LÍNGUA INGLESA

Professor: Marcelo Pimentel Farias

VOZ PASSIVA E CAUSATIVE FORM (PASSIVE VOICE AND CAUSATIVE FORM)

VOZES VERBAIS
As vozes de um verbo estabelecem a relação entre o sujeito e a ação expressa pelo
verbo. O sujeito pratica ou sofre a ação, isto é, o sujeito é agente ou paciente. Quando o sujeito
é o agente, temos a Voz Ativa (Active Voice). Quando o sujeito é o paciente, temos a Voz Passiva
(Passive Voice).

VOZ PASSIVA (PASSIVE VOICE)

Para formar a Voz Passiva em inglês, usamos o verbo be seguido do particípio passado
do verbo principal. Quando necessário, o agente da passiva é precedido pela preposição by. À
semelhança do português, o objeto da voz ativa passa a ser o sujeito da voz passiva, e o sujeito
da voz ativa passa a ser o agente da voz passiva. Veja alguns exemplos:
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. (active voice)
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. (passive voice)

Genes transmit character. (active voice)

Character is transmitted by genes. (passive voice)

All the members of the board accepted the proposal. (active voice)
The proposal was accepted by all the members of the board. (passive voice)

Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876. (active voice)

The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876. (passive voice)

Observe que o verbo be na Voz Passiva é conjugado SEMPRE no MESMO TEMPO

VERBAL do verbo principal da Voz Ativa.

Quando se passa uma frase da voz ativa para a Voz Passiva:

a) o objeto da Voz Ativa torna-se sujeito da Voz Passiva;

b) o sujeito da Voz Ativa torna-se agente da passiva precedido por by, quando for
necessário;

c) o verbo be na Voz Passiva é conjugado sempre no MESMO TEMPO VERBAL do verbo

principal da Voz Ativa;

d) o verbo principal da Voz Ativa passa para o particípio passado na Voz Passiva.

1
 LÍNGUA INGLESA
Professor: Marcelo Pimentel Farias

VOZ PASSIVA - DOIS OBJETOS

Em inglês, quando o verbo na Voz Ativa tiver dois objetos (direto e indireto), qualquer
um deles pode ser o sujeito da voz passiva:
George teaches biology to Cecilia. (active voice)
Biology is taught to Cecilia by George. (passive voice)
Cecilia is taught biology by George. (passive voice)

John told me a story. (active voice)

I was told a story by John. (passive voice)
A story was told me by John. (passive voice)

ATENÇÃO: as frases apresentadas anteriormente não podem ser traduzidas literalmente; caso
fizéssemos isso, elas se tornariam agramaticais e sem sentido. Veja:
I was told that you got a scholarship. (Disseram-me que você ganhou uma bolsa de
estudos.)
Tradução literal: Eu fui dito que... (ERRADA)

She was allowed to go home early. (Permitiram-lhe que fosse para casa cedo.)
Tradução literal: Ela foi permitida... (ERRADA)

OBSERVAÇÃO: os verbos explain e suggest só constroem a Voz Passiva com o objeto direto da
voz ativa, transformando-se em sujeito da voz passiva:
They explained the problem to the children. (active voice)
The problem was explained to the children. (passive voice)
(NOT The children were explained the problem.)

They suggested a meeting place to us. (active voice)

A meeting place was suggested to us. (passive voice)
(NOT We were suggested a meeting place.)

VOZ PASSIVA - SUJEITO INDETERMINADO E O AGENTE DA PASSIVA

Há dois casos em que o agente da passiva pode ser omitido:

1 - Quando o sujeito da Voz Ativa não for importante, for desconhecido ou indeterminado:
Somebody planted peas yesterday. (active voice)
Peas were planted yesterday. (passive voice)

Someone found my wallet last night. (active voice)

My wallet was found last night. (passive voice)

Workers are building a new supermarket two blocks from my house. (active voice)*
A new supermarket is being built two blocks from my house. (passive voice)

2
 LÍNGUA INGLESA
Professor: Marcelo Pimentel Farias
* Neste caso, o sujeito da Voz Ativa não é indeterminado e passa a ser o agente da passiva na
Voz Passiva. No entanto, ele não precisa ser mencionado, pois não é relevante dizer quem está
construindo o novo supermercado.

Someone broke the window. (active voice)

The window was broken. (passive voice)

2 - Quando for óbvio:

The letter was delivered early this morning.
(Who delivers letters? A mail carrier does.)
Japanese is spoken in Japan.
(Who speaks a language? Japanese people do.)
The man was arrested.
(Who arrest people? The police do.)

O agente da passiva deve ser mencionado quando for importante para a compreensão
do que é dito:
Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare.
Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.

CONSTRUÇÃO DA VOZ PASSIVA COM VERBOS QUE EXIGEM PREPOSIÇÕES:

Os objetos de verbos que exigem preposições (look at, listen to, pay for, etc.) podem
tornar-se o sujeito em construções passivas. Atente para a ordem das palavras (word order); a
preposição não pode ser suprimida. Observe:
We have looked at the plan carefully. (active voice)
The plan has been looked at carefully. (passive voice)

Nobody never listens to her. (active voice)

She is never listened to. (passive voice)

Somebody has paid for your meal. (active voice)

Your meal has been paid for. (passive voice)

I don't like to be shouted at. (NOT I don't like to be shouted.)

VOZ PASSIVA + MODAL VERBS

CAN, COULD, COULD HAVE, WOULD e WOULD HAVE também podem ser usados na
Voz Passiva:
This bird can be seen in the tropics.
No language can be learned so quickly.
This painting could be sold for a high price.
This abstract could have been written by hand.
The house would be painted this year.
The e-mails would be sent if the secretary were here now.
The cake would have been made if we had all the ingredients.

3
 LÍNGUA INGLESA
Professor: Marcelo Pimentel Farias

CAUSATIVE FORM

HAVE SOMETHING DONE

A estrutura have + objeto + particípio passado do verbo principal tem sentido passivo
e expressa uma ação que alguém faz a nosso pedido ou em nosso favor, ou seja, não somos
nós que realizamos a ação. Analise a situação abaixo:

The roof of Lisa's house was damaged in a storm.

Yesterday a workman came and repaired it.

Lisa had the roof repaired yesterday.

This means:
Lisa arranged for somebody else to repair the roof.
She didn't repair it herself.

O tempo verbal de have pode mudar:

I have my hair cut once a month.
I had my hair cut last month.
I will have my hair cut next week.
I'm going to have my hair cut this afternoon.
She doesn't have her nails done every week.
I didn't have my bike fixed last Friday.
I won't have my car serviced next month.
If you don't get out of my house I'll have you arrested.
Do you have your house cleaned every week?
Did you have your picture taken last Wednesday?
Will you have your car washed on Saturday?

LEMBRE-SE: usamos have something done para dizer que alguém fez algo por nós. Compare:

Lisa repaired the roof. (= she repaired it herself.)

Lisa had the roof repaired. (= she arranged for somebody else to repair it.)

Did you make those curtains yourself? Yes, I enjoy making things.
Did you have those curtains made? No, I made them myself.

Atente para a ordem das palavras (word order) neste tipo de construção: o particípio
passado do verbo principal vem SEMPRE depois do objeto:
have object past participle
Lisa had the roof repaired.
Where did you have your hair cut?
Your hair looks nice. Have you had it cut?
Our neighbor has just had a garage built.
We are having the house painted at the moment.
How often do you have your car serviced?
I think you should have that coat cleaned.

4
 LÍNGUA INGLESA
Professor: Marcelo Pimentel Farias

I don't like having my picture taken.

We are going to have our house built.
We must have our clothes washed.
Mark is going to have his car serviced.
I must have my watch repaired.
He would have his hair cut if it was/were necessary.
She will have her computer fixed.

OBSERVAÇÃO:
Algumas vezes, have something done possui um significado diferente, dependendo do
sentido do verbo. Por exemplo:
Paul and Karen had all their money stolen while they were on holiday.
Nessa oração, não usamos a estrutura have something done para dizer que alguém fez
algo a nosso pedido ou em nosso favor.
They had all their money stolen. (= All their money was stolen from them.)

Com esse significado, usamos have something done para dizer que algo acontece a
alguém ou aos seus pertences. Geralmente o que acontece não é bom:
Gary had his nose broken in a fight.
Have you ever had your passport stolen?

GET SOMETHING DONE

Podemos usar get something done no lugar de have something done, principalmente
em linguagem falada e informal:
When are you going to get the roof repaired?
I think you should get your hair cut really short.
I got my bike fixed yesterday.