation at more advanced ages (KECHAGIA et
al., 2021). The formation of mono- and hemicarbonates provides a reduction in porosity over time, a gain in
resistance to compression and carbonation (MATSCHEI; LOTHENBACH; GLASSER, 2007; BUCHER et
al., 2017; DHANDAPANI et al., 2021).
It is also worth mentioning that the water-cement ratio (w/c) is one of the factors that has the greatest
influence on the performance of these materials as it affects porosity and permeability, determining the
microstructure of the paste, distribution and shape of the pores (KALLA et al., 2013). In addition, when at
high values, it can facilitate the diffusion of chloride ions, impairing the durability of cementitious materials
(KIM et al., 2014).
Singh et al. (2017) and Sardinha, Brito and Rodrigues (2016) studied concretes replacing cement with
marble waste (MW) in different w/c ratios, using plasticizer and superplasticizer additives. In both studies,
different levels of influence of the MW content were observed for each w/c ratio. Although an ideal w/c
ratio for MW concretes was not specified, the best mechanical and durability results were obtained by the
compositions with the lowest water content. However, studies were carried out using marble waste only and,
as observed by Sadek, El-Attar and Ali (2016), the type and characteristics of the waste can have an
important effect on the behaviour of concrete. Thus, it is important to evaluate the performance of
cementitious materials introducing mixed MGW in different w/c ratios, which was the objective of this
study. To do this, four compositions were made:
(a) two mortars without plasticizing additives;
(b) one with cement replacement by MGW;
(c) two with fixed plasticizer additives; and
(d) one with cement replacement by MGW.
Thus, it the influence of MGW can be evaluated on water demand and the impacts on mechanical and
durability properties.

8 Almada, B. S.; Santos, W. J. Dos; Souza, S. R.

 Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.

Materials and methods

The studied waste was collected in the form of abrasive sludge, from the wet processing of ornamental stone
slabs in a marble factory located in the northern region of Belo Horizonte. Initially, the material was dried in
an oven (105 ± 5 °C) until mass was constant. After drying, the sample was manually crushed, passed
through   a   75   μm   sieve   and   stored   in   hermetically   sealed   bags.   For   the   research,   only   a   fraction   of  
granulometry  less  than  75  μm  was  used,  which  corresponded  to  more  than  75%  of  the  material.  The  wastes  
were characterized in terms of granulometry, by laser diffraction, in a Sympatec Helos 12LA granulometer,
with sodium hexametaphosphate as a dispersant.
The specific mass was determined by helium pycnometer in the Quantachrome SPY-3 pycnometer. The
chemical composition was evaluated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XFS) with sample melting in
lithium tetraborate and loss on ignition by calcination up to 1000 °C, after sample drying. The mineralogical
composition was obtained by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), in a Bruker D2 Phaser diffractometer, with CuKa
copper radiation (1.54184 A) and a step size of 0.018°/s. Phase identification was performed using the X'Pert
HighScore Plus 3.0 software and the Crystallography Open Database (COD 2020) database. Rietveld
refinement was performed to quantify the phases, using an internal zincite standard (purity > 99%) and a
GOF refinement parameter close to 1.0.
Portland cement CPI was used, as it does not contain additions, allowing a better assessment of the influence
of MGW as a cement substitute. The cement was characterized according to its specific mass, using the
helium gas pycnometry method, resulting in 3.221 g/cm . The chemical composition was determined by
quantitative analysis by XFS.
As a fine aggregate, standardized quartz sand was used, supplied by the Institute for Technological
Research, comprising four fractions (nº 16, nº 30, nº 50 and nº 100) equally proportioned. Water reducing
additive of the multifunctional plasticizer type, normal setting, type 1 (RA1), Muraplast FK 97, from MC
Bauchemie was used to fix the workability. According to the manufacturer, the product consists of a brown
liquid, with a density of 1.18 g/cm and a recommended dosage of 0.2 to 1.0% on the cement mass.
Initially, a w/c ratio of 0.50 was defined, and two compositions were produced: one that was the reference
(REF) without waste; and one with cement replacement by MGW at a content of 20% (MGW). Then, the
consistency index obtained by the REF mortar (173 ± 10 mm) was fixed and the amount of water was dosed,
using a plasticizer additive. The additive was applied at the maximum content allowed by the manufacturer
(1% in relation to the binder mass), to obtain a greater reduction in the amount of water. Under these
conditions, two mortars were produced, one of which was a reference with plasticizer (REF-P) and one with
cement replacement by MGW at a content of 20% and plasticizer (MGW-P). The material consumption
mortar production is shown in Table 1.
For specimen preparation, the NBR 7215 (ABNT, 2019) procedures were used, adapted so that the mixing
time allowed the additive to activate. In the first 30 seconds, 60% of the water mass was added to the
binding material and, in the next 30 seconds, when the mortar was at a low speed, the fine aggregate was
added. At the end of the first minute, the rest of the water was added, with the diluted additive for the REF-P
and MGW-P cases, allowing the mixture to proceed at a low speed for 1 minute. After that, during the
following minute, scraping was performed in the first 30 seconds and, in the final 30 seconds, the mixture
was left to rest, covered by a damp cloth. At the end, the mortar was turned on for another 1 minute at high
speed.
In the moulding process, the moulds were greased with release oil and the densification was carried out on a
vibrating table. The vibration was stopped when uniform exudation was observed on each layer. For the
5x10 cm cylindrical specimens, the consolidation was done in 3 layers and, for the 10x20 cm cylindrical
specimens, in 5 layers. The specimens were demoulded within 48h ± 24h and identified. Then, curing was
carried  out  in  a  humid  chamber  (Humidity  ≥  95%)  for  28 days. The mortars were evaluated after 28 days of
curing, according to the properties and standards described in Table 2.

Table 1 – Material consumption per m³ of mortar

Cement Waste Sand Water Additive w/c
ID
(kg/m³) (kg/m³) (kg/m³) (kg/m³) (kg/m³) ratio
REF 509.08 - 1527.25 254.54 - 0.500
REF - P 520.35 - 1561.05 233.64 5.20 0.449
MGW 404.63 101.16 1517.36 252.89 - 0.500
MGW- P 415.89 103.97 1559.58 227.70 5.20 0.438

Marble and granite waste as mineral addition in mortars with different water-cement ratios 9
 Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.

Table 2 - Properties evaluated in the mortars

Quantity and type of
Property Norm
specimens
Consistency index NBR 13276 (ABNT, 2016) 3 flow measurements
Water absorption by immersion NBR 9778 (ABNT, 2009) 4 un 5x10
Water absorption by capillarity NBR 9779 (ABNT, 2012b) 4 un 5x10
C215 (AMERICAN…, 2008) and
Dynamic modulus of elasticity 3 un 10x20
Lee et al. (2015)
Electrical resistivity NBR 9204 (ABNT, 2012a) 3 un 10x20
Compressive strength NBR 5739 (ABNT, 2018) 4 un 5x10
ISO 1920-12
Accelerated carbonation 3 un 4x4x16
(INTERNATIONAL…, 2015).

In addition to the water absorption test, a visual analysis was performed to identify the shape and
distribution of pores in the cement matrix. To do this, the specimens submitted to the immersion water
absorption test were sectioned using a diamond saw. The sections were analysed using a digital microscope
with a magnification of up to 1600x. From the scale of the images, measurements of the pores observed in
the ImageJ software were carried out.
The dynamic modulus of elasticity, which expresses the mortar's stiffness or strength to elastic deformation,
was determined by the forced resonant frequency method in longitudinal mode. For the test, the Erudite
MKII Resonant Frequency Test System was used to measure the resonant frequency. Each of the three
specimens evaluated was placed between two terminals (generator-receiver) so that the ultrasonic pulse
passed through it. Then, the conduction frequency was varied until the response of the measured sample
reached a maximum amplitude, which is considered the resonant frequency of the material. This
measurement was performed five times per specimen. After having obtained the results of the experiment,
the dynamic modulus of elasticity was obtained from Equation 1, developed by Lee et al. (2015).
𝐸 = 5.093  𝑥  𝑥  𝑀  𝑥  𝐹 𝑥  10 Eq. 1
Where:
Ed – dynamic modulus of elasticity (GPa);
L - length of the specimen (m);
D - diameter of the specimen (m);
F – frequency of the fundamental mode of longitudinal vibration (Hz); and
M – mass volumetric weight (kg).
For electrical resistivity, the specimens were completely immersed for 24 hours to become saturated and
then an electrical circuit was set up with the sample inserted between two electrodes, located on the base and
top surfaces of the specimens. As it is a series circuit, the current that passed through the specimen was the
same that passed through the equipment. Direct electric current readings were performed, applied through
the potential difference (8V) between the two electrodes, with the FG -8102 Digital Function Generator from
Politerm. Thus, from the total circuit voltage (known), the measured current and the geometric parameters of
the specimen, the electrical resistivity of the material was calculated, according to Ohm's Law (Equation 2).
   
𝜌 = 𝑅  𝑥   =      
Eq. 2
Where:
ρ – electrical  resistivity  (Ωm);
R – electrical  resistivity  (Ω);
I – current (A);
V – potential difference (V);
L – Length of the specimen (m); and
A – cross-sectional area (m ).

10 Almada, B. S.; Santos, W. J. Dos; Souza, S. R.

 Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.

To determine the compressive strength, the specimens were capped with sulphur, to level the faces, and
broken in an automated EMIC press, model DL2000, with a capacity of up to 200t and a speed of (0.45
±0.15) MPa/s. Accelerated carbonation was evaluated in prismatic bodies (4x4x16) cm, after 60 days in a
carbonation chamber (5% CO2), using a phenolphthalein indicator solution (1%). Ten measurements of
carbonation depth were performed in a specimen, perpendicular to the longest edge.

Results and discussion

MGW characterization
In the test to determine the specific mass, the result was 2.67 g/cm , within the values observed in previous
studies (BARROS, 2008; DEGEN et al., 2013; SOARES, 2014; SADEK; EL-ATTAR; ALI, 2016). It is also
observed that the waste is slightly lighter than the cement (3.22 g/cm ).
Regarding the granulometric composition, shown in Figure 1, it can be observed that the waste has a
granulometry  close  to  that  of  cement,  mainly  in  the  finer  fraction,  with  D50  =  12.0  μm  greater  than  that  of  
cement, with 9 µm. From 2 µm, the MGW granulometric distribution curve tends to move away, due to the
greater   amount   of   larger   particles   in   the   waste,   reaching   D90   =   41.7   μm   (double   that   of   cement   – D90 =
22.55 µm). MGW particles in this granulometric range can contribute to better packing between the cement
and sand granulometric range (< 0.15 mm), while the range below 2 µm contributes as nucleation points for
cement hydration.
The results of the chemical composition, presented in Table 3, demonstrate that, unlike cement, the MGW
mainly consists of SiO2, with a lower amount of CaO. This shows that the collected MGW comes from
processing a greater number of granite-type rocks, due to their more silicate nature, as observed Sadek, El-
Attar and Ali (2016). This result differs from that found by Aliabdo, Elmoaty and Auda (2014), who studied
marble waste with 83.22% CaO and 1.12% SiO2, which shows the heterogeneity of waste, according to
their lithological origin.
Using the equation proposed by Bogue (19291 apud COSTA et al., 2013), the contents of the anhydrous
cement phases were estimated, according to Equations 3, 4, 5 and 6. Thus, it was found that the C3A content
is 4.01%.
𝐶3𝑆   =  4.07  𝐶𝑎𝑂  –  7.60  𝑆𝑖𝑂  –  6.72  𝐴𝑙 𝑂  –  1.43  𝐹𝑒 𝑂 Eq. 3
𝐶2𝑆   =  2.87  𝑆𝑖𝑂  –  0.754  %𝐶 𝑆 Eq. 4
𝐶3𝐴   =  2.65  𝐴𝑙 𝑂  –  1.69  𝐹𝑒 𝑂 Eq. 5
𝐶4𝐴𝐹   =  3.04  𝐹𝑒 𝑂 Eq. 6

Figure 1 - Granulometric distribution of MGW and cement

100
MGW 16
90 CP I CPI MGW
Cumulative frequency (%)

14
80
70 12
Frequency (%)

60 10
50 8
40 6
30 4
20 2
10
0
0
33.1

75.0
13.3
17.7
23.9

45.8
64.0
1.5
2.6
3.6
5.1
7.0
9.7

0 1 10 100
Particle diameter (µm) Particle diameter (µm)

1
BOGUE, R. H. Calculation of the compounds in Portland cement. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, v. 1, n. 4, p. 192, oct. 1929.

Marble and granite waste as mineral addition in mortars with different water-cement ratios 11
 Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.

Table 3 - Chemical composition of cement and MGW

Material SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO TiO2 P2O5 Na2O K2O MnO Others LOI
MGW 42.80 8.07 2.63 19.00 3.89 0.69 0.33 1.85 2.59 0.04 0.71 17.40
CP I 19.90 4.34 4.43 63.30 2.68 0.23 0.18 0.17 0.98 0.05 1.45 2.29
Note: *LOI = loss on ignition.

Considering that the loss on ignition of the MGW refers to carbonate compound decarbonation, such as
calcite and dolomite, it can be observed that there is a possibility of calcium monocarboaluminate and
calcium hemicarboaluminate formation in the matrix. However, this formation will be limited by the
content of available aluminates, the solubility of calcite, which is lower compared to gypsum, as well as the
granulometry of the CaCO3 particles (KLEMM; ADAMS, 1990; DHANDAPANI et al., 2021). According
to Dhandapani et al. (2021), the reactivity of calcitic materials increases when they are inserted in
association with aluminosilicates.
The calcite and dolomite decarbonation occur according to the chemical Equations 7 and 8:
∆
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂   → 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂 Eq. 7
∆
𝐶𝑎𝑀𝑔(𝐶𝑂 )   →  𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 2𝐶𝑂 Eq. 8
By stoichiometry, the CO2 content present in calcite and dolomite are 44% and 48%, respectively, and the
CaO content present in calcite and dolomite are 56% and 30%, respectively. Considering the loss on ignition
value and the amount of CaO in the MGW, obtained by XRF, the calcite (C) and dolomite (D) content in the
material can be observed, according to the system described in Equation 9. Thus, the estimated contents of
calcite and dolomite are 28.51% and 10.15% respectively.
𝑃𝐹 = 0.44  𝐶 + 0.48  𝐷
                Eq. 9
%𝐶𝑎𝑂(𝐹𝑅𝑋) = 0.56  𝐶 + 0.30  𝐷
The MGW diffractogram is shown in Figure 2 and the amount of minerals identified in the waste is shown
in Table 4. In general, the predominant phases in the MGW are oligoclase, quartz, dolomite and calcite. The
first two are associated with granites and the others with marble (DILL, 2010). It can be observed that the
contents estimated by stoichiometry with the XFS results were similar, but lower than those obtained by
refinement. It is noteworthy that the zincite peaks refer to the internal standard used for Rietveld refinement.
In addition, an amorphous material content of less than 5% was identified. According to the XRD results,
the waste presents well-defined peaks and no amorphous halo was clearly identified, indicating the high
crystallinity of the material. Thus, phases that are chemically reactive do not contribute or contribute little to
any pozzolanic reaction of the material. Thus, MGW can be considered an inert material, corroborating the
literature (SADEK; EL-ATTAR; ALI, 2016; KHODABAKHSIAN et al., 2018; ALMADA et al., 2020).

Consistency index
The results of the consistency index test are shown in Figure 3, as well as the water/cement ratios obtained
for each mortar.
The consistency index of all dosages was kept within the spreading range determined from the reference
mortar without the plasticizer (REF), which has a variation of only 5.78%. It can be observed that
introducing the plasticizer allowed a reduction in the water/cement factor of 10.20% for the mixture without
waste (REF-P) and 12.20% for the mixture with waste (MGW-P). Comparing the REF and MGW mortars,
it can be observed that introducing MGW does not influence the workability, as already seen by Aliabdo,
Elmoaty and Auda (2014), Almada et al. (2020) and Munir, Kazmi and Wu (2017), showing a scattering
reduction of only 1.73%. In the samples containing additive (REF-P and MGW-P), the waste showed that it
maintained workability with a low w/c factor.

Water absorption
Figure 4 presents the results of capillary absorption (Ca) and the absorption variation in relation to the REF
mortar   (Δ),   calculated   by   the   difference   between   the   results   at   each   time.   The   lowest   final   capillary  
absorption was obtained for the reference mortar. The mortars containing the additive resulted in an increase
in the final absorption of 22.28% for the REF-P sample and 12.15% for the MGW-P sample, while for the
MGW sample, this increase was 53.16 %. These results corroborate those found in the literature (ALMADA
et al., 2020; SARDINHA; BRITO; RODRIGUES, 2016).

12 Almada, B. S.; Santos, W. J. Dos; Souza, S. R.

 Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.

Figure 2 –XRD standard of MGW

Q
Q
Intensity (a. u.) Zn

Ol
Q
B Or
Zn

D
Q Zn Zn
Ol Zn Zn
DA C
Co Or Q Or Q Q
Q

MGW
10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2
Note: Q – Quartz; D – Dolomite; C – Calcite; A – Albite; Co – Cordierite; B – Biotite; Ol – Oligoclase; Or – Orthoclase; and
Z - Zincite.

Table 4 - Amount of minerals in the sample

Mineral COD Content (%)
Oligoclase NaAlSi3O8 9011423 30.9
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 9003518 17.2
Quartz SiO2 1526860 14.6
Calcite CaCO3 4502443 13.2
Orthoclase KAlSi3O8 9000161 8.4
Albite NaAlSi3O8 2310574 5.2
Biotite AlFHKMg3Si3O11 9000025 3.9
Cordierite Al4Mg2Si5O18 9005806 1.6
Amorphous - - 5.1

Figure 3 - Result of the mortar consistency index

0.52 18.5
Consistency index (cm)

0.50 18.0
17.5
0.48
w/c ratio

17.0
0.46
16.5
0.44
16.0
0.42 15.5
0.40 15.0
REF REF - P MGW MGW - P
Consistency index w/c ratio Consistency index limits

Marble and granite waste as mineral addition in mortars with different water-cement ratios 13
 Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.

Figure 4 - Result of absorption and variation of water absorption by capillarity of mortars

Absorption by capillarity (g/cm ) and 0.70
Absorption rate variation (g/cm )
0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Time (min)
REF REF - P MGW
MGW - P REF - P Variation MGW Variation
MGW - P Variation

It can be observed that, in the initial minutes, the absorption variation of the mortars with the plasticizer,
compared to the mortar REF, is higher than that of the MGW mortar. This result suggests that the additive
provided a matrix with a more refined porous structure, which facilitates water absorption by capillarity. In
addition, using the additive reduces the amount of water in the composition, which consequently reduces
porosity. However, after 360 minutes, there is an inversion and the variation is greater for the MGW mortar,
indicating a greater number of interconnected pores in this mortar. Comparing the REF-P and MGW-P
samples, it can be observed that the cement replacement by the waste resulted in a lower final water
absorption, which is due to the better packaging and the lower w/c ratio. By the slope of the curves in the
initial stretch of absorption, it can be seen that the absorption speed is lower for the REF mortar. Therefore,
both the waste and the plasticizer were responsible for the porous structure refinement. Furthermore, the
results indicate that there are differences in pore size and connectivity.
To support the justifications, images were taken of the internal porosity of the specimens submitted to the
absorption test, with a magnifying glass of 1000x, as shown in Figure 5.
In general, it can be observed that, for the REF mortar, there are large pores, with dimensions of up to 1.35
mm and more distant from each other. At point 1, it can be seen that the pore is formed near the paste-
aggregate transition zone, indicating a weakening region that can affect the compressive strength of the
material. Comparing the mortars containing waste (MGW and MGW-P), the reduction in the amount of
water and the better packing of particles of the MGW-P mortar resulted in a more compact material, with
smaller pores (0.35 mm) and more well distributed. In the same way, in the REF-P sample, there is a greater
amount of smaller pores, approximately 0.70 mm, confirming the refinement caused by the use of the
plasticizer and the reduction in the amount of water. However, it was still possible to observe interconnected
pores, as indicated in point 2. The introduction of waste also reduced the pore size in the MGW mortar to
dimensions of approximately 0.60 mm. However, larger and deeper pores were identified (points 3 and 4),
which corroborates the higher porosity resulting from the sample.
Other properties such as porosity, capillarity coefficient and immersion absorption are shown in Figure 6.
The results indicate that the lowest values of immersion absorption and porosities were obtained by mortars
containing plasticizer additive, due to the lower w/c ratio, while the lowest capillarity coefficient was
obtained by the mortar REF. Comparing the mortars with the same w/c factor (REF and MGW), an increase
of 19.18% in the water absorption of the MGW sample is observed, although its total porosity has increased
by only 1.13% (not representative). This increase in permeability is also represented by the higher capillarity
coefficient of this sample. Between REF-P and MGW-P mortars there is a difference of 6.86% in total
porosity, lower in MGW-P, associated with better particle packing (HADAD et al., 2020), promoted by
cement replacement by waste.

14 Almada, B. S.; Santos, W. J. Dos; Souza, S. R.

 Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.

Figure 5 - magnifying glass (1000x) images of the internal section of the specimens

Singh et al. (2017) point to a higher density of concrete containing marble waste in the w/c factor of 0.40,
when compared to concretes with w/c of 0.45 and 0.35, which indicates the existence of an optimal range
(from the study in question) of water consumption to obtain more durable materials using MGW. In general,
the results suggest that the REF sample presented a large volume of voids, but a smaller number of
communicating capillary pores, while the MGW sample presented a more refined structure and
interconnected voids, with a void volume similar to the previous sample. The REF-P and MGW-P samples
presented a smaller amount of voids and smaller pores, compared to the other samples.

Dynamic modulus of elasticity

The results of the modulus of elasticity test are shown in Figure 7(a) and the relationship between this
property and porosity is illustrated in Figure 7(b).
According to Apolinário (2014), the propagation speed of an ultrasonic wave in a solid material depends on
several factors from the physical characteristics of the materials, degree of hydration, to the type of
densification. In addition, the less porous the material, the shorter the propagation time and the higher the
modulus of elasticity. In this study, a good relationship between porosity and modulus of elasticity was not
observed, which suggests that not only the number of pores in the structure affects this property, but also
their distribution in the matrix.
Pacheco et al. (2014) also state that the experimental determination of the modulus of elasticity of concrete
is influenced by the test method, yield stresses, geometry of the specimens, degree of concrete saturation and
others, in such a way that the dispersion of the results is still considerable. This dispersion was observed in
the results, reaching 11% of variation in the same specimen. Thus, the resulting dynamic modulus of
elasticity of all mortars was statistically equal.

Marble and granite waste as mineral addition in mortars with different water-cement ratios 15
 Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.

Figure 6 - Result of water absorption by immersion (Ai), capillarity coefficient (Cc) and open (open P)
and total (total P) porosity

30.0 9.0
Cc Open P Total P Ai
8.0
Capilalrity coefficient (10- g/dm

25.0

Absorption by immersion (%)

7.0
min1/2) and Porosity (%)

20.0 6.0
5.0
15.0
4.0
10.0 3.0
2.0
5.0
1.0
0.0 0.0
REF REF-P MGW MGW-P

Figure 7 - (a) Result of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (b) relationship between modulus of
elasticity and porosity
45 38
Modulus of elasticity (GPa)

40
Modulus of elasticity (GPa)

35 36
30 y = -0.0847x + 36.231
25 R = 0.0116
34
20
15
32
10
5
0 30
REF REF-P MGW MGW-P 19 21 23 25 27
Total porosity (%)
(a) (b)

Considering the average value of the results, it can be observed that the use of the plasticizer additive and the
cement replacement by MGW causes an increase in the modulus of elasticity from 31.7 (REF) to up to 36.4
GPa (REF-P). According to the study by Marques et al. (2020), cement mortars have a modulus of elasticity
between 5 and 23 GPa. However, the values obtained in this study were closer to those found in the
literature for concrete with marble waste (UYSAL; YILMAZ, 2011; BACARJI et al., 2013; TENNICH;
KALLEL; OUEZDOU, 2015) and structural mortars (ALMADA et al., 2020). According to Uysal and
Yilmaz (2011) and Almada et al. (2020), cement replacement by waste caused an increase in property, while
for Bacarji et al. (2013) and Tennich, Kallel and Ouezdou (2015), the module was reduced. It is noteworthy
that the methods for evaluating this property were different in each study.
Regarding the REF mortar, the REF-P and MGW-P mortars showed an increase in property of 14.88% and
4.44%, respectively, which is mainly due to the reduction in porosity caused by the lower w/c. The MGW
mortar, despite having a porosity close to the REF, showed an increase of 12.64% in the modulus of
elasticity. Therefore, it can be inferred that the waste led to a more homogeneous porous structure, resulting
in a more intact mortar, with less propensity to internal failures.

16 Almada, B. S.; Santos, W. J. Dos; Souza, S. R.

 Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.

Electrical resistivity
Cementitious material durability can be evaluated by measuring the electrical resistivity, which indicates the
corrosion potential of reinforcement (SILVA; FERREIRA; FIGUEIRAS, 2011). The results are shown in
Figure 8.
In general, electrical resistivity is dependent on the pore structure. However, the chemical composition of the
solution and the presence of ions in the pores, as well as their mobility are also parameters that influence this
property, although they do not significantly affect the compressive strength (SILVA; FERREIRA;
FIGUEIRAS, 2011; VIJAYALAKSHMI et al., 2013; KHODABAKHSHIAN et al., 2018). Based on the
results, it can be observed that the electrical resistivity followed the inverse behaviour of porosity and the
samples with plasticizer, REF-P and MGW-P, when compared to REF, and showed higher electrical
resistivity, 49.67% and 20.16%, respectively. This is due to the w/c factor, which is inversely proportional to
resistivity, as reported by Sardinha, Brito and Rodrigues (2016). Furthermore, cement replacement by waste
reduces the Ca(OH)2 content in the mixture (dilution effect), decreasing the amount of OH-ions in the pore
solution, which, according to Ramezanianpour et al. (2011), has great conductance. Thus, the electrical
resistivity of compounds containing MGW should be greater than the reference. However, comparing the
REF and MGW samples, it can be observed that there was no significant influence of the waste on this
property, which resulted in a reduction of only 3.06%. This indicates that permeability is a more determining
factor for resistivity than the chemical composition of the solution in the pores.
Whiting and Nagi (2003) present the corrosion potential ranges for concrete according to electrical
resistivity, which is very high for  values  below  50  Ωm,  high  for  values  between  50  and  100  Ωm,  moderate  to  
low  for  100  to  200  Ωm  and  low  for  values  above  200  Ωm.  However,  as  reported  by  Hou   et al. (2017), this
property is greatly influenced by coarse aggregates, which can present very high resistivity and, generally, of
greater magnitude than that of cement paste, in addition to representing obstacles to the passage of current.
The   authors   obtained   a  resistivity   of   33   Ωm   for   mortar   of   composition   1:1  and   w/c   0.40,  a   value   close   to  
those obtained in this research, and an increase of almost 50% when inserting coarse aggregate.

Compressive strength
Figure 9 presents the results of the compressive strength of the mortars. It can be observed that the highest
strengths were achieved by the mortars containing the additive, as expected, due to the reduction of the w/c
factor. The gain in compressive strength, in relation to the REF mortar, was 11.19% and 10.18% for REF-P
and MGW-P, respectively. Despite having a lower w/c ratio and lower porosity, promoted by the filler effect
of the waste, the MGW-P mortar did not obtain a better result than the REF-P. This is due to the reduction of
the components responsible for the compressive strength of the mortar, when replacing the cement with the
waste. It is likely that the chemical effect of the calcitic fraction of MGW to form hydrated carbonate
products was not sufficient to maintain this property. This behaviour can be observed for MGW mortar,
which had a small reduction (5.09%), as well as for cementitious materials in several studies (ELMOATY,
2013; ALIABDO; ELMOATY; AUDA, 2014; SINGH et al., 2017; KHODABAKHSHIAN et al., 2018).
These authors point to an optimal replacement content between 5 and 15%, observing gains in compressive
strength due to the filler effect.
Comparing the mortars containing waste (MGW and MGW-P), the reduction in the amount of water and the
better packing of particles in the MGW-P mortar resulted in a more compact cementitious material, with a
better porous structure, leading to 16.08% strength gain, Based on the results, it can be stated that the REF
and MGW, REF-P and MGW-P mortars are similar, two by two, indicating that the w/c factor is mostly
responsible for maintaining strength.

Accelerated carbonation
Figure 10 shows the carbonation results and Figure 11 shows the photos of the specimens after spraying the
phenolphthalein solution.
The reference samples (REF and REF-P) did not show significant carbonation after 60 days in the chamber,
although there was a difference of 15.08% between the total porosities. Thus, the use of plasticizer additive
and the reduction of the w/c ratio were not influencing factors for the sample without waste. In the samples
with waste (MGW and MGW-P), which showed a difference of 21.81% in total porosity, a great carbonation
depth was identified for both samples. However, the MGW-P sample presented a more homogeneous
carbonation front. This result can be attributed to the dilution effect of the waste (ALMADA et al., 2020).
Since the cement was replaced by a material that does not have pozzolanicity, the volume of hydrated

Marble and granite waste as mineral addition in mortars with different water-cement ratios 17
 Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.

products is smaller. Despite the reduction in porosity caused by the better packing of particles generated by
MGW, the reduction in the alkalinity of the mortar was more decisive for this property.

Figure 8 - Electrical resistivity result

70 30
60 25
Electrical resistivity

Total porosity (%)

50
20
(Ohm.m)

40
15
30
10
20
10 5

0 0
REF REF - P MGW MGW-P
Eletrical resistivity Total P

Figure 9 - Result of compressive mortar strength (fc)

46
44
42
40
38
36
fc (MPa)

34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
REF REF - P MGW MGW-P

Figure 10 - Result of the carbonation depth of the mortars

14 25%~75%
Max e Min
12 Median line
Carbonation deph (mm)

Mean
10 Outliers

REF REF-P MGW MGW-P

18 Almada, B. S.; Santos, W. J. Dos; Souza, S. R.

 Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 4, p. 7-22, out./dez. 2022.

Figure 11 - Photo of carbonated specimens

Regarding the possible chemical effect of the carbonate components of the waste, the interaction of
hemicarboaluminates, from the reaction of calcium carbonate with the aluminates of cement, with CO2 can
lead to a decarbonation process in the conversion of hemi to monocarboaluminate (DHANDAPANI et al.,
2021). However, in this case, the dilution effect affected carbonation resistance more strongly.

Conclusion
After the experimental evaluations, it can be concluded that the waste mainly consists of silica, with a
specific mass lower than that of cement and granulometry close to, but higher than that of cement. The
insertion of the waste and the plasticizer additive allowed the maintenance of the workability with a greater
reduction in the amount of water, promoting a refinement of the pores and an increase in the capillarity
coefficient. There was no significant influence on the modulus of elasticity of mortars containing waste, with
and without plasticizer, due to the high sensitivity of the test. However, by the average results, it is
concluded that the waste improved the porous structure of the mortar, making it more homogeneous. There
was an improvement in the electrical resistivity of the MGW-P mortar, compared to the reference mortar,
due to the reduction of the w/c factor, lower pore connectivity and lower amount of OH-ions in the pore
solution.
However, concerning the possibility of reinforcement corrosion, there was no difference between all
samples. In the compressive strength, cement replacement by waste led to a small reduction in the property
in the highest w/c factor. However, the variation of water content in the compositions was more relevant for
the difference in compressive strength between the samples. Thus, the plasticizer and the waste generated a
compact mortar, with a dispersed distribution of pores, allowing a compensation for the reduction of the
cement content. This compensation did not occur in the accelerated carbonation test as the reduction of
alkalinity with cement replacement by an inert material led to greater carbonation depths, regardless of the
w/c ratio. In general, it can be observed that the waste is more efficient at lower water/cement ratios and its
use as a filler promotes better particle packing, contributing positively to most properties, in addition to
helping search for sustainable materials.

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Bruna Silva Almada

Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Escola de Minas | Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto | Morro do Cruzeiro, s/n, Campus Universitário
| Ouro Preto – MG – Brasil | CEP 35400-000 | Tel.: (31) 3559-1546 | E-mail: [email protected]

White José dos Santos

Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais e Construção | Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais | Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bloco I, Escola
de Engenharia, 3º andar, Sala 3320, Pampulha | Belo Horizonte – MG – Brasil | CEP 31270-901 | Tel.: (31) 3409-1809 | E-mail:
[email protected]

Silvia Roberta Souza

Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais e Construção | Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais | E-mail: [email protected]

Ambiente Construído
Revista da Associação Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído
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Porto Alegre – RS - Brasil
CEP 90035-190
Telefone: +55 (51) 3308-4084
www.seer.ufrgs.br/ambienteconstruido
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22 Almada, B. S.; Santos, W. J. Dos; Souza, S. R.