English Conversation - New Version

INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH
Durante minha juventude tive a oportunidade de aprender

o Idioma Inglês, a principio meu intuito era conseguir melhores
oportunidades no ramo profissional, mas durante meu processo
de aprendizado vi que o Inglês nos abre a mente para um mundo
desconhecido, um mundo de informação, um mundo de expansão
em comunicação, um mundo mais divertido e um mundo com
maiores possibilidades.
Vendo tudo isso acontecendo em minha vida, tive como
principal intuito trazer esse “novo mundo” para todas as pessoas
em minha volta. Depois de muito estudo, pesquisas e experimentos,
criei a Aliança América –Idiomas.
Muitas pessoas colocam o aprendizado do idioma Inglês como
uma coisa muito difícil, inalcançável, a Aliança América foi criada para
mostrar que essa barreira ê possível ser quebrada, que ê possível
aprender inglês de uma forma divertida e pratica. Com criamos os
nossos 3 livros de ensino, English For Life, English Conversation e
English Pro.
O caminho para se tornar fluente pode parecer desafiador,
mas não se preocupe, nós da Aliança América já traçamos ele
para você.
Gosto muito de um filme que tem como mensagem principal o lema
“Qualquer um pode cozinhar”, eu digo a você agora: Qualquer um
pode aprender inglês.
Nós da Aliança confiamos em você e estaremos dispostos a
caminhar juntamente com você durante o trajeto para se tornar fluente
na língua Inglesa.
Obrigado por confiar seu futuro a Aliança América.
Helaman M. Fernandes
Diretor Executivo
ENGLISH CONVERSATION
INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH
SUMMARY
LESSONS CONTENTS PAGES
Lesson 01 Frequency Adverbs ……………………………….. 01-04

Lesson 02 Simple past "Regular verbs" ……………………………….. 05-08
Lesson 03 Simple past "Irregular verbs" ……………………………….. 09-12
Lesson 04 Simple Past of "to be" ……………………………….. 13-16
Lesson 05 Quarter Test I ……………………………….. 17
Lesson 06 Past Continuous ……………………………….. 18-21
Lesson 07 There to be - Present ……………………………….. 22-25
Lesson 08 There to be - Past ……………………………….. 26-29
Lesson 09 Causative Verbs ……………………………….. 30-33
Lesson 10 Quarter Test II ……………………………….. 34
Lesson 11 Few / A few / Little / A little / Much/ Many ……………………………….. 35-38
Lesson 12 Simple Future ……………………………….. 39-42
Lesson 13 Simple Future "Going to" ……………………………….. 43-46
Lesson 14 Future Continuous ……………………………….. 47-49
Lesson 15 Quarter Test III ……………………………….. 50-51
Lesson 16 Modal Would ……………………………….. 52-55
Lesson 17 Modal Can / Could ……………………………….. 56-59
Lesson 18 Modal verbs May / Might ……………………………….. 60-63
Lesson 19 Modal Should and Must ……………………………….. 64-67
Lesson 20 Quarter Test IV ……………………………….. 68
Lesson 21 Expressions with too / So / Neither / Either ……………………………….. 69-72
Lesson 22 Determiners Some / Any / No ……………………………….. 73-76
Lesson 23 Do / Make expressions ……………………………….. 77-80
Lesson 24 Manner adverbs vs adjectives ……………………………….. 81-84
Lesson 25 Quarter Test V ……………………………….. 85
Lesson 26 Relative clauses ……………………………….. 86-89
Lesson 27 Zero and First Conditional ……………………………….. 90-93
Lesson 28 Second Conditional ……………………………….. 94-97
Lesson 29 Used to and Be used to ……………………………….. 98-101
Lesson 30 Quarter Test VI ……………………………….. 102
Lesson 31 Present Perfect ……………………………….. 103-106
Lesson 32 Present Perfect - Since and For ……………………………….. 107-110
Lesson 33 Present Perfect with adverbs ……………………………….. 111-114
Lesson 34 Present Perfect Continuous ……………………………….. 115-118
Lesson 35 Quarter Test VII ……………………………….. 119
Lesson 36 Reported Speech ……………………………….. 120-123
Lesson 37 Passive Voice ……………………………….. 124-127
Lesson 38 Should have, Must have, Could have ……………………………….. 128-131
Lesson 39 Third Conditional ……………………………….. 132-135
Lesson 40 Quarter Test VIII ……………………………….. 136
Lesson 41 Past Perfect ……………………………….. 137-140
Lesson 42 Past Perfect II ……………………………….. 141-144
Lesson 43 Phrasal Verbs I ……………………………….. 145-148
Lesson 44 Phrasal Verbs II ……………………………….. 149-152
Lesson 45 Quarter Test IX ……………………………….. 153
Lesson 46 General Review I ……………………………….. 154-157
Lesson 47 General Review II ……………………………….. 158-161
Lesson 48 Final Test ……………………………….. 162-163
LESSON 01
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
Frequency Adverbs Advérbios de frequência

Always Sempre
Usually Geralmente
Often Frequentemente
Sometimes Às vezes
Occasionally Ocasionalmente.
Seldom Dificilmente.
Rarely Raramente
Never Nunca
Practicing Praticando
I always study hard. Eu sempre estudo muito.
You usually work overtime. Você geralmente trabalha hora extra.
He often plays soccer. Ele frequentemente joga futebol.
She sometimes works out. Ela às vezes malha.
It occasionally breaks. Isso quebra ocasionalmente.
They seldom go out. Eles dificilmente saem.
You rarely ride a bike. Vocês raramente andam de bicicleta.
We never eat out. Nós nunca comemos fora.
He usually goes to the gym. Ele geralmente vai para academia.
They often call their cousins. Elas frequentemente ligam para suas primas.
She always does her homework. Ela sempre faz seu dever de casa.
They usually walk to work. Eles geralmente caminham para o trabalho.
I never give up my dreams Eu nunca desisto dos meus sonhos.
Reading
Mr. John has a very busy life. On Mondays, he always wakes up at five o’clock because he has meetings starting
at 07:00 in his office. From Tuesday to Thursday he often gets to work around 09. His boss Tim, never gets upset
because of that due to the results John achieves. On Fridays, he occasionally has meetings, so he takes the day
to update and organize his tasks for the next week.
On weekends, he never stays home. John is married to Claire and they have two children. He always takes his
family to somewhere nice and quiet in order to relax from the weekdays. They usually go to their ranch in the
countryside. There they often go fishing and celebrate life the best way possible. The kids really love riding horses
and play around. They sometimes even go hiking.
Your turn
Make sentences orally with at least 5
words you consider new to you.
1
MORE
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
Once (a day) Uma vez (por dia)
Twice (a week) Duas vezes (por semana)
Three times (a month) Três vezes (por mês)
Several times (a year) Várias vezes (por ano)
Hourly De hora em hora
Daily Diariamente
Monthly Mensalmente
Yearly Anualmente
Every hour De hora em hora
Every day Todos os dias
Every month Todos os meses
Every year Todos os anos
On saturdays Nos sábados
On sundays Nos domingos
On weekdays Nos dias da semana
At weekends Nos fins de semana
Once in a while De vez em quando
Once in a blue moon (expression.) De vez em quando (expressão)
Practice the conversations below.
Conversation 1
Peter: What do you do on the weekends?

John: I usually watch a movie at home, but sometimes I go out.
Peter: Oh, where do you go?
John: Sometimes, I go to the park. Sometimes, I go to the zoo.
Peter: I often go there, too. Do you ever go to the mall?
John: No, I rarely go to the mall. It’s very expensive.
Conversation 2
Peter: John, how often do you work out?

John: I always work out in the morning, before going to the office.
Peter: Great, and where do you usually work out?
John: I usually work out at the gym near my house.
Peter: I go there once in a while. I never exercise at home.
John: I occasionally go running in the park, as well.
REMEMBER
Indefinite frequency adverbs come before the main verb and definite frequency adverbs are placed
commonly at the end of the sentence. But they can be also placed at the beginning of the sentence.
2
PRACTICE
Rewrite the sentences below using the frequency adverbs in brackets in its correct position.
1- She goes to the movies with her friends. (sometimes)
2- He watches the news before going to college. (always)
3- They play baseball at Foxborough Stadium. (every Sunday).
4- The kids go out alone. It’s dangerous. (never)
5- I eat red meat. (never)
Unscramble the sentences below in the right order.
1 late / are / they / sometimes
2 early / up / mom / never / Saturdays / on / gets / my
3- usually / he / goes / to / on / Mondays / the / movies
4- travel / you / vacation / often / do / how / on / ?
5- he / the / beach / to /always / goes / in / the / summer
6- sometimes / Fridays / goes / she / grocery / on / shopping
Use the lines below to write sentences about your life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3
Check your understanding
Write down the frequency adverbs in the correct group.
once (a day) / often /twice (a week) / three times (a month) / sometimes / several times (a year) / hourly / daily / monthly / yearly
/ every hour / every day / usually / every month / every year / on saturdays / on weekdays / at weekends / once in a while /
once in a blue moon (expression.) / always / on sundays / occasionally / seldom / rarely /never
Beforethe mainverb At the end of the clause
Translate the dialogue below.
Paul – Graig, com que frequência você sai com seus amigos para se divertir?
Graig – Eu saio com eles todos os finais de semana, e você?
Paul – Eu dificilmente saio com meu amigos aos finais de semana porque eu sempre estudo para as provas. Mas às
vezes eu os convido para vir estudar em casa.
Graig – Isso é bacana, Paul. Eu nunca estudo para provas, eu geralmente dou uma olhada no assunto poucas horas
antes.
Paul – De vez em quando eu faço isso. Mas apenas quando eu estou muito cansado para estudar nos finais de
semana.
Write down the frequency adverbs presented in the dialogue:

_____________________________________________
EXPRESSIONS
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ To hang out – sair para se divertir I hang
_____________________________________________ out with my friends
To have fun – se divertir
_____________________________________________
I have fun when I hang out with my friends
_____________________________________________
4
LESSON 02
SIMPLE PAST – REGULAR VERBS
Verbs Verbos
I studied. Eu estudei.
You learned. Você aprendeu.
He walked. Ele caminhou.
She loved. Ela adorou.
it closed. Fechou.
They worked. Elas trabalharam.
We called Nós ligamos.
She watched a nice movie yesterday. Ela assistiu a um filme legal ontem.
I worked until late last night. Eu trabalhei até tarde noite passada.
You closed the store earlier on Monday. Você fechou a loja mais cedo na segunda.
They traveled to the U.S.A last year. Eles viajaram para os Estados Unidos ano passado.
It worked fine last time I used. Funcionou bem da última vez que usei.
My mom called me last week. Minha mãe me ligou semana passada.
He figured out a way to solve the problem. Ele encontrou uma maneira de solucionar o problema.
We walked to work. Nós caminhamos para o trabalho.
They turned 18 last month. Elas fizeram 18 anos mês passado.
He arrived late at school. Ele chegou atrasado na escola.
It ended before it even started. Terminou antes mesmo de começar.
They listened to music at the lecture. Eles ouviram música na palestra.
She stopped smoking a year ago. Ela parou de fumar um ano atrás.
We studied English and French in Canada. Estudamos inglês e francês no Canada.
Negative Negativo
She didn’t like the food. Ela não gostou da comida.
He didn’t clean his bedroom. Ele não limpou o seu quarto.
They didn’t cook for the guests. Eles não cozinharam para os convidados.
We didn’t plug the wire into the outlet. Não conectamos o fio na tomada.
The teacher didn’t cancel the class. O professor não cancelou a aula.
She didn’t reply the e-mail. Ela não respondeu o e-mail.
Interrogative Interrogativo
Did you cry when you dropped the ice cream? Você chorou quando derrubou o sorvete?
Did he borrow his brother’s jacket? Ele pegou a jaqueta do irmão dele emprestada?
Did she need to send the report? Ela precisou enviar o relatório?
Did they skip classes to go out? Eles faltaram as aulas para saírem?
Did you try on the new suit? Você experimentou o novo terno?
Did it fit well on you? Serviu bem em você?
5
PRACTICE THE CONVERSATIONS
Conversation 1
Peter – Susie, did you invite our friends over tonight?
Susie – Yes, I did. I called them last night.
Peter – That’s great. Did they accept the invitation?
Susie – Yes, they did. And they invited their relatives to come over as well.
Peter – Ok. I noticed they watched TV for too long last time so, I unplugged it.
Conversation 2
Greg – Hey Paul, how’s it going?

Paul – Hey Greg, I’m doing fine.
Greg – Paul, I watched the game on TV last night. Did you watch?
Paul – No, I didn’t. I received extra papers to fill so, I worked until late.
Greg – What a pity, buddy. I loved the results. I enjoyed each second of it.
PRESENT PAST TRANSLATION
Accept Accepted Aceitar

Agree Agreed Concordar
Ask Asked Pedir/perguntar
Believe Believed Acreditar
Call Called Ligar/chamar
Close Closed Fechar
Decide Decided Decidir
Dress Dressed Vestir
Die Died Morrer
Enjoy Enjoyed Desfrutar/gostar
Fix Fixed Consertar
Fry Fried Fritar
Need Needed Precisar
Open Opened Abrir
Shop Shopped Comprar
How to pronounce the “ED” ending

There are three different ways to pronounce the ‘ed’ ending of regular verbs in the simple past tense:
/ Id / , / t / or / d /.
The / id / sound is pronounced after verbs ending in T and D sounds. E.g. (wanted, needed, started…)
The / t / sound is pronounced after verbs ending in S, X, K, P, F, SH and CH sounds. E.g. (fixed, worked,
watched, developed, liked…)
The / d / sound is pronounced after verbs ending in all other endings. E.g. (cleaned, called, allowed, used, played,
arrived…)
6
PRACTICE
A - Complete the sentences about last night with the simple past of the verbs.
1. I (play) with my friends.
2. Jeff (not / want) to play with us.
3. My father (call) us and we (talk) for a while.
4. We (watch) a movie but I (not / like) Much.
5. She (play) the guitar.
6. It (rain), so I (not / want) to go out.
7. Mom (cook) and we (help) her.
8. My cousin (not / like) the meal.
B– Change the sentences below into negative and interrogative..

1- She decided to travel to Japan.
(Negative)
(Interrogative)
2- They shopped for hours yesterday.
(Negative)
(Interrogative)
3- Paul cooked dinner for his parents
(Negative)
(Interrogative)
4- We arrived late at school this morning.
(Negative)
(Interrogative)
5- We finished the test before the expected time.
(Negative)
(Interrogative)
C– Write true sentences about your last weekend. Add more information to the sentences.
1- Cook dinner I cooked dinner on Sunday. or I didn’t cook dinner on Sunday.

2- Clean the house or
3- Listen to music or
4- Call your friends or
5- Study English or
6- Stay home or
7- Watch a game or
8- Work out or
7
PRACTICE
Last year, Paul and Susie traveled to London for two weeks. They stayed in a very busy hotel downtown. It was really
fantastic because they talked to a lot of other visitors of different nationalities and learned a lot about other cultures and
customs. Of course, they learned a lot of English too because they listened to it all day long every single day. In the
morning they shopped a little, walked around the city and watched a play at the theater. In the afternoon they visited
different places and played at a famous casino. It was so much fun. They often walked down to the beach with some
new friends and played or chatted. In the evening they were tired so they sometimes watched videos or played board
games.
The best days were Saturday and Sunday because they traveled to the surroundings. They also visited all the
monuments like Big Ben, The London Eye and Buckingham Palace. They wanted to see the Queen but they didn’t see
her, only her guards!
At the end of the two weeks, they were sad to return home. The holidays were fun and different from usual. They cried
a little when they waved goodbye to their new friends and promised to write or send emails when they arrived home.
Read the text and answer the following questions.
What did Paul and Susie do in the afternoon?
__________________________________________________________
Did they learn a lot of English?
__________________________________________________________
What did they do on the weekends?
__________________________________________________________
Did they walk through the city?
__________________________________________________________
What did they do when they waved goodbye to their new friends?
__________________________________________________________
How often did they listen to English?
__________________________________________________________
Fun with a tongue twister
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?
8
LESSON 03
SIMPLE PAST – IRREGULAR VERBS
Verbs
I did. Eu fiz.
You went. Você foi.
He bought. Ele comprou.
She chose. Ela escolheu.
It broke. Quebrou.
They felt. Elas sentiram.
We heard. Nós ouvimos
Practicing Practicing
She chose a nice gift for her mom. Ela escolheu um presente bacana para mãe dela.
I did my homework last night. Eu fiz meu dever de casa ontem.
You went to the store earlier on Monday. Você foi à loja mais cedo na segunda.
They flew to the U.S.A last year. Eles voaram para os Estados Unidos ano passado.
It broke when I used last time. Quebrou quando eu usei na última vez.
My mom brought me some ice cream. Minha mãe me trouxe sorvete.
He felt tired after the game. Ele se sentiu casado depois do jogo.
We heard you bought a new car. Nós ouvimos que você comprou um carro novo.
They got an A on their English test. Elas tiram nota A na prova de inglês.
He drove to school last semester. Ele dirigiu para escola no semestre passado.
The dog ate its food. O cachorro comeu sua comida.
They drank wine at the party. Eles beberam vinho na festa.
She went shopping for hours yesterday. Ela fez compras por horas ontem.
We knew about what you said. Sabíamos sobre o que você disse.
Negative Negativo
She didn’t go shopping yesterday. Ela não foi às compras ontem.
He didn’t feel tired after the game. Ele não se sentiu cansado depois do jogo.
They didn’t know about the test. Eles não sabiam sobre a prova.
We didn’t buy a new house. Não compramos uma casa nova.
My boss didn’t give me a raise. Meu chefe não me deu um aumento.
I didn’t hurt myself. Eu não me machuquei.
Did you make the phone call? Você fez a ligação?
Did he lose his wallet? Ele perdeu a carteira dele?
Did she see the e-mail I sent her? Ela viu o e-mail que eu enviei pra ela?
Did they sell their house? Eles venderam a casa deles?
Did you sing at the festival? Você cantou no festival? Nós
Did we speak to the manager? falamos com o gerente?
9
Conversation 1
Linda – Hey Mary, I went to the movies to see the movie you told me.
Mary – Awesome. What did you think about it?
Linda – I thought it has everything to do with me. When I saw the movie, many
memories of my childhood came to my mind.
Mary – I knew it. I told you it has everything to do with you.
Linda – Thanks for the tip, Mary.
Conversation 2
Jake – Noah, did you pay the statements I sent you by e-mail?
Noah – Yes, I did. I paid them on the same day you sent.
Jake – Ok but, I didn’t find the receipts back on my e-mail.
Noah – I made a transfer by money order and it usually takes a while to get
through.
Jake – Oh man, you did it the wrong way. You didn’t pay attention on my
message on the email. You had to pay on cash.
Noah – My apologies Jake. I made a mistake!
PRESENT PAST TRANSLATION
Build Built Construir

Bring Brought Trazer
Buy Bought Comprar
Come Came Vir
Do Did Fazer
Drive Drove Dirigir
Drink Drank Beber
Fall Fell Cair
Find Found Encontrar
Give Gave Dar
Have Had Ter
Keep Kept Manter
Know Knew Saber/Conhecer
Make Made Fazer
Say Said Dizer
Speak Spoke Falar
Write Wrote Escrever
Make at least 3 sentences in the past with the verbs given:
1-
2-
3-
10
PRACTICE
A - Read Jenna’s planner. Then complete the sentences below. Use the simple past of the verbs in the box
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday

Movie with Meg 1:00 Read a book English classes Go shopping with friends
Grand Theater 2:00 Read art magazine Write history paper Read the news
Homework Homework Homework Homework
Thursday Friday Saturday

Make lunch Grocery shopping English classes
Go to Museum Go to a party Read a novel
Homework Homework Have fun with family
see – do – read – go – take - have - make
1 On Sunday, Jenna saw a movie. She didn’t see a play.

2On Monday, she a magazine. She a book and her homework.
3- On Tuesday, Jenna English classes and her homework. But she
the history paper.
4 On Wednesday, Jenna shopping with friends and her homework. She
the News.
5On Thursday, Jenna lunch. She to the museum and her
homework.
6On Friday, Jenna grocery shopping, to a party but she her
homework.
7On Saturday, Jenna English classes, fun with her Family but a
novel.
B– Write true sentences about your last weekend.
1 Sunday I didn’t
2 Monday I didn’t
3 Tuesday I didn’t
4 Wednesday I didn’t
5 Thursday I didn’t
6 Friday I didn’t
7 Saturday I didn’t
Expressions to talk about the past.

Yesterday – ontem Two days ago – dois dias atrás
Last week – semana passada a month ago – há um mês
Last month – mês passado in 2020 – em 2020
Last year – ano passado this morning – esta manhã
Last night – noite passada while ago – há um tempo atrás
11
PRACTICE
C- Translate the sentences below into English using simple past of irregular verbs.
1. Eu fui fazer compras com a minha mãe e minha irmã.
2. Ela não fez o dever de casa
.
3. Você comprou tudo o que eu coloquei na lista?
4. O que ele fez na noite passada?
5. O que ela ganhou de aniversário no ano passado?
6. Eu não tive que fazer hora extra porque a máquina quebrou.
7. Nós enviamos todas as mercadorias pelo correio no mês passado.
8. Paul ganhou na loteria e comprou uma mansão e deu dinheiro para seus amigos.
D – Complete the text below with the correct form of the irregular verbs in the past.
Yesterday I (wake up) earlier than the usually because I (have) to take my car to the mechanic. I
(make) breakfast for the family, I (see) the news on my cell phone and right after I
(take) a hot shower.
After I (take) my car to the mechanic, I (have) to hail a cab to get in time at work. Right after I (get)
to the office, I (read) my e-mails and (send) responses to my customers.
I also (have) a meeting with the team and it (go) pretty well.
E – Write down the past form of the following verbs.

Begin – Feel - Let -
Break – Fly - Meet -
Bring – Forget - Make -
Come – Get - Pay -
Cost – Give - Put -
Do – Have - Run -
Drive- Hear - Say -
Drink – Hold - See -
Eat - Leave - Take -
12
LESSON 04
SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE
Verbs
I was. Eu era / estava.
You were. Você era / estava.
He was. Ele era / estava.
She was. Ela era / estava.
it was. Isso era / estava.
They were. Eles(as) eram / estavam.
We were Nós éramos / estávamos
She was sick last week Ela estava doente na semana passada.
I was really busy this morning. Eu estava bem ocupado esta manhã.
You were in New York last winter. Você estava em Nova Iorque no último inverno.
They were happy about the gifts. Eles ficaram felizes com os presentes.
It was very hot this afternoon. Estava muito quente esta tarde.
My dad was a pilot when he was young. Meu pai era um piloto quando era jovem.
He was excited to start his classes. Ele estava animado para começar as aulas.
We were about to leave when they called us. Nós estávamos para sair quando eles nos ligaram.
They were tired. Elas estavam cansadas.
He was a lawyer. Ele era um advogado.
It was a sunny day at the beach. Era um dia ensolarado na praia.
They were friends. Eles eram amigos.
She was at the mall yesterday. Ela estava no shopping ontem.
We were at the party together Estávamos juntos na festa.
Negative Negativo
She wasn’t at the mall with her friends . Ela não estava no shopping com as amigas
He wasn’t tired after the game. dela. Ele não estava cansado depois do jogo.
They weren’t happy about the test. Eles não ficaram felizes sobre a prova.
We weren’t at home on Sunday. Não estávamos em casa no domingo.
My boss wasn’t on vacation last month. Meu chefe não estava de férias no mês
I wasn’t late for class. passado. Eu não estava atrasado para a aula
Were you sad when your team lost? Você ficou triste quando seu time perdeu?
Was he convicted and sent to prison? Ele foi condenado e enviado para prisão?
Was she at school yesterday? Ela estava na escola ontem?
Was it a beautiful day? Estava um dia bonito? Eles
Were they cold? estavam com frio?
Were you angry with me? Você estava zangado comigo?
13
Conversation 1
John – Hi Carl, how was the movie last night?
Carl – It was pretty nice.
John – Was it an action movie?
Carl – No it wasn’t. It was a suspense movie.
John – Great, I want to see it. Was it crowded?
Carl – Actually, it wasn’t.
Conversation 2
Jane – Kate, do you know who was at the party yesterday?
Kate – Yes, I know. Everybody from our class was there. And so were the
teachers.
Jane – What about your siblings, were they there as well?
Kate – No, they weren’t. They were at home.
Jane – I tried to go there but the buses were off. I wasn’t able to go.
Kate – What a pity!
Adjectives to be used with the verb to be in the past
I was amazed – Eu estava maravilhado. The movie was funny – O filme foi divertido.
They were angry – Eles estavam zangados. He was generous – Ele era generoso.
It was awkward – Foi estranho. We were glad – Ficamos contentes.
You were careless – Vocês foram descuidados. She was happy – Ela estava feliz.
He was clever – Ele era esperto It was hard – Era difícil.
It was crazy – Estava uma loucura. We were horrified – Estávamos apavorados.
They were delighted – Eles estavam encantados. It was impossible – Era impossível.
It was difficult – Estava difícil. They were lucky – Elas estavam com sorte.
We were disappointed – Estávamos desapontados. The girl was so kind – A garota foi bem gentil.
It was easy – Foi fácil. The man was nice – O homem era legal.
She was shy – Ela era tímida. I was proud – Eu estava orgulhoso.
Make 5 sentences in the past with the
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
14
PRACTICE
A – Complete the review below with was, were, wasn’t or weren’t:
“My wife and I guests at a hotel in Orlando last month. Unfortunately,

we happy with our room. It pretty messy and
Clean. The bed terribly made. Another point to take in consideration

the fact that you said the local near the beach, but it
The noise at night also awful. But the people at the hotel nice
with us. So that_ excellent”.
B – Write questions for the answers below:

1- __________________________________________________. It was great.
2- __________________________________________________. Yes, the lecture was interesting.
3- __________________________________________________. I was sick at home.
4- __________________________________________________. No, I wasn’t there yesterday.
5- __________________________________________________. Yes, we were at church on Sunday.
6- __________________________________________________. My siblings were in Boston
C – Translate the sentences below:
1- Peter estava muito cansado para ir ao jogo.

.
2- Estávamos certos sobre o relatório?
3- Vocês eram muito pequenos para entender isso.
4- Ele era professor naquele colégio estadual?
5- Ela estava muito bonita na festa.
6- Não era esse carro que eu queria comprar.
7- Ele estava feliz porque tirou 10 na prova.
8- Eu não estava no trabalho noite passada.
15
PRACTICE
D- Choose the right verb to complete the text.
My name is Bob. Last week I was/were in San Francisco. The weather was/were cloudy and the sun wasn’t/
weren’t So hot. I was/were with my siblings. They was/were excited about going there. We went to a baseball
game and it was/were awesome. The stadium was/were bustling and the people there was/were so nice. The
view was/were so beautiful. We wasn’t/weren’t happy about going back home. We wanted to stay longer so
we was/were ready to get back when the air company sent a message saying all flights was/were off due to a
possible bad weather.
E – Answer the question according to the text above:
1- Where were Bob and his siblings last week?
2 How was the weather there?
3Were they happy about San Francisco?
4- How was the baseball game?
5- Were they happy about going back home?
F – Complete the sentences below with was/were/wasn’t/weren’t..
1- John and Bob at work yesterday, I saw them at the beach.

2- The customers happy with the new manager.
3- Susie home when the postman went there, so he left the package at the porch.
4- All the people at the festival amazed by the song.
5- The cops in strike for better benefits.
G – Answer the question below about your own information.
1 Where were you last night?
2 Were your parents happy about your grades when you were at school?
3 What was the Weather like last Sunday?
16
LESSON 5 - QUARTER TEST I
READING COMPREHENSION
Bob’s dream
Bob always wanted to be a cop when he was a kid. Every time he watched a movie
about cops he went crazy. He remembers at once he saw a car chase and it was
skillful. At that day, he said to himself, “This is my future”. He rarely lost an
opportunity to see something about cops.
His city was always quiet, so no much action happened. But every day he checked the
News to see if a call occured.
He often asked his dad to take him to the police station to know how the place was, but
his dad never did. So, he usually kept looking through the windows to see if any cop
passed by, and it ocasionally happened.
Now that he grew up, every time he has the chance to see a cop, he tries to talk to
them. And once in a while he takes a pie to the police station and share with them.
A- There are 9 frequency adverbs in the text. Underline them and write them down
according to each category.
Indefinite Frequency Adverbs Definite Frequency advebs
B- Identify all the verbs in the list and write them in the present and past form.
Present – Past Present – Past Present – Past
17
LESSON 06
PAST CONTINUOUS
Verbs Verbos
I was sleeping. Eu estava dormindo.
You were playing. Você estava jogando.
He was studying. Ele estava estudando.
She was dancing. Ela estava dançando.
It was working. Estava funcionando.
They were hiring. Eles estavam contratando.
We were walking. Estávamos caminhando.
She was taking a hard test last week. Ela estava fazendo uma prova difícil semana passada.
I was fishing with my friends. Eu estava pescando com meus amigos.
You were traveling to Istanbul on Monday. Você estava viajando para Istanbul na segunda.
They were watching the game after school. Eles estavam assistindo ao jogo depois da escola.
I was doing the dishes when my parents arrived. Eu estava lavando a louça quando meus pais chegaram.
My dad was going to the store with my mom. Meu pai estava indo para a loja com minha mãe.
He was walking his dog at the park. Ele estava caminhando com seu cachorro no parque.
We were learning English fast. Nós estávamos aprendendo inglês rapidamente.
They were playing the guitar at the concert. Elas estavam tocando guitarra no show.
He was working at the theater. Ele estava trabalhando no teatro.
It was raining really heavy. Estava chovendo muito forte.
They were eating pasta in the restaurant. Eles estavam comendo macarrão no restaurante.
She was presenting the geography paper. Ela estava apresentando o trabalho de geografia.
We were chatting with our friends Estávamos conversando com nossos amigos.
Negative Negativo
She wasn’t watching the soap opera. Ela não estava assistindo a novela.
He wasn’t cleaning his room. Ele não estava limpando o seu quarto.
They weren’t preparing the meals. Eles não estavam preparando as refeições.
We weren’t studying for the test. Não estávamos estudando para a prova.
My boss wasn’t feeling well yesterday. Meu chefe não estava se sentindo bem ontem.
I wasn’t following the rules. Eu não estava seguindo as regras.
Were you traveling with your family? Você estava viajando com sua família?
Was he applying for a new job? Ele estava se candidatando para um novo trabalho?
Was she swimming in the pool? Ela estava nadando na piscina?
Was it working properly? Estava funcionando devidamente?
Were they feeling well? Eles estavam se sentindo bem?
Were you baking a cake? Vocês estavam assando um bolo?
18
Conversation 1
Nick – Hi, Joe what were you doing yesterday?
Joe – Hello, Nick. I was studying Japanese with my brother.
Nick – Oh, great. Were you teaching him?
Joe – No I wasn’t. I was learning from him.
Nick – I didn’t know your brother knew how to speak Japanese.
Joe – Well, he and his wife were living in Tokyo last year, so they learned.
Conversation 2
Jane – Kate, I noticed you were talking to the teacher about the test.
Kate – Yes, I was trying to make him change his mind to apply the test on
Friday or next week.
Jane – Was he agreeing with you when he nodded?
Kate – Not really, He was nodding on his affirmation, not mine.
Jane – Oh girl, we better be prepared then because he wasn’t playing around.
Kate – No, he wasn’t. He was pretty serious about the test.
Spelling rules for –ing form
Eat – eating. Comer Make – making. Fazer

Drink – drinking Beber Write – Writing. Escrever
Speak – speaking Falar Ride – riding. Montar/Andar (cavalo/Bicicleta…)
Do – doing Fazer Hope – hoping. Esperar (desejar)
Study – studying Estudar Agree – agreeing. Concordar
Play – playing Jogar/Brincar See – seeing Ver
Work – working Trabalhar Die – dying Morrer
Cook – cooking Cozinhar Tie – tying Amarrar
Learn – learning Aprender Lie – lying Mentir
Jump – jumping Pular Sit – sitting Sentar
Build – building Construir Cut – cutting Cortar
Walk – walking Caminhar Stop – stopping Parar
Make 5 sentences in the past continuous with the verbs given above:
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
19
PRACTICE
A – Unscramble the sentences below and make affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences.
Jason / cook / for his friends / was / dinner.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
Pat and Jorge / to London / traveling / were.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
playing / on the weekend / They / soccer / were.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
a movie / Sam / was / last night / watching.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
to music / listening / The kids / were / arrived / when / we.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
fun / The people / having / a lot of / were / at the park.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
7 – gave / eating / I / The dog / the bone / was.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
20
PRACTICE
B- Complete the paragraph with the verbs in parentheses.
Last month I was (travel) to Hawaii with my Family and we didn’t have a good time at a restaurant
there. We were (have) breakfast and the waiter spilled some coffee on us When he was .
(serve) at the table. He wasn’t (pay) attention to what the was (do).
So, we were really upset because we were (go) downtown right after breakfast.
Jack smith
C – Answer the question according to the text above:
1- Where were Jack and his family last month?
2- Were they having dinner at the restaurant?
3- Where were they going after eating?
4- What did the waiter spill on them?
5- Were they happy with the waiter?
D – Complete the sentences below with the verbs given and the correct form of the verb to be:
1- John and Bob ____________________ (tell) their friends a funny story about their trip.
2- I _______________________________ (do) the laundry when my phone rang.
3- Susie ___________________________ (listen) to music last night.
4- My friend and I ____________________ (have) dinner at home when the lights went off.
5- The cops _________________________ (run) after the thieves who robbed a bank
E – Answer the question below about your own information.
1 What were you doing at this time yesterday?
2 Where were your parents living before they got married?
3 Where were you traveling to on your last vacation?
21
LESSON 07
THERE TO BE - PRESENT
Verbs (Expression) Verbos (Expressão)
There is Há, tem, existe
There are Há, têm , existem
There is a car on the street. Há um carro na rua.
There are cars on the street. Há carros na rua.
There is a man walking his dog. Tem um homem passeando com seu cachorro.
There are two men walking their dogs. Há dois homens passeando com seus cachorros.
There is something I need to tell you. Há algo que preciso te dizer.
There are some things I need to tell you. Há algumas coisas que preciso te dizer.
There is a book in the box. Existe um livro na caixa.
There are books in the box. Existem livros na caixa.
There is one student in the classroom. Tem um aluno na sala de aula.
There are thirty students in the classroom. Há trinta alunos na sala de aula.
There’s some milk in the fridge. Há leite na geladeira.
There are many people working today. Há muitas pessoas trabalhando hoje.
There’s only one way to do that. Há apenas uma forma de fazer isso.
There are some options for you. Existem algumas opções para você.
There’s only one thing to do. Há apenas uma coisa a fazer.
There are forty people applying for the position. Há quarenta pessoas se candidatando para a vaga.
There is a book on your desk. Tem um livro na sua mesa.
There are at least 200 people there. Há pelo menos 200 pessoas lá.
There’s a new movie coming up. Tem um filme novo a ser lançado.
There are two buildings next to my house. Há dois prédios ao lado da minha casa.
Negative Negativo
There isn’t a car on the street. Não há um carro na rua.
There aren’t cars on the street. Não há carros na rua.
There isn’t anyone in the park. Não há ninguém no parque.
There aren’t twenty-five players in the field. Não tem vinte e cinco jogadores no campo.
There is nothing to tell you. Não há nada pra te dizer.
There aren’t enough people to help. Não tem pessoas o suficiente para ajudar.
There’s not a book in the box. Não existe um livro na caixa.
The are not books in the box. Não tem livros na caixa.
Is there a car on the street? Há um carro na rua?
Are there cars on the street? Há carros na rua?
Is there anyone in the park? Tem alguém no parque?
Are there twenty-five players in the field? Tem vinte e cinco jogadores no campo?
Is there any chance of winning? Há alguma chance de ganhar?
Are there enough people to help? Tem pessoas o suficiente para ajudar?
Is there a book in the box? Existe um livro na caixa?
Are there books in the box? Tem livros na caixa?
22
Conversation 1
Bob – Hey, Jack. I’m feeling like watching a movie. Is there a good one on TV?
Jack – Yes, there is. There is a nice action movie playing tonight.
Bob – Nice. Let’s order some food then and watch the movie. Are there any nice
places to order good sandwiches around here?
Jack – Yes, there are. Actually, there is a nice one right across the street. I have
a friend who works there.
Bob – Awesome. Is there a menu so I can choose the food?
Jack – Yes, there is. I’m calling my friend right now to ask for the menu.
Conversation 2
Bella – Claire, what is there to do in your city?

Claire – Well, there are many places to go. There is a mall, a theater, a park,
there are a few clubs but there isn’t any nightlife bar.
Bella – That’s fantastic. I’ll love it. Are there places to work out?
Claire – Yes, there are many gyms in the city. But there aren’t any gyms around
my house.
Bella – That’s ok. We can walk to the gym.
Claire – Sounds like fun to me.
Common mistakes with there is and there are
When we are talking about things or people that exist or we see in a place we don’t use the verb “have”. E.g:
*Have a person in the living room. (Tem uma pessoa na sala de estar). – Wrong
There’s a person in the living room. (Tem uma pessoa na sala de estar). – Correto
The verb “have”, as a main verb, is used to mention possession only or it can be used as an auxiliary verb for
the perfect verb tense.
Another mistake even native speakers make is about the wrong subject-verb agreement when it comes to
number and quantifiers. E.g:
*There’s a lot of people at the mall. (Há muitas pessoas no shopping). – Wrong
There are a lot of people at the mall. (Há muitas pessoas no shopping). – Correct
Now, write five sentences with there is and there are about things you see around you:
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
23
PRACTICE
A – Translate the sentences below into affirmative, negative and interrogative forms.
Há muita poluição nas cidades grandes.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
Tem um clube novo que podemos ir aos finais de semana.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
Tem alguém aqui para me ajudar a descarregar a mercadoria.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
Tem dois homens estranhos do lado de fora da loja.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
Tem uma prateleira bonita no quarto.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
Tem um cinema moderno nesta cidade.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
7 – Há vinte e cinco estudantes de inglês para fazer a prova.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
24
PRACTICE
B- Complete this conversation at a hotel with there is, there are, there isn’t e there aren’t.
Tourist - Excuse me, __________ an ATM machine around here?

Concierge - Yes, one right across from the drugstore. Go straight down the street for about
two blocks and then turn left on Oak Rd. You will see it on your right hand side.
Tourist – Ok, and good restaurants near the hotel? We’re hungry and need to find a place to eat.
Concierge – Yes, many of them. Take a look at these menus here and _ the
address for each one of them.
Tourist – Perfect, I really appreciate it. And one last question. a grocery store on this street?
Concierge – No, . Actually, no grocery stores in this neighborhood. You’ll have to go downtown to
find one.
C – Choose the right alternative for the sentences below:
1- many people at the newstand to get the new sport magazine.

a) There is b) There c) There are
2- a group of workers willing to go on strike due to low-wage jobs.
a) There b) There are c) There is
3- a lost dog wandering on the street for hours.
a) Have b) There is c) There are
4- How many people at the party?
a) Is there b) have c) are there

5-_____ any food left in the fridge. We need to go grocery shopping.
a) There aren’t b) There isn’t c) There have
D – Look at the picture and write sentences about what you see using there is and there are.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
25
LESSON 08
THERE TO BE - PAST
Verbs (Expression) Verbos (Expressão)
There was Havia, tinha, existia
There were Havia, tinha , existiam
There was someone in the office. Havia alguém no escritório.
There were many people at the mall Havia muitas pessoas no shopping.
There was a dog to be adopted. Tinha um cachorro para ser adotado.
There were two men fixing the car. Havia dois homens consertando o carro.
There was something I needed to tell you. Havia algo que eu tinha para te contar.
There were forty-five students in class. Havia quarenta e cinco estudantes na aula.
There was a book in the box. Tinha um livro na caixa.
There were thirty-eight books in the box. Tinha trinta e oito livros na caixa.
There was only one car to be sold. Havia apenas um carro para ser vendido.
There were some fruits left. Tinha algumas frutas sobrando.
There was some milk in the fridge. Havia leite na geladeira.
There were 2 vacancies until yesterday. Existiam duas vagas até ontem.
There was only one option. Existia apenas uma opção.
There were some options for you. Tinha algumas opções para você.
There was a cat on the couch. Havia um gato no sofá.
There were 2 dogs barking at us. Tinha dois cachorros latindo para nós.
There was a nice place downtown. Tinha um local bacana no centro da cidade.
There was a cheap store in Bridgewater. Havia um loja barata em Bridgewater.
There were many places to visit. Tinha vários locais para visitar.
There were two different paths to choose. Existiam dois caminhos para escolher.
Negative Negativo
There wasn’t anyone in the office. Não havia ninguém no escritório.
There weren’t many people at the mall. Não tinha muitas pessoas no shopping.
There wasn’t a dog to be adopted. Não havia um cachorro para ser adotado.
There weren’t two men fixing the car. Não tinha dois homens consertando o carro.
There was nothing I needed to tell you. Não tinha nada para eu te contar..
There weren’t forty-five students in class. Não havia quarenta e cinco estudantes na aula.
There wasn’t a book in the box. Não existia um livro na caixa.
There weren’t thirty-eight books in the box Não havia trinta e oito livros na caixa.
Was there a car on the street? Havia um carro na rua?
Were there cars on the street? Tinha carros na rua?
Was there anyone in the park? Havia alguém no parque?
Were there twenty-five players in the field? Havia vinte e cinco jogadores no campo?
Was there any chance of winning? Existia alguma chance de vencer?
Were there enough people to help? Tinha pessoas o suficiente para ajudar?
Was there a book in the box? Existia um livro na caixa?
Were there books in the box? Tinha livros na caixa?
26
Conversation 1
Ray – How’s it going, Larry? What did you do yesterday?

Larry – Hey, Ray. I drove to the beach. There was a rock concert there yesterday.
Ray – Wow, that’s so cool. Were there many people at the concert?
Larry – Oh yeah, there were about two thousand people there. I think it was because
there was a new band playing their new rock style.
Ray – I don’t believe I missed this show, I love rock music.
Larry – How about you? Why weren’t you able to go?
Ray – Well, there were some relatives over.
Conversation 2
Bella – Claire, what was there to do in Boston?

Claire – Well, there were many places to go. There was this incredible mall we went to and
we shopped till we dropped. There were also many fun places to go.
Bella – What a shame I didn’t go there with you. Were there places to enjoy nature?
Claire – Sure there were. They care a lot about green so, there was Much green to see.
Bella – One last thing. Were there many foreigners where you stayed?
Claire – Yep, there were many of them. Boston is a touristic city here many people go to.
Reading comprehension and culture.
Have you seen the movie “Titanic”? Have you ever wondered what was actually there on it?
We investigated and found that there were many lifeboats but there were 2000 passengers when it sailed from
Southampton, so definitely there weren’t enough boats for everybody.
Of course there was an enormous difference between the traveling conditions among the classes of passengers. For
example, in first and second class there was a varied library, where there were many tables where passengers wrote
letters to their families, or sit comfortably to read or write on their diaries. For men, there was a nice barbershop;
there was also a dark room with all the materials to develop photos, because photography was a very new hobby.
There was a gymnasium and a swimming pool with salt water too. If passengers wanted to relax, they could go to
the deck, where there were a lot of chairs to lie down and rest. On board, there were hundreds of men who liked
to gamble and, of course, there were a lot of them playing cards or board games. Maybe some of them would go
and smoke a cigar since there was also a smoking room on the ship. There was even a newspaper on board “The
Atlantic Daily Bulletin”. All the entertainment was there only for first and second class passengers, the ones in third
class had to invent it by themselves. There were songs and some dancing.
There were a lot of pets traveling with their owners. There were nine dogs, four hens and roosters, 30 cockerels,
one yellow canary and the ship’s cat named Jenny. Five of the dogs stayed with their owners in their cabins. After
the Titanic went down, only three dogs and a canary survived the sinking.
Adapted text from BBC (2004) Life a board [electronic document]. Last retrieved on September 15th, 2016 from https://www.bbc.co.uk/
southampton/features/titanic/onboard1.shtml
Extracted from: https://avi.cuaed.unam.mx/repositorio/moodle/pluginfile.php/49/mod_resource/content/32/contenido/

index.html
27
PRACTICE
1. Havia 15 funcionários de férias.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
2. Tinha muitas lojas de roupas naquele shopping.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
3. Existia um grande supermercado neste bairro.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
4. Existiam diferentes formas de viajar no passado.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
5. Tinha duas pessoas procurando por você.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
6. Havia um grande lago aqui antes da cidade ser construída..

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
7 – Existiam várias provas sobre conspirações na segunda guerra mundial..

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
28
PRACTICE
B- Complete this conversation with there was, there were, there wasn’t e there weren’t.
A – Hi Vic. How was your trip to the USA?

B – It was pretty nice Josh. But when I got to the hotel I was thirsty but any bottle of water at the front desk.
A – I don’t believe it!! a vending machine at the lobby?
B – Yes, . But many people working at that day so anyone to fill the empty slots of the machine.
A – Well, it’s a hotel so They need to have more people available to work. I’m sure other people dealing with the
same problem you had.
B – Yes, many others complaining about the service and some of them were complaining because all the
items offered on their website.
C – Choose the right alternative for the sentences below:
1- many people at the newstand to get the morning newspaper.

a) There was b) There c) There were
2- a group of workers willing to go on strike due low-wage jobs.
a) There is b) There were c) There was
3- a lost dog wandering on the street for hours.
a) Have b) There was c) There were
4- How many people at the party?
a) was there b) had c) were there
5- any food left in the fridge. We had to go grocey shopping.
a) There weren’t b) There had c) There was
D – Now, tell us about things there was and there weren’t at a hotel you stayed recently.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
29
LESSON 09
CAUSATIVE VERBS
Verbs Verbos (Expressão)
To let Deixar / Permitir
To make Fazer / Obrigar
To help Ajudar
To have Ter
To get Fazer / Obrigar / Conseguir
To want Querer
To ask Pedir / Perguntar
To tell Contar / Dizer
I usually let my kids stay out late. Geralmente deixo meus filhos ficarem até tarde fora.
She always makes them do the dishes. Ela sempre faz eles lavar as louças.
They have their hair cut at the barber. Eles cortam o cabelo deles na barbearia.
He gets his kids to help him with his tasks. Ele faz com seus filhos o ajudem com as tarefas dele.
My wife is always telling me to quit smoking. Minha esposa está sempre me dizendo para parar de fumar.
My parents want me to study law. Meus pais querem que eu faça faculdade de direito.
They need to ask me to go to the bank for them. Eles precisam me pedir para ir ao banco para eles.
My kids help me clean the house. Meus filhos me ajudam a limpar a casa.
They help him to wash the car. Eles o ajudam a lavar o carro.
He asked his friend to help him. Ele pediu aos seus amigos para ajudar ele.
We told them to stop drinking when driving. Falamos para ele parar de beber quando estiver dirigindo.
The cops let the robbers get away. Os policiais deixaram que os bandidos escapassem.
The girls had their nails done before the wedding. As garotas tiveram suas unhas feitas antes do casamento.
You make your kids study hard. Você faz seus filhos estudarem bastante.
They get their parents to do the grocery shopping. Eles pedem para seus pais fazerem a feira.
She tells her boyfriend to call her often. Ela diz a seu namorado para ligar pra ela frequentemente.
Negative Negativo
They don’t have their hair cut at the barber. Eles não cortam o cabelo deles na barbearia.
He Doesn’t get his kids to help him with his tasks. Ele não faz com seus filhos o ajudem com as tarefas dele.
My parents don’t want me to study law. Meus pais não querem que eu faça faculdade de direito.
They don’t need to ask me to go to the bank for them. Eles não precisam me pedir para ir ao banco para eles.
My kids don’t help me clean the house. Meus filhos não me ajudam a limpar a casa.
They don’t help him to wash the car. Eles não o ajudam a lavar o carro.
He didn’t ask his friend to help him. Ele não pediu aos seus amigos para ajudar ele.
We didn’t tell them to stop drinking.when driving. Não falamos para ele parar de beber quando estiver dirigindo.
You don’t make your kids study hard. Você não faz seus filhos estudarem bastante.
Interrogativo
Interrogative
Eles cortam o cabelo deles na barbearia?
Do they have their hair cut at the barber? Ele faz com seus filhos o ajudem com as tarefas dele?
Does he get his kids to help him with his tasks? Meus pais querem que eu faça faculdade de direito?
Do my parentes want me to study law? Eles precisam me pedir para ir ao banco para eles?
Do they need to ask me to go to the bank for them? Meus filhos me ajudam a limpar a casa?
Do my kids help me clean the house? Eles o ajudam a lavar o carro?
Do they help him to wash the car? Ele pediu aos seus amigos para ajudar ele?
Did he ask his friend to help him? Falamos para ele parar de beber quando estiver dirigindo?
Did we tell them to stop drinking? when driving? Você faz seus filhos estudarem bastante?
Do you make your kids study hard?
30
Conversation 1
Ray – Yesterday was a hard day for me at school.

Larry – My mom made me help her with the chores.
Ray – Oh, don’t say that! My parents are always asking me to do the chores.
Larry – And then, they didn’t let me go to the manicure to get my nails done.
Ray – Are you kidding? We have to get our nails done because we’re going to the party
on Friday. I’ll try to have the manicure come over.
Larry – That’d be fantastic.
Ray – By the way, let me use your phone to ask them to come.
Conversation 2
Bella – Claire, why didn’t you call me last night?

Claire – I’m sorry, Bella. My boss asked me to work overtime and I didn’t get the chance
to make a phone call to you.
Bella – Oh, I understand. Why did he ask you to stay late?
Claire – Because some of our customers told him if we don’t deliver the project on time,
They will have to get another company to supply them.
Bella – Well, They’re really tough to deal with.
Claire – Yes, and then they wanted me to help them accomplish the job well.
Read the statements below and circle the causative verbs presented.
1. My parents have their own company. You know, They sell all different kinds of bottled water. And they want me to get
involved in that and be part of it. Like, my mom wants me to learn more about bottled water and everything. I’m not
really into it but... mom says she’ll teach me all about it when I finish college. She really wants me to work with her.
2. I’m an engineering student. School’s good, but it’s pretty difficult, you know? I mean, I have classes and then I work
part-time too, so I never seem to have much time for anything else. My parents are always complaining because they
don’t see me very often. I mean, they get me to go home for every holiday, but they also want us to talk more on the
phone, like once a week, too.
3. I really have to do some thinking about what I’m going to do with my life. You see, I want to see the world before I get
a real job. I never get the chance to go anywhere. But my parents always let me make my own decisions, like they
didn’t make me go to college or anything. The only thing they worry about is that I won’t find someone and they won’t
have grandchildren, you know, that I’ll never settle down and have kids. They’re always telling me to think about the
future.
4. My parentes are trying to get me to go back to Toronto – they really want me to be closer to them. They’re
getting older, you know, and they don’t want me to live so far away. When I visit them, They have me fix things around
the house and help out. So yeah, it’d be good to be like na hour’s drive from them or something. I told my mom I was
thinking of moving, and she said, “Oh great. I’ll help you find a nice apartment near here.” And I said, “Mom, I don’t
mean I’m going to be your neighbor!”.
5.I’m in a rock band, you know. I play the drums. We perform almost every weekend at clubs around town. It’s fun! My
parents are Ok with it.... After all, they paid for my music lessons When I was a kid, and made me practice, too! But they
don’t like how I look, I mean, my clothes, and long hair and everything. They just don’t think I dress well, so they’re
Always trying to get me to change the way I look.
31
PRACTICE
1. Meus pais não permitem que eu fiquei fora até tarde.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
2. Eles me fazem voltar para casa às 10h00.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
3. Rebecca faz seus filhos llimparem a casa todos os dias.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
4. Quero estudar direito mas meus pais querem que eu faça enganharia.
Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
5. Meu irmão não permite que eu fique com o controle remoto.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
6. Minha esposa vive me pedindo para dirigir mais devagar.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
7 – Minha mãe não conseguiu me fazer comer os vegetais.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
32
PRACTICE
B- Choose the correct verbs to complete the sentences.
1. When I was a young boy, my brothers me walk downtown by myself. (got / let)
2. My mom always made me_________to bed early. (go / to go)
3. My mother couldn’t__________me to eat vegetables. I was a picky eater! (make / get)
4. My cousin never lets me________his cell phone. (use / to use)
5. My parentes__________ me to spend more time with them. (want / have)
6. My girlfriend is always telling me more exercise. (get / to get)
Causative
7 I always my maid make dinner before she leaves. (have / get)
verbs
8 Do you think kids their parents do the dishes. (get / help)
9. My parents always say they want me happy, not rich. (to be / be)
10. I usually my parents know when I stay out late. (let / have)
C – Match the first column to the second column:
1 My teacher asks me do the chores of the house.
2 I sometimes help my mother to do my homework.
3 Jeff had his brother cousin help him with his homework.
4 Barbara Always tells others to do the dishes after dinner.
5 I don’t like When my mother makes me to try new things.
D – Complete the sentences with your own information:
1) My boss wants me to __________________________________________________________________________
2) My wife often asks me __________________________________________________________________________
3) The teacher sometimes has us __________________________________________________________________
4) I always tell my sister __________________________________________________________________________
5) I don’t get my relatives _________________________________________________________________________
6) Grandparents should let their grandchildren _________________________________________________________
7) My neighbors sometimes help me ________________________________________________________________
8) I can’t get my co-workers _______________________________________________________________________
9) My kids always have me ________________________________________________________________________
10) I’m Always telling my friends _____________________________________________________________________
In conversation people say ‘‘help + verb’’

10 times more than ‘‘verb + to + verb’’
33
LESSON 10 - QUARTER TEST II
Bob’s job.
When Bob was working as a cop, there was always something to deal with.
His coworkers were requesting him to get all the reports done for the cases
they had.
Cases of robbery were increasing in the city, which made him work more.
There were many cases about bank robbery at that time.
Bob was getting worried about that and proposed hiring more cops to help
them.
The police chief was also planning to bring more cops to the Corporation but
there was an issue to solve. The candidates for the selection had to be from
the surroundings counties because the limit of hiring in their county was
reached.
So, now there is a selection process for the recruitment and there are many
candidates already. There’s also a fee the candidate has to pay to
participate. There are 2 tests for those chosen which are the written and a
physical test. Bob had his request worked out the way he thought.
A- Answer the questions about the text above:
1 What was Bob working as?
2 What was the request from his coworkers?
3 Which cases of robbery were increasing in the city?
4 What was the police chief planning to do?
5 Are there many candidates for the recruitment?
6 Are there any tests to be applied for the position?
B- Write down at least 5 sentences from the text which present causative verbs:
34
LESSON 11
QUANTIFIERS
Quantifiers
Much Muito / Muita
Many Muitos / Muitas
A lot of Muitos(as) / Muito(a)
A few Alguns / Algumas
Few Poucos / Poucas
A little Um pouco
Little Pouco / Pouca
I have much work to do today. We Tenho muito trabalho para fazer hoje.
have many friends at school. Temos muitos amigos na escola.
There are a lot of workers at the construction. Há muitos trabalhadores na construção.
She has a few friends who help her out. Ela tem alguns amigos que ajudam ela.
Josh has few foreign friends. Josh tem poucos amigos estrangeiros.
They drank a little water yesterday. Eles beberam um pouco de água ontem.
They drank little water yesterday. Eles beberam pouca água ontem.
We need a lot of money to travel to theUSA. Precisamos de muito dinheiro para viajar para os EUA.
They bought a lot of things at the mall. Eles compraram muitas coisas no shopping.
She has much money in her purse. Ela tem muito dinheiro na bolsa dela.
He traveled for many days. Ele viajou por muitos dias.
The company hired a few employees. A companhia empregou alguns funcionários.
There were few people at the park due to the pandemic.Havia poucas pessoas no parque devido à pandemia.
They save a little money every month. Elas poupam um pouco de dinheiro todo mês.
Tínhamos pouco dinheiro para gastar no parque de diversão.
We had little money to spend at the amusementpark.
Muitas pessoas se infectaram pelo vírus.
A lof of people got infected by the virus.
Negative Negativo
He doesn’t have much money to go out. Ele não tem muito dinheiro para sair.
I didn’t have many tools to fix the car. Eu não tinha muitas ferramentas para consertar o carro.
My parents don’t buy a lot of things. Meus pais não compram muitas coisas.
There is no much sugar on the cake. Não há muito açúcar no bolo.
She doesn’t have many issues to solve. Ela não tem muitos problemas para solucionar.
I don’t take many items when I go camping. Eu não levo muitos items quando vou acampar.
We don’t have a lot of fruits in the fridge. Não temos muitas frutas na geladeira.
They don’t have a lot of relatives abroad. Eles não têm muitos parentes no exterior.
You don’t have to make noise when cooking. Você não tem que fazer barulho quando estiver cozinhando.
How much water do you drink every day? Quanta água você bebe todos os dias?
How many glasses of water do you drink every day? Quantos copos de água você bebe todos os dias?
How many siblings do you have? Quantos irmãos você tem?
How much money do you need? Quanto dinheiro você precisa?
How many people were there at the party? Quantas pessoas havia na festa?
How much pollution can a car emit? Quanta poluição um carro emite?
How much time do you need for the test? Quanto tempo você precisa para a prova?
How many students are there in your class? Quantos estudantes tem na sua sala?
How many English books do you have? Quantos livros de inglês você tem?
35
Conversation 1
Michael – Nathan, I didn’t buy much milk this week, Can you get me some if you have?.
Nathan – Sorry Michael, I have little milk in the fridge.
Michael – That’s ok, I need to go to the grocery shop anyway to get a few things.
Nathan – As you’re going grocery shopping, do you mind buying some more milk for me?
Michael – Sure, I don’t mind it at all. I have a lot of time today and I can also get a few more
things if you need.
Nathan – Oh, I appreciate Michael, but I have little money on me so, let’s stick to the plan.
Michael – Ok then, but if you change your mind, give me a call.
Conversation 2
Sarah – Peter, How many bottles of wine do you have in your house?
Peter – I have a few bottles left from the last party we had. Do you need some?
Sarah – Yeah, I don’t have much wine here. I have only few bottles.
Peter – Last time I went to the liquor store I bought I lot of wine because I use little wine on
my recipes, so I always need to have a little wine in the fridge.
Sarah – That’s something I need to have in mind. I never buy enough.
Peter – By the way, how much is enough for you? Try to get many bottles on your next
shopping.
Some other quantifiers you can use with countable and uncountable nouns.
all some more a lot of enough
no any most lots of less
– I have to talk to all of them to make sure they understand what I’m saying.
– I have no money at all to buy what I need.
– There are some people waiting for me at the office.
– Do you have any children? I don’t have any.
– People need to have more friends in their lives. Quantifiers
– The child has to drink more milk.
– New York has the most sightseeings in the world. Much / Many
– I don’t have enough time to study at home. Few / Little
– There are enough players in the field.
– Usually seniors have less work to do then Juniors.
– After the pandemic, there are less people on the streets.
A FEW = Poucos/Poucas/Alguns; Funciona na A LITTLE = Pouco/Pouca; Funciona na ideia de

ideia de que é pouco, porém aceitável. (Para que é pouco, porém aceitável. (Para incontáveis)
contáveis)
FEW = Poucos/Poucas; insuficiente; LITTLE = Pouco/Pouca; insuficiente; poderia

poderiam ser mais. (Para contáveis) ser mais. (Para incontáveis)
36
PRACTICE
A – Complete the sentences with the correct qunatniftiefiresrs:
1- I don’t have money to buy that house. I have only half of it

a) much b) many c) a few d) enough
2- She has pair of shoes in her closet. Now she wants to give some away.
a) a little b) much c) enough d) many
3- David is buying milk for the cats and he shouldn’t.
a) much b) a little c) many d) few
4- I only have time fo spend with my family over the weekends.
a) a lot of b) a few c) a little d) much
5- Is there unemployment in your city?
a) much b) some c) less d) many

6- How money do you need to buy this car?
a) less b) many c) much d) little
7- How cars are there in the parking lot?
a) Many b) enough c) much d) lots of
8- Was there food for everyone at the party? Yes, there was. Every one was satisfied.
a) A lot of b) much c) enough d) a few
9- It rained very last summer, that’s why we didn’t have green.
a) Few / many b) much / less c) little / much d) a lot of / enough
10- of the employees in the company got a gift from the director.
a) Much b) a lot c) less d) most
B- Complete the Paragraph with the words given in the box.
most enough few much

little enough a few some
Few years ago I went to a county in the states of New Hampshire and I noticed that very people
were wearing heavy clothes in the winter. There was snow all over the place and
people didn’t feel the cold. I was astonished by it. So, I went to a clothing store to buy extra clothes and I saw a
small kid looking at the jackets but seeming to have money. I got close to him and I asked if he had
money to buy any jacket and he sadly said he didn’t. Well, I had money to buy my clothes
and also his. Then I bought him a jacket and I asked him to choose pair of socks. He was so happy at
that moment.
37
PRACTICE
C- Translate the sentences below:
1 Não tem muito leite na geladeira.
2 Às vezes bebo pouca água porque não tenho tempo de parar.
3 Temos um pouco de tempo sobrando. Vamos tomar um café.
4 Você ainda tem algumas coisas pra fazer, vai ter que trabalhar hora extra.
5 Muitas pessoas estão trabalhando de casa este ano.
6 Poucos trabalhadores estão indo trabalhar no escritório.
7 Há muitas frutas na fruteira. Pegue algumas para levar para escola.
8 Quanto dinheiro você precisa para viajar o mundo?
9 Quantas cidades há em seu estado?
10 Eu preciso de um pouco de descanso.
D – Now it’s your turn to make sentences with the quantifiers learned:
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
38
LESSON 12
WILL – SIMPLE FUTURE
Verbs
I will study Eu estudarei.
You will play Você brincara.
She will go Ela irá.
He will travel Ele viajará.
It will fall Cairá.
We will learn Nós aprenderemos.
They will run Eles(as) correrão.
I’ll travel to the USA next year. Viajarei para os EUA próximo ano.
We’ll go to the stadium on Sunday. Nós iremos ao estádio no domingo.
He will buy a new car when he gets the money. Ele comprará um carro novo quando conseguir o dinheiro.
She’ll go to the club with her friends. Ela irá para o clube com os amigos dela.
Danny will play checkers with his dad. Danny jogará damas com o pai dele.
They’ll need another job. Eles precisarão de um outro trabalho.
We’ll learn English fast at Aliança. Aprenderemos inglês rapidamente na Aliança.
They boys will run the marathon. Os garotos correrão na maratona.
I’ll fall if anyone ties it up. Isso cairá se ninguém amarrar.
You’ll need some help to accomplish the tasks. Você precisará de ajuda para realizar as tarefas.
He’ll sell his house next month. Ele venderá a casa dele próximo mês.
I’ll help him with his homework. Eu o ajudarei com o dever de casa.
She will walk her dog at night. Ele caminhará com seu cachorro à noite.
They’ll apply for the position. Eles se canditarão para a vaga.
The company will hire more employees this month. A companhia empregará mais funcionários este mês.
It will rain tomorrow. Choverá amanhã.
Negative Negativo
He will not be able to work tomorrow. Ele não conseguirá trabalhar amanhã.
I won’t drive to work today. Não irei para o trabalho de carro
She won’t graduate if she keeps missing classes. Ela não se formará se continuar faltando às aulas.
There won’t be a party for us. Não haverá festa para nós.
They won’t play soccer this weekend. Eles não jogarão futebol neste final de semana.
You won’t play vídeo game if you don’t do your chores. Você não jogará vídeo game se não fizer as tarefas de casa.
We won’t go to the restaurant this month. Não iremos ao restaurante este mês.
It won’t work properly without maintenance. Não funcionará propriamente sem manutenção.
We will not do it without your permission. Não faremos isso sem sua permissão.
Will you buy me a snack? I’m hungry. Você vai comprar um lancha pra mim? Estou com fome.
Will she learn English at Aliança America? Ela aprenderá inglês na Aliança América?
Will we do the job with the other workers. Faremos o trabalho com os outros
Will the school be opened on holidays? trabalhadores? A escola estará aberta nos
Will They bring me the items I asked? feriados?
Will you lend me some money? Eles me trarão os items que solicitei?
Will you pay me back in 10 days? Você me emprestará algum dinheiro?
Will he ask her to marry him? Você me pagará em 10 dias?
Will she accept his apologies? Ele pedirá em em casamento?
Ela aceitará suas desculpas?
39
Conversation 1
Greg - Hello Paul. I have a challenge for you. Will you accept it?
Paul - Yes, I will. I’ll never run from a challenge. What is it?
Greg - It’s a tongue twister. Let’s do it?
Paul - Oh yeah. Which one will it be?
Greg - It will be the one about the word “CAN”. You’ll have to say it fast!
Paul - Sounds good. Will you do it first to show me how it is?
Greg - Sure I will. “Can you can a can as a canner can can a can”?
Paul - I won’t do it the way you said. I’ll do it like this...
Conversation 2
Sarah – Peter, I won’t be able to work tomorrow because I’ll have to go to the doctor.
Peter – Ok Sarah. What’s wrong with you? Are you feeling sick?
Sarah – Not really. I’ll just run some exams to make sure my health is fine.
Peter – I understand. Will you need someone to cover you while you’re off?
Sarah – No, I won’t. I antecipated some tasks this morning.
Peter – Thank goodness. Well, I definitely hope everything goes ok with your exams.
One last question – Will you bring me a medical statement not to deduct the day from
your payment?
Sarah – Yes, I will. Don’t worry.
Remember: *There’s no variation when conjugate “will” with the subjects:
I will I’ll I will not I’ll not I won’t W ill I?

You will You’ll You will not You’ll not You won’t W ill you?
He will He’ll He will not He’ll not He won’t W ill he?
She will She’ll She will not She’ll not She won’t W ill she?
It will It’ll It will not It’ll not It won’t Will it?
W e will We’ll We will not We’ll not W e won’t W ill we?
They will They’ll They will not They’ll not They won’t W ill they?
CURIOSITY
Will, will Will will Will Will’s will?
Will (a person), will (future tense helping verb) Will (a second person) will (bequeath) [to] Will (a third
person) Will’s (the second person) will (a document)? (Someone asked Will 1 directly if Will 2 plans
to bequeath his own will, the document, to Will 3.)
40
PRACTICE
A – Rewrite the sentences using the simple future auxiliary “Will”.
1- Susie goes to the movies on Sunday
2- They work every Friday from now on.
3- Peter buys a house for his mom and dad.
4- I lend some money to my siblings.
5- She uses her husband’s car to go to work.
B- Correct the mistakes in the sentences below:
1 Jeff will travels to the USA with his family.
2 Do you will work for this company next year?
3 We wills buy a new car because ours is getting old.
4 Jane and Mary will sell all the crop of this season to Europe?
5 According to the weather forecast, it’s will rain tomorrow.
C- Write sentences about your future:
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
41
PRACTICE
D- Translate the sentences below:
1 Buscarei minhas filhas no colégio depois do trabalho.
2 Irei ao supermercado para fazer a feira e comprar uma nova mesa.
3 Viajarei para Paris no ano que vem.
4 Você ajudará sua mãe com as tarefas de casa esse final de semana?
5 No próximo ano eu vou me formar e depois vou fazer uma grande festa.
6 Algumas pessoas irão trabalhar na obra aos domingos.
7 Ela vai visitar sua irmã no Reino Unido.
8 A vacina vai salvar toda população mundial?
9 Se você não ir mais devagar, você irá causar um acidente.
10 Dormirei cedo hoje pois tenho que acordar cedo para estudar para prova
E – Change the sentences into negative and interrogative forms:
1. I will work out at the gym.
Neg:
Int:
The president will give a speech at the White House Conference Center.
Neg:
Int:
3- I’ll be in the office tomorrow morning.
Neg:
Int:
42
LESSON 13
SIMPLE FUTURE – ‘‘BE GOING TO’’
Expression Expressão
To be going to Expressão auxiliar do futuro
I’m going to drink some coffee. Vou beber café
He is going to play soccer on weekends. Ele vai jogar futebol aos finais de semana.
The manager is going to fire the worker. O gerente vai demitir o trabalhador.
They are going to go to the party. Ele vão ir à festa.
My parents are going to buy me a new car. Meu pais irão comprar um carro novo para mim.
We are going to learn more at Aliança. Nós iremos aprender mais na Aliança.
We are going to drive to work. Nós iremos para o trabalho de carro.
She is going to go out with her friends. Ela irá sair com os amigos dela.
It is going to appear in the sky. Isso vai aparecer no céu.
You’re going to sell all the stocks. Vocês irão vender todas as ações.
The cars are going to block the road. Os carros irão bloquear a estrada.
He is going to attend all the classes. E vai participar de todas as aulas.
The teacher is going to give us lots of homework. O professor vai nos passar bastante dever de casa.
I’m going to sleep early today. Eu vou dormir cedo hoje.
They’re going to eat at a fancy restaurant. Eles irão comer em um restaurante chique.
We’re going to order a nice meal tonight. Vamos pedir uma refeição bacana hoje à noite.
The driver is going to take her in the morning. O motorista irá buscar ela de manhã.
The kids are going to love the trip. As crianças vão amar a viagem.
The price of gas is going to increase even more. O preço da gasolina irá aumentar ainda mais.
She is going to play wih her kids. Ela irá brincar com seus filhos.
Negative Negativo
He isn’t going to work tomorrow. Ele não irá trabalhar amanhã.
I’m not going to the party with you. Não irei para a festa com você.
She isn’t going to travel next month. Ela não irá viajar no próximo mês.
They aren’t going to keep the job. Eles não vão manter o trabalho.
We aren’t going to study law. Nós não estudaremos direito.
He isn’t going to visit his relatives in New York. Ele não visitará seus parentes em Nova Iorque.
They aren’t going to accept the rules. Eles não vão aceitar as regras.
It isn’t going to be cold tonight. Não será frio hoje à noite.
You’re not going to work with this system. Você não irá trabalhar com esse sistema.
She’s not going to be part of the team. Ela não fará parte do time.
You’re not going to go bowling today. Você não irá jogar boliche hoje.
Are you going to study French with me? Você vai estudar francês comigo?
Is he going to go to the movies this weekend? Ele irá ao cinema esse final de semana?
Are they going to write the reports today? Eles irão fazer os relatórios hoje?
Is he going to eat the soup I made? Ele irá comer a sopa que eu fiz?
Is she going to become the president next election? Ela irá se tornar a presidente na próxima eleição?
Is it going to rain more this year? Choverá mais este ano?
Are we going to get a nice gift? Nós iremos receber um presente legal?
Are you going to get your hair done? Você irá cortar o cabelo?
Is she going to go to the mall alone? Ela irá ao shopping sozinha?
43
Conversation 1
Greg - What’s up Paul? Are you going to watch the game tonight?
Paul - No much Greg. Sorry buddy, I’m not. I’m going to study for an English test tomorrow.
Greg - You’re kidding?? The Dragons are going to play. That’s the game of the year!
Paul - I know. It’s a pity I’m going to miss it but the test is important.
Greg - Yes, dude! I’m going to study as well... But only after the game.
Paul - Aren’t you going to call Mat and Doug to watch it with you?
Greg - No, I’m not. I think I’m also going to study for the test.
Paul - Great! We are going to ace it!
Conversation 2
Sarah – How are you, Peter?

Peter – I’m pretty good, Sarah. How about you?
Sarah – I’m fine, as well. Peter are you going to send the goods on the next vessel?
Peter – Yes, I am, Sarah. All the shipments are going to be load on the next vessel.
Sarah – Ok, Thank you! One more thing – Are you going to send the invoices and the
packing list with the shipment or by mail?
Peter – I’m going to send them by air so you can receive them fast
Sarah – Thank you for you cooperation!
Reading comprehension:
Daisy is a very busy woman. Tomorrow she is going to wake up very early because she has a doctor’s appointment
at 07 o’clock. After the doctor she is going to run to her office to schedule some meetings with her customers. She
is also going to try to close a very profitable deal with a company she is dealing for a while. At noon, she is going to
pick up her kids at school and take them home to have lunch. After lunch she is going to go back to her office to make
some phone calls and prepare everything for the next day. After work she is going to take her kids to an amusement
park settled near her house and she promised them she is going to ride the toys with them. They are definitely going
to have some fun!!
Answer the question according to the text. Give full answers.
1 Where is Daisy going to go very early in the morning?
2 What is she going to do in her office right after she gets there?
3 What time is she going o pick her kids up?
4 What is she going to do after lunch?
5 Where is she going to take her kids?
44
PRACTICE
A – Rewrite the sentences in the simple future using the expression “GOING TO”.
1- Susie goes to the movies on Sunday
2- They work every Friday from now on.
3- Peter buys a house for his mom and dad.
4- I lend some money to my siblings.
5- She uses her husband’s car to go to work.
1 Jeff are going to travel to the USA with his family.
2 Do you are going to work for this company next year?
3 We is going to buy a new car because ours is getting old.
4 Jane and Mary will going to sell all the crop of this season to Europe?
5 According to the weather forecast, it’s going rains tomorrow.
C- Write sentences about your future using the expression GOING TO
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
45
PRACTICE
D- Translate the sentences below using the expression GOING TO.
1 Buscarei minhas filhas no colégio depois do trabalho.
2 Irei ao supermercado para fazer a feira e comprar uma nova mesa.
3 Viajarei para Paris no ano que vem.
4 Você ajudará sua mãe com as tarefas de casa esse final de semana?
5 No próximo ano eu vou me formar e depois vou fazer uma grande festa
6 Algumas pessoas irão trabalhar na obra aos domingos.
7 Ela vai visitar sua irmã no Reino Unido.
8 A vacina vai salvar toda população mundial?
9 Se você não ir mais devagar, você irá causar um acidente.
10 Dormirei cedo hoje pois tenho que acordar cedo para estudar para prova.
E – Change the sentences into negative and interrogative forms:
I’m going to work out at the gym.

Neg:
Int:
The president is going to give a speech at the White House Conference Center.
Neg:
Int:
3- I’m going to be in the office tomorrow morning.

Neg:
Int:
46
LESSON 14
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Verb Verbo
Will be Estará
I’ll be reading a book at this time tomorrow. Eu estarei lendo um livro nesse horário amanhã.
He will be graduating by next year. Ele estará se formando no próximo ano.
The manager will be traveling by the time you get back. O gerente estará viajando quando você voltar.
They will be buying a house. Eles estarão comprando uma casa.
My parents will be celebrating their 25th anniversary. Meus pais estarão celebrando o 25º aniversário deles.
We’ll be speaking fluently by the end of the course. Estaremos falando fluentemente até o final do curso.
You’ll be driving home When I call. Você estará dirigindo de volta pra casa quando eu ligar.
She will be having a party at her house. Ela estará dando uma festa em sua casa.
It’ll be falling from the sky. Estará caindo do céu.
You’ll be drinking a hot chocolate. Você estará bebendo um chocolate quente.
They’ll be opening a new business. Eles estarão abrindo um novo negócio.
He’ll be playing on a professional team. Ele estará jogando em um time profissional.
The teacher will be applying the test. O professor estará aplicando a prova.
I’ll be sueing you over the deal you made wrongly. Eu estarei te processando sobre a negociação
They’ll be painting their house. você fez erroneamente.
We’ll be buying a mansion. Elas estarão pintando a casa nova delas.
The’ll be drinking with their families. Estaremos comprando uma mansão.
The kids will be playing on the street. Eles estarão bebendo com seus familiares.
She’ll be messing up her room. As crianças estarão brincando na rua.
He’ll be fixing the appliances at home. Ela estará bagunçando seu quarto.
She is going to play wih her kids. Ele estará consertando os eletrodomésticos em casa.
Negative Negativo
He won’t be working tomorrow. Ele não estará trabalhando amanhã.
I won’t be going to the party with you. Não estarei indo para a festa com você.
She won’t be traveling next month. Ela não estará viajando no próximo mês.
They won’t be talking to the boss. Eles não estarão falando com o chefe.
We won’t be playing at the club. Nós não estaremos tocando no clube.
He won’t be visiting his relatives in New York. Ele não estará visitando seus parentes em Nova Iorque.
They won’t be getting good grades. Eles não estarão tirando boas notas.
I hope It won’t be raining when we go there. Espero que não esteja chovendo quando formos lá.
You won’t be getting a lot of work to do. Você não estará recebendo muito trabalho para fazer.
She wont be making part of the team. Ela não estará fazendo parte do time.
You won’t be bowling with your friends today. Você não estará jogando boliche com seus amigos hoje.
Will you be studying French with me? Você estará estudando francês comigo?
Will he be going to the movies this weekend? Ele estará indo ao cinema esse final de semana?
Will they be graduating be next year? Eles estarão se formando até o próximo ano?
Will he be eating the soup I made? Ele estará comendo a sopa que eu fiz?
Will she be working at the new company by next week? Ela estará trabalhando na nova empresa até próxima semana?
Will it be raining more this year? Estará chovendo mais este ano?
Will we be getting a nice gift on our next birthday? Estaremos recebendo um presente legal no próximo aniversário?
Will you be going to the new hairdresser ? Você estará indo para a nova cabeleireira?
Will she be going to the mall alone? Ela estará indo ao shopping sozinha?
47
Conversation 1
Henry - Hey Jason, I’ll need some help moving tomorrow. What will be doing tomorrow?
Jason - Really, Henry? Are you moving? Well, I’ll be doing some errands for my dad.
Henry - Will you ask him if you could help me?
Jason - Absolutely! By the way, Where will you be moving to?
Henry - I’ll be moving to Foxborough.
Jason - Wow!! So you’ll be watching a lot of games at the Nacional Stadium, right?
Henry - I don’t know about that, Jason. I’m not really into sports so, let’s see.
Jason - Don’t worry. I’ll be visiting you often and then I’ll take you to a game.
Conversation 2
Sarah – Hello Peter. How do you see yourself in 10 Years? Will you be working at a
multinational company?
Peter – I hope so, Sarah. I’m working hard to achieve this goal.
Sarah – You’re on the right path. Keep on the great job!
Peter – I hope I’ll be working at a high position in a company.
Sarah – How about you? What will be doing after you graduate?
Peter – I’m planning to open my own business and then I’ll be making a lot of money.
Sarah – What a girl!
Answer the questions below with your own information:
1- What do you think you’ll be doing at this time next year?
2- Do you think you’ll e living in the same house in twenty Years’ time?
3- What kind of jobs do you think we will be doing fifty years from now?
4- Do you think we will be eating the same kind food twenty years from now?
5- What do you expect you will be doing this time tomorrow?
6- What will you be wearing to work tomorrow?
7- What will you be having for lunch on Sunday?
8- Where will you be traveling to on your next vacation?
9- Who will you be meeting with next week?
48
PRACTICE
A- Translate the sentences below using the future continuous tense.
1- Estarei buscando minhas filhas no colégio depois do trabalho.
2- Estarei indo ao supermercado para fazer a feira e comprar uma nova mesa.
3- Estarei viajando para Paris no ano que vem.
4- Você estará ajudando sua mãe com as tarefas de casa esse final de semana?
5- No próximo ano eu estarei me formando e depois vou fazer uma grande festa.
6- Algumas pessoas não estarão trabalhando no próximo feriado.
7- Ela estará visitando sua irmã no Reino Unido.
8- O governo estará vacinando todas as pessoas até próximo mês?
9- Você não estará recebendo um novo aumento até próximo ano.
10- Estarei dormindo mais cedo hoje pois tenho que acordar cedo para estudar para prova.
B – Change the sentences into negative and interrogative forms:
1 I’ll be working out at the gym.

Neg:
Int:
2 The president will be giving a speech at the White House Conference Center.
Neg:
Int:
3 I will be driving to the office tomorrow morning.

Neg:
Int:
49
LESSON 15 -
QUARTER TEST III
A- Complete the sentences with the correct quantifier:
1- Jason has friends abroad.

a) much b) little c) many
2- I don’t drink water when I’m working.

a) many b) few c) much
3- There are people unemployed due the pandemic.

a) a little b) much c) a lot of
4- I don’t have money to buy this car.

a) lot of b) enough c) few
5- Only students showed up for the class today.

a) a little b) a few c) many
6- We have to postpone the meeting, only workers came.

a) few b) little c) many
B- Complete the sentences with HOW MUCH or HOW MANY only:

1- cheese do we have in the fridge?
2- jelly do you usually put on your bread?
3- slices of pizza can you eat?
4- money do you have in your savings account?
5- dollars do you need to travel to the USA?
6 students are there in your class?
7- time do you need to accomplish this test?
8- water do you drink every day?
9- bottles of water do you usually buy a week?
10- siblings do you have?
1. Tenho poucos poucos livros na estante. Preciso comprar mais
2. Não tenho muito tempo para ir ao shopping.
3. Quantas pessoas foram infectadas com o vírus no Brasil?
4. Tem muitos carros estacionados aqui, não consigo contar.
5. Quanto tempo falta para acabar a prova?
50
LESSON 15 -
QUARTER TEST III
D- Write the sentences below with the simple future tense using the verbs in parantheses:
1- I to the movies with my family (to go)

2- She tat the office on the holiday. (to work)
3- We grocery shopping. The fridge is empty. (to go)
4- you them a ride to work? (to give)
5- We to go to the bank to withdraw some money. (to have)
6- It all day long tomorrow. (to rain)
7 He the test before everybody else.

8 they home on the weekend? (to be)
9- She a nice birthday party. (to have)
10- I you finish your homework before go to bed. (to finish)
E- Uncramble the sentences below:
1. the / next month / you / going to / museum / are / visit
2. to / am / dentist / the / I / this / going / visit / afternoon
3. tomorrow / going to / with / aren’t / they / friends / swim / their
4. buy / going to / you / a nice jacket / are
5. our house / going to / we / paint / are / this week
F- Translate the sentences below:
1. Estarei indo para Europa no ano que vem.
2. Ele não estará mais trabalhando conosco a partir de amanhã.
3. Eles estarão participando de uma reunião a esta hora em dois dias.
4. Nós estaremos entregando todos os relatórios à noite.
5. Eu estarei dormindo quando eles chegarem.
51
LESSON 16
WOULD - CONDITIONAL
Verb Verbo
Would Condicional (Futuro do Pretérito)
I would study more. Eu estudaria mais
I would like do it. Eu gostaria de fazer isso
He would travel. Eu viajaria
They would go to the concert. Eles iriam ao concerto.
My parents would buy me a new laptop. Meus pais me comprariam um novo notebook.
We would be busier. Estaríamos mais ocupados.
You would drive to California. Você dirigiria para Califórnia.
She would live in London. Ela moraria em Londres.
It would happen. Isso aconteceria.
You’d sing happy birthday to all of us. Você cantaria feliz aniversário para todos nós.
They’d buy a new costume for halloween. Eles comprariam uma nova fantasia para o dia das bruxas.
He would like to try on these boots. Ele gostaria de experimentar essas botas.
The teacher would apply another test. A professora aplicaria uma outra prova. O
The computer would turn off. computador desligaria.
We would attend classes every morning. Nós participaríamos das aulas todas as manhãs.
She would attend the meeting. Ela participaria da reunião.
The company would brake in a few months. O companhia quebraria em alguns meses.
I would tell you the truth.. Eu te diria a verdade
You would speak more English. Você falaria mais inglês.
He would fix the appliances at home. Ele consertaria os eletrodomésticos em casa.
Negative Negativo
He wouldn’t work tomorrow. Não não trabalharia amanhã.
I wouldn’t go out tonight. Eu não sairia hoje à noite.
She wouldn’t do such a thing. Ela não faria tal coisa.
They wouldn’t be able to do it. Eles não seriam capazes de fazer isso.
There wouldn’t be any food left in the fridge. Não haveria nenhuma comida sobrando na geladeira.
Your parents wouldn’t approve that. Seus pais não aprovariam isso.
They wouldn’t eat that. Eles não comeriam isso.
I wouldn’t pay that much for it. Eu não pagaria tanto por isso.
We wouldn’t type so fast. Nós não digitaríamos tão rápido.
She wouldn’t like to sell the house. Ela não gostaria de vender a casa.
You wouldn’t go swimming on this weather. Vocês não iriam nadar com esse tempo.
Would you like to have a cup of coffee? Você gostaria de uma xícara de café?
Would you learn a new language? Você aprenderia um novo idioma?
Would you play soccer on a professional team? Você jogaria futebol em um time profissional?
Would you cook something special tonight? Você cozinharia algo especial hoje à noite?
Would you take me to a dance? Você me levaria para um baile? Levaria
Would it take too long to get there? muito tempo para chegar lá?
Would he prepare the reports on time? Ele prepararia os relatório dentro do prazo?
Would she teach me how to ride a bike? Ela me ensinaria a andar de bicicleta?
Would they run a marathon? Eles(as) correriam em uma maratona?
52
Conversation 1
David – Matt, would you do me a favor? My son needs to see the doctor tomorrow but I
have a very important meeting. Would you take him there for me?
Matt – Yes, I would David. You know you can count on me at anytime.
David – I’d really apreciate
Matt – Don’t worry. I would do anything to help you out. You’re family to me.
David – I’d love to pay back the favor when you need. Just let me know when you need.
Matt – Oh David, don’t even bother about that. It’s a pleasure.
David – Would you and Susie come over on the weekend? I’ll have barbacue for us.
Matt – Yeah, we’d love to. Susie would be really happy, she hates cooking on weekends.
Conversation 2
Rose – Mary, would you call these customers for me? I’m really busy at the moment.
Mary – Yes, I would. What would you want me to tell them?
Rose – Tell them I’d like
Mary – Ok. I’ll do it right now and after I’m done I’d like to leave earlier to do some grocery.
Rose – Yes, sure! As you are going to do some grocery, would you buy
me a pack of sugar and some bags of coffee to keep in the office?
Mary – Of course. I noticed we’re
Rose – Sounds good. Thank you!
WOULD FOR PAST ACTIONS.
We can use “WOULD” to talk about repeated past actions that don’t happen anymore.
Every time we went to grandmom’s we would play in the backyard with her.
“Toda vez que fomos para casa da vovó, brincávamos no quintal com ela.”
My mom would always read a nice story for us before sleeping.

“Minha mãe sempre lia uma estória legal pra gente antes de dormir.”
My brother and I would ride a bike together when we were little.

“Meu irmão e eu andávamos de bicicleta juntos com éramos pequenos.”
We would have dinner with our relatives every Christmas.

“Jantávamos com nossos parentes em todos os natais.”
Woodchuck
"How much wood would a woodchuck chuck
if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
He would chuck, he would, as much as he could,
and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would
if a woodchuck could chuck wood."
53
PRACTICE
A- Translate the sentences below using the modal conditional verb “WOULD”.
1- Nós cantaríamos na festa de despedida dele.
2- Eu ouviria esta música todos os dias.
3- Peter estaria preocupado com alguma coisa.
4- Quem seria a pessoa para me ajudar?
5- Quem o chefe escolheria para fazer a viagem ao exterior?
6- Algumas pessoas não fariam isso porque isso não é legal.
7- Nós não compraríamos esta casa nem por uma migalha.
8- O time não venceria o Campeonato.
9- O que você faria para conseguir o emprego dos sonhos?
10- Elas leriam todos os livros para aprender mais..
B – Change the sentences into negative and interrogative forms:
1- They would shop for hours at that mall.

Neg:
Int:
2- I would draw a nice paint of Mona Lisa.

Neg:
Int:
3- The dog would bite you when you got inside.

Neg:
Int:
54
PRACTICE
C- Change the sentences below using the modal verb “would”.
1- She loves to go swimming on the weekends.
2- He doesn’t drive home fast every night after work.
3- We study English and French at university.
4- You help your mom run all errands after school.
5- Do you go to the movies with your family?
6- Does he play soccer when he is free?
7- What do you like to do on Fridays and Saturdays?
8- He never hurts his pets because he loves them.
9- The kids love to play on the street..
10- I take my kids to work once in a while
D – Now, make true sentences about you using the modal verb “WOULD”.
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
8-
9-
55
LESSON 17
MODAL VERBS – CAN / COULD
Verb Verbo
I can Eu posso / sei / consigo
You can Você pode / sabe / consegue
He Ele pode / sabe / consegue
Can Ela podia / sabia / conseguia
She could
Podia / conseguia
It could
We could Nós podíamos / conseguíamos
They can Eles(as) podem / conseguem
I can run really fast. Eu consigo correr bem rápido.
He can swim. Ele sabe nadar.
You can talk to the boss without my permission. Você pode falar com o chefe sem a minha permissão.
They could go to the beach. Eles podiam ir à praia
My parents could go on their dream trip. Meus pais poderiam fazer a viagem dos sonho deles.
We can help you. Nós podemos te ajudar.
You could talk to me. Você poderia falar comigo.
She can sing very well. Ela sabe cantar muito bem.
It can happen. Isso pode acontecer.
You could play the guitar when you were little. Você sabia tocar guitarra quando era pequeno.
They can drive a big truck. Eles sabem dirigir um caminhão grande.
He can speak at least 3 languages. Ele sabe falar pelo menos 3 idiomas.
We could learn how to play the drums. Nós poderíamos aprender a tocar bateria.
Negative Negativo
He can’t go to school tomorrow. Ele não pode à escola amanhã.
I couldn’t talk to you. Eu não podia falar com você.
She can’t speak Russian. Ela não sabe falar Russo.
They can’t cook, so they ordered pizza. Eles não sabem cozinhar, então pediram pizza.
They can’t drive well. Eles não conseguem dirigir bem.
They had 3 accidents already. Tiveram 3 acidentes já.
We can’t go there by ourselves. Não conseguimos ir lá sozinhos.
He couldn’t do it better. Ele não pôde fazer melhor.
I can’t ride a bike on the street. Não posso andar de bicicleta na rua.
We couldn’t close the deal due to the prices. Não puderam fechar o negócio devido o preço.
She couldn’t be at 2 places at once. Ela não consegue estar em 2 lugares ao mesmo tempo.
They couldn’t pay the loan Eles não puderam pagar o empréstimo
Could you help me, please? Você poderia me ajudar, por favor?
Can I go out tonight? Posso sair hoje à noite?
Can he left this box? Ele consegue levantar essa caixa?
Can she write the reports today? Ela consegue fazer os relatórios hoje?
Could they prepare the room? Eles poderiam preparar a sala?
Could the doctor be more polite? O médico poderia ser mais educado?
Could we just skip this part? Podemos apenas pular essa parte?
Can we get there by boat? Conseguimos chegar lá de barco?
Você poderia explicar novamente esse assunto?
Could you explain this subject again?
56
Conversation 1
John – Josh, could you do me a favor? I need to get some homework done and I can’t do it
by myself. Can you help me?
Josh – Yes, I can. What are the subjects?
John – Well, if you can do the math homework I can get the others done. It’s just because
I’m too bad at math. I can’t understand it.
Josh – Math is pretty easy. I’m good at math, I can do it.
John – Oh man, I couldn’t do it without your help. Thanks a lot!
Josh – Not at all, John. Leave it to me. Go do the others.
John – Nice. By the way, we can have some ice cream right after the homework.
Josh – I won’t go because I left my wallet at school. But if you can pay mine, let’s do it!
Conversation 2
Mona – Alice, could you work tomorrow? We’re short on people in the office.
Alice – Yes, I could but I’ll need to leave earlier.
Mona – That’s fine. I can’t handle all the work left by the workers who took vacation.
Alice – Don’t worry. Together we have the job done and both of us can go home earlier.
Mona – Not really. I missed some days last month so, I need to work extra hours to pay these days. I
couldn’t just let them take out of my paycheck.
Alice – Oh, I got it. Sorry to hear that!
Mona – Don’t worry. I can’t do much at home anyway. It’s better be working.
Read the extract below and try to understand with your teacher the usage of CAN and COULD.
Some people live in a very bad condition. They can’t afford to have a house because they don’t have a job. Most
of them can’t even have a nice meal. They can’t get a job because They couldn’t go to school when they were little and
furthermore their parents also didn’t have much to offer. What could companies do to them such people? More jobs can
be created requiring less so that way these people could get the job easily. The government could help as well creating
education programs to facilitate these people be part of society.
The population could also do something to help those people. The population could get together and raise money to
buy food and then share this food to the unfortunate. Children can grow sick if they don’t have the right amount of nutrition.
So, why can’t they just have the lifestyle most wish?
Now, with your own words write down what you could do to make this world better.
57
PRACTICE
A- Translate the sentences below.
1- Eu consigo pular 10 metros.
2- Ele sabe contar até 100 em japonês.
3- Ela sabe pilotar um avião melhor que um homem.
4- O que você poderia fazer para ajudar seus pais em casa?
5- Eles conseguem chegar mais cedo todos os dias?
6- Nós conseguíamos desenhar quando estávamos no primário.
7- Como posso te ajudar?
8- Você pode me ajudar?
9- Você poderia nos ajudar?
10- Elas conseguem ler dois livros em um único dia.
11- Eu não consigo fazer o meu dever de casa sozinho.
12- Os trabalhadores conseguem trabalhar neste domingo?
13- Ele não conseguiu entregar os relatórios no prazo solicitado.
14- Eu não consigo liberar este empréstimo sem os devidos documentos.
15- Eles conseguem correr bem rápido...
16- Você não sabe andar de bicicleta?
17- Eles sabem lidar com a tecnologia muito bem.
58
PRACTICE
1. She can rides a motorcycle.
2. He doesn’t can take care of his nephews.
3. We could to study English and French with your help.
4. You to could prepare the exams to apply tomorrow.
5- Do you can to cook dinner tonight?
6- Can I to help you?
7- What does can he do for the country?
8- How could you does this to me?
9- The kids cannot to play on the street.
10- Do you can hold a minute, please?
C – Now, write down 5 things you “can do” and 5 you “can’t do”.
1- I can
2- I can
3- I can
4- I can
5- I can
6- I can’t
7- I can’t
8- I can’t
9- I can’t
10- I can’t
59
LESSON 18
MODAL VERBS – MAY / MIGHT
Verb Verbo
May Poder – Probabilidade
Might Poder – Probabilidade (menor)
It may rain tomorrow. Pode chover amanhã.
He might come to the party later. Ele pode vir para a festa mais tarde.
You may go outside to play with your friends. Você pode ir pra fora para brincar com seus amigos.
They might talk to him about the project. Elas podem falar com ele sobre o projeto.
My parents might let me go to the USA. Meus pais podem me deixar ir aos EUA.
We may concern about the absences.
Podemos nos preocupar sobre as faltas.
May the force be with you.
Que a força esteja com você.
She might be tired after the game.
Ela pode estar cansada depois do jogo.
It might brake if you sit down.
I’ll talk to Jason only tomorrow. Pode quebrar se você se sentar.
He might be angry with me. Eu vou falar com Jason apenas amanhã.
We may buy a new bike for our son. Ele deve estar zangado comigo.
They might sell it for a lower price if we bargain. Podemos comprar uma bicicleta nova para nosso filho.
I might take advantage of this beautiful day to go the Eles podem vender isso por um preço menor se a gente
the beach instead of working. pechinchar.
They may lose the bet. Eu posso tirar proveito desse dia bonito para ir à praia ao
I may go on a trip at the end of the year. invés de ir trabalhar.
He may study another language after finishing English.
Eles podem perder a aposta.
He might learn 8 more languages by the end of the
Eu posso ir a uma viagem no final do ano.
year.
Ele pode estudar um outro idioma depois que terminar inglês.
Ele pode aprender mais 8 idiomas até o final do ano.
Negative Negativo
He may not be here after the speech. Ele pode não estar aqui depois do discurso.
I might not go to the bank because it’s hot. Eu posso não ir ao banco porque está quente.
She may not be the right person for the position. Ela pode não ser a pessoa correta para a vaga.
They might not sleep over their friend’s. Eles podem não dormir na casa do amigo deles.
They may not understand if you say in Spanish. Eles podem não entender se você falar em espanhol.
Nós não podemos nos cansar de jogar baralho.
We might not get tired of playing cards.
Ele pode não ficar rico trabalhando menos.
He may not get rich working less.
Eu posso não ter informação o suficiente sobre o negócio.
I may not have enough information about the deal.
Ela pode não estar zangada.
She might not be upset. Maybe she’s just tired. Talvez ela esteja apenas cansada.
You may not give your belongings. Você não pode dar seus pertences.
They might not be happy with me. Elas podem não estar felizes comigo.
He may not stop by to talk to me. Ele pode não passar aqui para falar comigo.
May I borrow your pencil? Posso pegar emprestado seu lápis?
May we come a bit later tomorrow? Podemos vir um pouco mais tarde amanhã?
Might they have something to drink? Eles podem ter algo para beber?
May she go out tonight? Ela pode sair amanhã?
May he take a loan on the bank? Ele pode pegar um empréstimo no banco?
May they take a ride back home? Eles podem pegar uma carona de volta pra casa?
Might I attend the meeting too? Eu posso participar da reunião também?
May we go fishing this weekend? Podemos ir pescar esse final de semana?
Might it brake down if I turn on? Isso pode quebrar se eu ligar?
60
Conversation 1
Passenger 1 - Excuse me, may I sit here?
Passenger 2 - Yes, you may. The bus might not be crowded today.
Passenger 1 - Yes, it seems many people won’t leave their homes today. It might be
because of the bad weather condition.
Passenger 2 - For sure it is. We might be hit by a hurricane by the end of the day, they said.
Passenger 1 - Well, in this case we may not the able to go out until tomorrow.
Passenger 2 - By the way, may I have your name?
Passenger 1 - Yes, you may. My name is Philip. How about yours?
Passenger 2 - Mine is George. Nice to meet you Philip.
Conversation 2
Store clerk – Welcome to Charming Store, how may I help you?

Customer – Hello, I’m looking for a fancy dress. What may you have?
Store clerk – I do have many colors and shapes of dresses. May I bring all of them?
Customer – I might like some of them. Yes, you may bring them.
Store clerk – You might not be familiar with our brand but it’s one of the best in town.
Customer – I’ve heard of it before. I might buy something from you if I find a fancy dress.
Store clerk – You may try on the ones you like most and I’m sure you’ll love them.
The usages of MAY and MIGHT.
May and Might are modal verbs. Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs which provide meaning to the main verb.
Sometimes they can be used interchangeably.
1- To express (future) possibility.

In this case, might is used more frequently in spoken language
– It might rain tomorrow, you better take an umbrela. (Pode chover amanhã, é melhor levar um guarda-chuvas)
– I might take you to the museum on the weekend. (Eu posso te levar ao museu no final de semana)
– She seems to be very happy. I think she may accept the invitation. (Ela parece estar feliz.
– Eu acho que ela pode aceitar o convite).
2- To give permission.
– You may play outside today. (Você pode brincar lá fora hoje).
– She may leave earlier this week. (Ela pode sair mais cedo essa semana).
– As soon as you finish the test, you may leave. (Assim que terminarem a prova, podem sair)
May not can be used to NOT give permission or to prohibit someone from doing something.
3- To ask for permission.
– May I go to the bathroom, please? (Posso ir ao banheiro, por favor?)

– May we take some time off next month? (Podemos ter uma folga próximo mês?)
– May I carry your bags? (Posso carregar suas sacolas?)
Might could also be used to ask for permission but it is Much more uncommon to hear.
61
PRACTICE
A- Translate the sentences below using MAY and MIGHT.
1- Vejo algumas nuvens, pode chover à noite.
2- Vejo poucas nuvens, pode chover à noite.
3- Ela pode querer tirar um cochilo, ela parece cansada.
4- As crianças podem assistir TV hoje depois do jantar.
5- Posso me sentar aqui?
6- Nós não podemos usar o telefone em sala de aula.
7- Como posso te ajudar?
8- Que Deus te abençoe hoje e sempre!
9- Essa prateleira pode cair com tanto peso.
10- Eles podem se machucar com essa brincadeira.
11- O jogo pode acabar em empate.
12- Os funcionários podem deixar seus pertences aqui?
13- Podemos ter uma prova surpresa a qualquer momento.
14- Posso usar seu carro para ir ao supermercado?
15- Estou quebrado. Você pode me emprestar algum dinheiro?
16- A gasolina do carro pode acabar se você pisar fundo.
17- Em que posso te ajudar?
62
PRACTICE
1- She mayn’t go to the movies with her boyfriend.
2- He doesn’t might be able to take care of his nephews.
3- We may leave the room as we finished the test?
4- You might to take the test tomorrow with the others.
5- Do I may to cook dinner tonight?
6- Yes, you do. You may do some grocery as well.
7- How much do I may help you?
8- It might takes a long time go get there.
9- You don’t might do that. Shame on you!
10- The cats to may wrack the toys. Don’t let it happen.
C – Now, write down 5 sentences with “MAY” and 5 with “MIGHT”.
1 MAY
2 MAY
3 MAY
4 MAY
5 MAY
6 MIGHT
7 MIGHT
8 MIGHT
9 MIGHT
10 MIGHT
63
LESSON 19
MODAL VERBS – SHOULD / MUST
Verb Verbo
I should Eu deveria
You must You deve
He should Ele deveria
She must Ela deve
It should Deveria
We must Nós devemos
They should Eles(as) deveriam
I should study more for the test. Eu deveria estudar mais para a prova.
You must study more, otherwise you’ll flunk. Você deve estudar mais, do contrário repitirá o ano.
He should be here with you. Ele deveria estar aqui com você.
She must pay more attention to the suject. Ela deve prestar mais atenção no assunto.
It should be easy. Deve ser fácil.
We must pay our debts. Devemos pagar nossas dívidas.
They must work hard to reach a higher level. Eles(as) devem trabalhar duro para alcançar um nível mais alto.
She should practice her English with a native. Ela deveria praticar o inglês dela com um nativo.
The teachers must punish him because his attitude. Os professores devem puní-lo devido suas atitudes.
We should help them achieve their goals. Deveríamos ajudá-los alcançar seus objetivos.
You should talk more to your kids. Você deveria falar mais com suas crianças.
If you want it, then you should go for it. Se você quer, então você deve correr atrás disso.
It must be broken. Deve estar quebrado(a).
He must tell his parents about the incident. Ele deve contar aos seus pais sobre o incidente.
I must confess, I’m really happy with your achievement. Devo confessar, estou bem feliz com a sua conquista.
He should drink more water. Ele deveria beber mais água.
We should eat healthy food Every day. Deveríamos comer comidas saudáveis todos os dias.
They must be the owners of the company. Eles devem ser os donos da empresa.
I must go now. Devo ir agora.
Negative Negativo
He shouldn’t talk to me like that. Ele não deveria falar comigo assim.
I must not eat junk food when I’m sick. Eu não devo comer besteira quando estou doente.
She shouldn’t apply the e-mail. Ela não deveria responder o e-mail.
They mustn’t drink coffee so many times a day. Eles(as) não devem tomar café tantas vezes ao dia.
We shouldn’t swear if we can’t keep a promise. Não deveríamos jurar se não pudermos manter uma promessa.
It must not be on for too long. Não deve ficar ligado por muito tempo.
You shouldn’t travel tomorrow. Você não deveria viajar amanhã.
I’ll rain. Vai chover.
Should I stay here to help you with the errands? Eu deveria ficar aqui para te ajudar com as tarefas?
Must he come to talk to you? Ele deve vir para falar com você?
Should she take a lot of money with her? Ela deveria levar bastante dinheiro com ela?
Should it be placed on this spot? Isso deveria ser colocado nesse lugar?
Must they visit their parents more? Eles devem visitar mais os pais deles?
Should we buy the tickets for the concert? Deveríamos comprar os ingressos para o concerto?
Must we pay what they’re asking? Devemos pagar o que eles estão pedindo?
What should they do to keep workplace peaceful? O que eles deveriam fazer para manter o local
How must we deal with this problem? de trabalho calmo? Como devemos lidar com esse problema?
Should you forward the email to your boss? Você deveria encaminhar o e-mail para seu chefe?
64
Conversation 1
Carlos – Hey, Adam. I’m trying to lose some weight. What do you suggest?
Adam – Hi, Carlos. First of all, you must enroll in a gym. Working out is definitely something you
can’t miss. Then you should have a balanced diet with some fruits and proteins.
Carlos – I got it. But the thing is, I hate exercising and I’m not a fruit eater, I’m kind of picky.
Adam – If you want to lose weight you shouldn’t say that. I have to follow the rules
– “No pain no gain”. You must take junk food out of your menu and start enjoying working out.
Carlos – I’ll try to follow your tips. You mustn’t be that tough. Losing weight is something easy.
Adam – Not easy at all, Carlos. There should be a plan to follow and you must stick to it.
Carlos – You’re right. I shouldn’t be that lazy and I must not give up my goals.
Adam – That’s what I’m talking about. We must be strong and keep on going.
Conversation 2
Secretary – Excuse me, ma’am. Some clients are requesting the bid. Should I send it to them?
Manager – Yes, you should. There are many other companies competing with us and we
must not waste time.
Secretary – Yes, ma’am. I’ll do it right now.
Manager – You must also call them to make sure they received it.
Secretary – Ok, I’ll do that as well. Should I ask them to reply as soon as possible?
Manager – No, you shouldn’t. I’ll talk to them personally about that.
There are some Other issues I need you to help me with. I’ll send you an e-mail with a list.
Secretary – Yes, ma’am. You must count on me to take care of it!
The usages of SHOULD and MUST.
Should and Must are modal verbs. Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs which provide meaning to the main verb.
1- We use should to give or ask for advice or opinion in the present.
- You should study more to pass the test. (Você deveria estudar mais para passar no teste.)
- What should I do to learn English fast? (O que eu devo fazer para aprender inglês mais rápido.)
- In my opinion, you shouldn’t wear this suit in the meeting. (Na minha opinião, você não deveria usar esse terno
- na reunião).
2- We use must to express obligation, give orders and strong advice.
- You must remain in class during the test. (Vocês devem permanecer na sala durante a prova).
- You mustn’t leave the house. (Você não deve sair da casa).
- You must buy one of them. (Você deve comprar um deles.)
We can also use “Have to” to express obligation, give orders and strong advice. But be aware of its structure in the
negative and interrogative form.
- You have to remain in class during the test. (Vocês devem permanecer na sala durante a prova).
- You don’t have to leave the house. (Você não deve sair da casa).
- You have to buy one of them. (Você deve comprar um deles.)
*When asking with “have to” you must use the auxiliary DO or DOES.
Do you have to work tomorrow? (Você tem que trabalhar amanhã?)
65
PRACTICE
A- Translate the sentences below using SHOULD and MUST.
1- Você deveria praticar inglês por aproximadamente 1h por dia.

_____________________________________________________________________
2- Nós deveríamos ficar em casa esse final de semana.
_____________________________________________________________________
3- Ele deve participar do evento anual para aprender mais.
_____________________________________________________________________
4- Ela deve fazer as ligações que a patroa pediu?
_____________________________________________________________________
5- Eu devo contar o segredo para ela?
_____________________________________________________________________
6- Vocês deveriam caminhar no parque todos os dias.
_____________________________________________________________________
7- O que eu deveria fazer para aprender um novo idioma rapidamente?
_____________________________________________________________________
8- Você deve estudar diariamente e praticar por pelo menos 1h ao dia.
_____________________________________________________________________
9- Eu deveria aprender uma nova profissão para estar preparado para o mercado de trabalho.
_____________________________________________________________________
10- Vocês não devem brincar com isso, é perigoso.
_____________________________________________________________________
11- Ele não deveria entrar na sala sem pedir permissão.
_____________________________________________________________________
12- Os relatórios devem ser entregues até amanhã ao meio dia.
_____________________________________________________________________
13- Nós deveríamos viajar para Flórida nas férias.
_____________________________________________________________________
14- As pessoas devem respeitar meu estilo de vida.
_____________________________________________________________________
15- Eles já deveriam estar aqui. Estão atrasados como sempre!
_____________________________________________________________________
16- Como devo proceder com esse assunto?
_____________________________________________________________________
17- O que eu deveria dizer aos novos estudantes?
_____________________________________________________________________
66
PRACTICE
B- Choose the best alternative for each sentence below:
1- You should read at least one book a week.

a) Advice b) Order c) Opinion
2- You must tell him the truth.
3- He must not play on the street.
4- If you’re not feeling well, you should see a doctor.
5- They must come tomorrow. If they don’t, I’ll have to fire them.
6- You must wear a seatbelt at all times.
7- Must I grow more varieties of grapes to export?
8- The children have a sore throat. They shouldn’t drink water.
9- People should eat enough fruits in order to be healthy.
10- They have to stay home while in quarantine.
C – Now, write some sentences about obligation, order and opinion with your own information.
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
8-
9-
10-
67
LESSON 20
QUARTER TEST IV
A- Write sentences using the information given and the modal verb in parentheses.
1- My children / not read or write / yet. (can)
2- cell phone / lend me / you / your? (could)
3- People / stay home / while / in quarantine. (should)
4- not put / inside / cage / your hands. (must)
5- clouds / there are / some / it / rain / in the sky. (might)
6- very hot / be / in Florida / in August / it. (can)
7- mad / with the rules / get / people. (may)
8- travel / by car / the world / I / around. (would)
9- do / in this / what / he / situation? (would)
10- learn / before / English / the end of the year / we. (must)
1- Devemos usar uniforme na escola, é obrigatório.
2- Eu trabalharia até mais tarde, sem problema.
3- Ele sabe andar de cavalo muito bem.
4- Ela não consegue responder todas as questões da prova.
5- Está ensolarado mas pode chover mais tarde.
6- Vocês devem estar muito cansados da viagem. Vocês deveriam descansar.
7- Os bandidos podem pegar 10 anos de prisão por ter roubado o banco.
8- Isso não deveria estar aqui. Coloque no lugar certo.
9- O que você faria para conseguir um aumento?
68
LESSON 21
ADVERBS TO EXPRESS AGREEMENT
Verb Verbo
Too Também
So Também
Either Também não
Neither Também não
I study English. Me too / So do I. Eu estudo inglês. Eu também.
He can swim. Me too / So can I. Ele sabe nadar. Eu também.
They speak English. Us too / So do we. Eles(as) falam inglês. Nós também.
She should go. You too / So do you. Ela deveria ir. Você também.
I’ll work tomorrow. Me too / So will I. Trabalharei amanhã. Eu também.
We run fast. Them too / So do they. Nós corremos rápido. Eles também.
I have a laptop. Me too / So do I. Eu tenho um notebook. Eu também.
They saved the day. Us too / So did we. Eles(as) salvaram o dia. Nós também.
He went to the beach. Me too / So did I. Ele foi à praia. Eu também.
He worked hard. Her too / So did she. Ele trabalhou duro. Ela também.
They should go. Them too. / So should they. Eles(as) deveriam ir. Elas também.
My dad is young. Mine too. So is mine. Meu pai é jovem. O meu também.
You are tired. You too / So are you. Você está cansado. Você também.
We were doctors. Us too / So were we. Éramos médicos. Nós também.
Jeff can cook. Me too / So can I. Jeff sabe cozinhar. Eu também.
They were injured. You too / So were you. Eles(as) se machucaram. Vocês também.
She bought a car. Me too / So did I. Ela comprou um carro. Eu também.
He has a pet. Her too / So does she. Ele tem um bicho de estimação. Ela também.
I’m cold. Me too / So am I. Estou com frio. Eu também.
We were sick. Her too / So was she. Estávamos doentes. Ela também.
I have 2 silings. The teacher too / So does the teacher. Eu tenho 2 irmãos. O professor também.
They went away on vacation. Us too / So did we. Eles foram viajar de férias. Nós também.
Negative Negativo
I don’t like pizza. I don’t either / Neither do I. Eu não gosto de pizza. Eu também não.
We don’t go out often. I don’t either / Neither do I. Não saímos com frequência. Eu também não.
He didn’t do the homework. She didn’t either. Neither did she. Ele não fez o dever de casa. Ela também não.
They won’t shave their heads. I won’t either / Neither will I. Eles não rasparão a cabeça. Eu também não.
You shouldn’t eat it. We shouldn’t either / Neither should we. Você não deveria comer isso. Nós também não.
They can’t afford it. She can’t either / Neither can she. Eles não aguentam isso. Ela também não.
The teachers won’t quit. I won’t either / Neither will I. Os professores não se demitirão. Eu também não.
We’re not hungry. He isn’t either / Neither is he. Não estamos com fome. Ele também não.
She doesn’t need help. They don’t either / Neither do they. Ela não precisa de ajuda. Eles também não.
I didn’t like the book . We didn’t either / Neither did we. Eu não gostei do livro. Nós também não.
She couldn’t go out. I couldn’t either / Neither could I. Ela náo pôde sair. Eu também não.
We shouldn’t worry. I shouldn’t either / Neither should I. Não deveríamos nos preocupar. Eu também não.
He mustn’t be there. They mustn’t either / Neither must they. Ele não deve estar lá. Eles também não.
They didn’t show up. You didn’t either / Neither did you. Elas não apareceram. Vocês também não.
I wasn’t invited. They weren’t either / Neither were they. Eu não fui convidado. Elas tamém não.
You aren’t trying. You aren’t either / Neither are you. Vocês não estão tentando. Você também não.
We didn’t read the book. She didn’t either / Neither did she. Não lemos o livro. Ela também não.
I’m not sick. I’m not either / Neither am I. Eu não estou doente. Eu também não.
I don’t have to work. We don’t either / Neither do we Eu não tenho que trabalhar. Nós também não.
69
Conversation 1
Carlos – Hey Adam, what did you think of the new teacher?
Adam – I didn’t like her at all.
Carlos – Neither did I. She is too tough. She asked so many question on her first day. But I liked
the books she gave us.
Adam – Me too. I really needed new books.
Carlos – So did I. Now it’ll be much easier to get the homework done. I’ll use all these books to
accomplish all of my activities.
Adam – Yeah, so will I. Specially geography. There’s so much to memorize in so little time.
Carlos – Indeed. I don’t think I’ll know all information by heart before the test.
Adam – I won’t either. But we have to try harder. Let’s start right now.
Conversation 2
Lucy – Hello Paul, how are you?

Paul – Hi Lucy. I’m pretty well. How about you?
Lucy – I’m well too. Paul I received a sample of the new product from our suppliers but I
definitely didn’t like it.
Paul – Neither did I. It seems to me that They weren’t professionals. I’ll ask them for another
sample.
Lucy – So will I. If I sell it for our customers, They’ll all send it back to me.
Paul – Mine too. We have very demanding customer and They all want the finest product. We if
fail with them, we might lose our companies.
Lucy – For sure. I’ll let you know as soon as I receive the new sample.
The usages of TOO, SO, EITHER and NEITHER.
When we want to agree with the speaker in a statement we use adverbs. The adverbs TOO and SO are used in
positive statements.
Speaker 1 – I study English at Aliança from Monday to Thursday and I love it.
Speaker 2 – Me too. / So do I.
*Notice the order of the expression is object pronoun (me, you, him, her...) + “too”. But when using SO the order
is: SO + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT.
To agree with a negative statement we use EITHER and NEITHER.
Speaker 1 – I didn’t study English when I was a kid..

Speaker 2 – I didn’t either / Neither did I.
*Notice we use EITHER at the end of the sentence right after the auxiliary.
But when you agree with Neither, it comes before the auxiliary.
“NEITHER = NOT + EITHER”
In conversation you can also use object pronoun + Neither/Either.
Speaker 1 – I didn’t study English when I was a kid..

Speaker 2 – Me either / Me neither.
70
PRACTICE
A- Agree with the sentences below according to the adverbs learned. Follow the example:
1- I like to read books at night.
Me too / So do I.
_____________________________________________________
2- I don’t like to watch TV.
_____________________________________________________
3- I didn’t study for my English test.
_____________________________________________________
4- I’ll write an e-mail to my cousins.
_____________________________________________________
5- I should be more kind to people.
_____________________________________________________
6- I can draw a Mona Lisa Portrait.
_____________________________________________________
7- I can’t imagine how far it is.
_____________________________________________________
8- I shouldn’t apply for the position.
_____________________________________________________
9- I must call my parents more often.
_____________________________________________________
10- I mustn’t let them do whatever they want.
_____________________________________________________
11- My neighbor is going to go on a cruise.
_____________________________________________________
12- My brother is studying law in Boston.
_____________________________________________________
13- My father loves to watch games on Sundays.
_____________________________________________________
14- I don’t want to take the bus.
_____________________________________________________
15- I’m not happy about the current situation in our country.
_____________________________________________________
16- I shouldn’t pay attention to bad news.
_____________________________________________________
17- I will learn English fast at Aliança.
_____________________________________________________
71
PRACTICE
B- Choose the appropriate NEITHER / EITHER structures to complete the following sentences.
1- Cathy doesn’t like dogs.

a) I don’t either b) Neither am I! c) I am not either! d) And I am neither!
2. I don’t go to work every day.

a) Neither do I. b) Do I either. c) Neither am I. d) I am not either.
3. Paul can’t type well.

a) I will either. b) Neither could I. c) I could either. d) I can’t either.
4. I don’t need to go to work.

a) I don’t work either. b) Neither need I. c) I wasn’t either. d) I don’t either.
5. He doesn’t need to study.

a) I don’t need either. b) Neither do I. c) I should either. d) Neither need I.
6. She doesn’t wish to stop smoking.

a) I wasn’t either. b) Neither am I. c) Neither wish I. d) Neither do I.
7. Vanessa couldn’t go.

a) I wouldn’t either. b) I shouldn’t either. c) I could either. d) Neither could I.
8. Mary shouldn’t do her homework now.

a) I am not either. b) I shouldn’t either. c) Shouldn’t I either. d) Neither do I.
ALSO, AS WELL and TOO
We use also in the normal mid position for adverbs, between the subject and main verb, or after the modal verb
or first auxiliary verb, or after be as a main verb. In this position, the meaning of also usually connects back to the
whole clause that comes before:
She likes to read books.

He likes to read books (him too).
As well is much more common in speaking than in writing, and is more common in speaking than also.
As well almost always comes in end position:
A- I’m going pretty good. How about you?

B- I’m doing good, as well.
We use Too at at the end of the sentence.

She likes to read books.
He likes to read books too. (him too).
Linking negatives
We use EITHER not also, as well or too to connect two negative ideas: Bob
doesn’t speak Portuguese and I don’t think Susie does either.
72
LESSON 22
SOME / ANY / NO
Determiners Determinantes
Some Algum(a) / Alguns(a) um pouco de
Any Nenhum(a) / Qualquer um(a)
No Nenhum(a)
I have some friends in the USA. Eu tenho alguns amigs nos EUA.
She needs to buy some new boots. Ela precisa comprar algumas botas novas.
He needs some time off. Ele precisa de algum tempo livre.
We would like to drink some tea. Gostaríamos de beber um pouco de chá.
They bought some chicken to eat tonight. Eles trouxeram um pouco de frango para comer hoje à noite.
Some people like to risk themselves. Algumas pessoas gostam de se arriscar.
It needs some repair. Isso precisa de um pouco de reparo.
You would go to some different places. Vocês iriam para alguns lugares diferentes.
Give me any of these books. Me dê qualquer um desses livros.
She made some pasta. Ela fez um pouco de macarrão.
We met some students from other countries. Conhecemos alguns estudantes de outros países.
There is some butter in the fridge. Tem um pouco de manteiga na geladeira.
They will take some days off. Eles vão tirar alguns dias de folga.
I spent some time on the beach. I fiquei por um tempo na praia.
He’d like some water, please. Ele gostaria de um pouco de água, por favor.
Some workers won’t come today. Alguns trabalhadores não virão hoje.
You can take any bus to get there. Você pode pegar qualquer ônibus pra chegar lá.
Some of them are playing soccer. Algumas delas estão jogando futebol.
They raised some money for charity. Eles levantaram um pouco de dinheiro para caridade.
We’re having some difficulty to understand that. Estamos tendo um pouco de dificuldade em entender isso.
You can take some cookies for yourself. Você pode levar alguns biscoitos com você.
I’ll travel to the USA some day next month. Viajarei para os EUA algum dia do próximo mês.
Negative Negativo
I need no advice. Não preciso de nenhum conselho.
There isn’t any sugar left. Não tem nenhum açúcar sobrando.
She doesn’t know any place in this city. Ela não conhece nenhum lugar nesta cidade.
We can’t just choose any car. Não podemos simplesmente escolher qualquer carro.
They shouldn’t go to any store. Eles não deveriam ir para qualquer loja.
I need to go to no school. Não preciso ir pra nenhuma escola.
He doesn’t need any help.
Ele não precisa de nenhuma ajuda.
I’m not eating any of this food.
Não vou comer nenhuma dessa comida.
Would you like some coffee? Você gostaria de um pouco de café?
Did you catch any fish? Você pegou algum peixe?
Did you see any good movies yesterday? Você assistiu algum filme bom ontem?
Would they go to any of these places? Eles iriam Para algum desses lugares?
Does any student know the answer? Algum aluno sabe da resposta?
Can I have some milk, please? Posso ter um pouco de leite, por favor?
Is there any Orange juice? Tem suco de laranja?
Are there any fruits in the fridge? Tem alguma fruta na geladeira?
Do you have any friends in the USA? Você tem alguns amigos nos EUA?
73
Conversation 1
Bob – Hi Max, Do you have any fighting games to lend me?

Max – Hi Bob. Yes, I do. I have some nice fighting games but they’re kind of violent, though.
Bob – There is some violence in any fighting games. It’s unavoidable.
Max – Indeed. There’s no way to avoid that.
Bob – So If you can lend me some of them, I’ll give them back by next week. I took some days
off work and I have nothing to do besides playing vídeo game.
Max – Yes, sure. You can stop by and take them. But there is Always some nice place to go or
some good activities to do when you’re off.
Bob – I know. But the thing is. I’m taking these days off because I have the flu.
Max – Oh man, that’s bad. Don’t forget to wear a mask when you come by.
Conversation 2
Waiter – Are you ready to order, sir?
Guest – Yes, I would you like some of your salad, some dessert and a soda.
Waiter – And, would you like some dressing for the salad?
Guest – Yes, I would. You can surprise me with any side dressing.
Waiter – I’ll do my best. What kind of soda and dessert you would choose?
Guest – Actually, I changed my mind. I want no soda at all. I’m on a diet. For dessert, you can
bring me any with low calories.
Waiter – You may choose from a fruit or our low calorie pudding.
Guest – I’ll take the pudding, please.
Waiter – I’ll be right there.
We can add words such as BODY, ONE, WHERE, THING... into the determiners to change them into indefinite
pronouns. Let’s take a look at the chart below to understand it better.
DETERMINER PERSON PLACE THING
Someone
Some Somewhere Something
Somebody
Anyone
Any Anywhere Anything
Anyhbody
No one
No Nowhere Nothing
Nobody
The rules of using them are the same as determiners. SOME for positive sentences or interrogative when offering
or requesting politely. ANY for negative sentences or affirmative when the amount or subject is not important and
for interrogative form. NO is always used for negative ideas but positive sentences.
There is somebody knocking at the door. (Tem alguém batendo na porta).

There isn’t anybody willing to help us. (Não tem ninguém querendo nos ajudar).
Is there something you need to tell me? (Há algo que queira me dizer?).
He has nothing to do today. (Ele tem nada para fazer hoje).
There’s nowhere I want to go. (Não quero ir a lugar nenhum).
Anyone can speak English fluently. (Qualquer um pode falar inglês fluentemente).
We can go anywhere we want. (Podemos ir para qualquer lugar que queremos).
74
PRACTICE
A- Translate the sentences below:
1- Preciso ir para qualquer lugar quieto para relaxar.
2- Eles precisam de algumas ferramentas para consertar o carro.
3- Não preciso de ninguém para me dizer o que preciso fazer.
4- Você conhece algum ferreiro bom neste bairro?
5- Eles gostariam de tomar um pouco de chá?
6- Nós temos alguns bons livros para ler.
7- Não está passando nenhum programa interessante na TV.
8- Tem algum queijo na geladeira?
9- Alguns alunos participarão dos jogos de verão.
10- Nenhum estudante participará das olimpíadas este ano devido a pandemia
11- Ninguém apareceu para receber o grande prêmio.
12- Você tem algum tempo livre esta semana?
13- Nenhum desses jogos devem ser jogado por crianças.
14- Como que ninguém percebeu isso?
15- Vocês gostariam de comer alguma sobremesa?
16- Eles querem algum tipo de tratamento especial?
17- Você está procurando por alguém?
75
PRACTICE
B- Complete the sentences with SOME, ANY or NO.
1- I don’t need money because. I’m going to bring my lunch to school.

2- He has pencils, but I have to lend to him.
3- Our teacher didn’t apply test last month.

4- I’m tired. Do we have time to take a nap?
5- Do they have museums in town? No, they don’t have .
6- Paul wants to buy new shoes.
7- Excuse me, I need information about the flight to Boston.

8- I don’t have _______ paper, but Mary has____ .
9- Mr. Smith has questions that he wants to ask you.
10- They have apples, but they have bananas.
11- I’m sorry, but we don’t have ________more tickets.
12- Thomas read interesting books last month.

13- I bought milk and sugar at the supermarket.
14- A: Do you have coins for the bus? B: No, I have .
15- I need help with my homework.
C- Complete the sentences with SOME, ANY, NO and compounds.
1- Max, do we have to eat? – Of course, I bought yesterday.

2- There's at the door. Are you expecting ___________?
3- Did you go ____last night?
4- You have to do about it. Otherwise the situation will get out of control.
5- Choose from this store. It doesn't matter what, I’ll buy it.
6- I can't find my cell phone. I think I left it .
7- I have to do today, but tomorrow I have to go.
8- This party is so boring. Let's go else.
9- Is there you need? – No, I'm just looking for .
11- Is there in the classroom without uniform?
12- John lives in Canada, but I don't really know the exact town.
13- Does n the audience have a mobile phone?
14- Could I have to drink, please?
15- I would like to go this summer, but not just . I'd like to travel abroad.
16- _____________can play this game. It's easy.
17- I went shopping yesterday. I bought_________ for you, but I didn't buy____________ for me.
76
LESSON 23
DO / MAKE - EXPRESSIONS
Verb Verbo
Do Fazer
Make Fazer
I need to do the clothes on Saturday. Preciso lavar roupa todos os sábados.
She needs you to do her a favor. Ela precisa que você faça um favor para ela.
They always do good on tests. Eles sempre se dão bem em provas.
The local news will do a poll. O noticiário local fará uma pesquisa social.
My husband always does the shopping for me. O meu marido sempre faz as compras para mim.
We do puzzles every week to exercise our brain. Solucionamos quebra-cabeças toda semana para
The children should do the dishes for their mom. exercitar a mente.
That guy does drugs. Don’t get close to him. As crianças deveriam lavar as louças para sua mães.
The scientists are doing some experiments on people. Aquele cara usa droga. Não se aproxime dele.
You need to do some exercises. Os cientistas estão fazendo alguns experimentos
I’ll make an announcement this afternoon. em pessoas. Vocês precisam se exercitar.
Please, make the arrangements for the party. Darei um comunicado oficial esta tarde.
We made an attempt to learn Chinese. Por favor, faça os preparatórios para a festa.
Fizemos uma tentativa em aprender chinês.
When you get up, you must make the bed.
The students are making an effort to learn English. Quando você se levante, você deve arrumar a cama.
My mom makes a face when she is mad. Os estudantes estão se esforçando para aprender inglês.
They need something to make a living. Minha mãe fica com cara feia quando está com raiva.
We often make mistakes when learning English. Eles(as) precisam fazer algo para viver.
He makes a lot of payments daily. Frequentemente cometemos erros enquanto
The company made public the positions. aprendendo inglês. Ele faz muitos pagamentos diariamente.
A companhia publicou as vagas disponíveis.
Make sure you will do that.
Tenha certeza que você fará isso.
When you come to my house, make yourself at home.
Quando vier a minha casa, sinta-se em casa.
He usually makes up when speaking in public.
Ele geralmente improvisa quando está falando em público.
We’ll make the most of the trip, for sure.
Vamos aproveitar ao máximo a viagem, com certeza.
They made a point about the presentation.
Eles(as) fizeram uma observação sobre a apresentação.
Negative Negativo
Don’t make noise when I’m sleeping. Não faça barulho quando estou dormingo.
The deal didn’t make any profit at all. O negócio não teve lucro algum.
He doesn’t make trouble at school. Ele não faz confusão na escola.
She didn’t do her duties. Ela não cumpriu com suas obrigações.
They didn’t do overtime. Eles não fizeram hora extra.
We didn’t help our mother doing the dishes. Não ajudamos nossa mãe com as louças.
The teachers don’t do researches on the flu. Os professores não fazem pesquisas sobre a gripe.
Do you do the housework every day? Vocês fazem o trabalho de casa todos so dias?
Do they ever do the right thing? Eles(as) sempre fazem a coisa certa?
Does she have her hair done at the hairdresser? Ela corta o cabelo dela na cabeleireira?
Do we need to make an appointment with the dentist? Precisamos marcar uma consulta no dentista?
Does he make believe when people lie? Ele faz que acredita quando as pessoas mentem?
Did she make it clear about your duties? Ela deixou claro sobre suas obrigações?
Do their kids make a fuss when they go shopping? Os filhos deles fazem birra quando vão as compras?
Should they do the cleaning more often? Eles precisam fazer a limpeza com mais frequência?
Can you do me a favor? Você pode me fazer um favor?
Will you do it over again? Vocês farão isso novamente?
77
Conversation 1
Carlos – Adam, I need you to do me a big favor. Can you?

Adam – Oh yeah, Carlos. You can count on me. What is it?
Carlos – I need to make some phone calls but I can’t do them with my cell phone. Can you lend
me yours and then I make the payment?
Adam – Yes, I can, Adam. The only thing is – it makes some noise when we have a bad
weather like today.
Max – No worries about that. I’ll make some deals with some friends and it’ll be quick.
Carlos – Are you doing well on business? It seems so. You always do the right thing when
it comes to business.
Adam – Well, I learned to make profit with my dad. He was really good at selling.
Carlos – That will do it. You’ll rock it!
Conversation 2
Store clerk – Welcome to Rosé Boutique, how may I help you?

Customer – Hi, I’m doing some window shopping only, but If I like something, I’ll call you.
Store clerk – Ok. But if you want to try on some clothes, they will make a difference on your
look. You might make up your mind.
Customer – I can’t do any shopping tody because I didn’t bring my credit card.
Store clerk – That’s not a problem. We usually make some good deals with our customers and
if you make up your mind to take at least 3 dresses, you can make the payment next week.
Customer – Well, in this case I’ll do some business with you.
Store clerk – Yes, everyone will be happy and you will do your shopping.
There’s also a verb with many different meanings when it comes to expressions. It’s the verb “GET”
meaning of become: ficar meaning of prepare/make: preparar
It’s getting dark. - Está ficando escuro I’ll get some coffee. - Vou preparar (pegar, buscar) um café.
meaning of receive: ganhar, meaning of be (as passive auxiliary): ser receber
She got a nice present for her birthday. - Ela ganhou The robber got caught. - O assaltante foi pego
um presente legal de aniversário.
meaning of persuade/convince: convencer
meaning of obtain/buy: arranjar, conseguir, comprar
He got his father to buy him a car. –
I got a promotion. - Eu consegui uma promoção. (ganhar, Ele convenceu o pai a dar-lhe um carro.
conseguir)
meaning of have something done, order something:
meaning of arrive at/reach: chegar, ir He got his car fixed. - Ele mandou consertar o carro.
I got home late last night. - Cheguei em casa tarde ontem

meaning of understand: entender
de noite.
I got you. - Entendi o que você quer dizer.
meaning of catch (illness, vehicle, thief): pegar
meaning of fetch/pick up: pegar, trazer, buscar
I don’t want to get a cold. - Não quero pegar um resfriado
Go and get the newspaper. - Vai lá e pega o jornal.
78
PRACTICE
1- Preciso fazer um acordo com os clientes antes que do meu concorrente.
2- Não estou me sentindo bem. Vou marcar uma consulta com o médico.
3- Há muitos preparos a serem feitos para o casamento.
4- Assim que vocês se levantarem, arrumem a cama?
5- Os vizinhos estão fazendo muito barulho.
6- Lavei toda roupa ontem e hoje já tem um monte novamente.
7- Você sempre se sai bem nas provas?
8- Vocês não devem criar confusão na escola, não é legal.
9- Quantas ligações você fez no mês passado? A conta de telefone veio muito alta.
10- A prefeitura divulgou na última semana os dados da última reunião.
11- Sinta-se em casa aqui. Você é da família.
12- Tenho muitos pagamentos para fazer este mês.
13- Quando for aos Estados Unidos, aproveite o máximo que puder.
14- Um médico não pode cometer erros na mesa de cirurgia.
15- Eles precisam fazer um esforço para aprender um novo idioma.
16- Você pode me fazer um favor? Preciso de uma carona até o mercado.
17- Quando for explicar algo, deixe claro o que deseja mencionar.
79
PRACTICE
B- Complete the sentences with make or do.
1- good to others and they will good to you.
2- He always such a fuss when I a mistake.
3- He refused to me a favor.
4- He tried to fun of me but only a fool of himself.
5- I have a lot to today.
6- I want you to me a table.
7- I'm trying to my homework.
8- Let's a fire in the sitting-room.
9- Now that we're here we must the most of it.
10- Should I a cup of tea?
11- That will . You have eaten enough cake.
12- The attendant him a lot of harm by up stories.
13- The businessman thinks he will a fortune in America.
14- The mechanic must the car work.
15- What do you for a living?
16- What should I next?
C – Now, write five sentences with MAKE and five with DO with your own information.
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
8-
9-
10-
80
LESSON 24
ADJECTIVES VS MANNER ADVERBS
I’m a patient person. I wait patiently in lines. Sou uma pessoa paciente. Espero pacientemente em filas.
He’s a good chef. He cooks very well. Ele é um bom chef. Ele cozinha muito bem.
They are fast drivers. They drive fast. Eles são motoristas velozes. Eles dirigem velozmente.
She is a careful driver. She drives carefully. Ela é uma motorista cuidadosa. Ela dirige cuidadosamente.
This is an easy test. I take it easily. Essa é uma prova fácil. Eu a faço facilmente.
We are hard workers. We work hard. Somos trabalhadores firmes. Trabalhamos duramente.
It is different. It works differently. Isso é diferente. Funciona diferentemente.
He gets reckless sometimes. Ele é imprudente às vezes.
You usually drive recklessly on the road. Você geralmente dirige imprudentemente na estrada.
I feel safe when I’m with her. Eu me sinto seguro quando estou com ela.
His voice sounds terrible in the morning. A voz dele soa péssimo pela manhã.
We speak English perfectly. Falamos inglês perfeitamente.
She spoke angrily on the phone. Ela falou ao telefone raivosamente.
She is beautiful and she talks beautifully. Ela é linda e ela fala lindamente.
They are nervous people. They act nervously. Eles são pessoas nervosas. Eles agem nervosamente.
You speak slowly, you are a slow speaker. Você fala vagarosamente, você é um falante lento.
Tom is a nice guy, he helps everyone nicely. Tom é um cara legal. Ele ajuda a todos gentilmente.
They are bad players. They play badly. Eles são maus jogadores. Eles jogam mal.
It was raining very heavily. Estava chovendo muito fortemente.
My mother speaks perfect German. Minha mãe fala alemão perfeito.
Please, be quiet. I’m trying to sleep. Por favor, fique quieto. Estou tentando dormir.
They smiled at me in a friendly way. Eles(as) sorriram para mim de uma forma amigável.
She is calm. She always looks at me calmly. Ela é calma. Ela sempre olha para mim calmamente.
You often come late to class. Vocês geralmente vêm para aula atrasados.
She is a very good-looking girl. Ela é uma garota muito bonita.
Doug is a dangerous driver. He drives dangerously. Doug é um motorista perigoso. Ele dirige perigosamente.
They are very polite. They speak politely. Eles são muito educados. Eles falam educadamente.
It’ll be dangerous if he runs dangerously. Será perigoso se ele correr perigosamente.
You get angry very easily. Be careful. Você fica com raiva muito facilmente. Cuidado.
He lived here happily for a year. Ele viveu aqui por um ano contentemente.
We worked hard in the garden. Trabalhamos duramente no jardim.
He kindly waited for us at the bank. Ele gentilmente nos esperou no banco.
Negative Negativo
He isn’t calm. He gets nervous easily. Ele não é calmo. Ele fica nervoso facilmente.
They don’t speak German perfectly. Eles(as) não falam alemão perfeitamente.
They aren’t bad players. They play well. Eles não são maus jogadores. Eles jogam bem.
You don’t run slowly. You always go fast. Vocês não correm vagarosamente. Vocês sempre
You aren’t very clever. You did it wrongly. vão rápido. Você não é muito espero. Você fez
The children didn’t play happily on the game. isso erroneamente.As crianças não jogaram
We aren’t living lonely in the new town. contentemente no jogo. Não estamos vivendo
solitários na nova cidade.
Do you like to go fast? Você gosta de ir rapidamente?
Can he help us kindly? Ele pode nos ajudar gentilmente?
Is she a beautiful girl? Ela é uma linda garota?
Does she speak beuatifully? Ela fala lindamente?
Did the workers work hard today? Os trabalhadores trabalharam duramente hoje?
Why is he driving recklessly? Por que ele está dirigindo imprudentemente?
Can’t they just do it well? Eles não conseguem fazer isso bem?
Are you singing happily? Você está cantando contentemente?
Did They sell their house quickly? Eles venderam a casa deles rapidamente?
81
Conversation 1
Max – Bob, did you see that guy driving recklessly down the street? He almost hit the kids.
Bob – Yes, I saw him. He’s so dangerous with his car. Something must be done.
Max – Well, I called the cops and I hope They can do something about it. A reckless guy like
him can’t be driving freely like that.
Bob – By the way, how about you? Are you a good driver, Max?
Max – Well, I would say so. I think I can drive pretty well.
Bob – Are you a slow or fast driver?
Max – It depends Where I’m driving. I usually drive slowly, specially in town. But when I’m
traveling I like to hit the gas a bit.
Bob – So do I. The highways in our states are usually 3 lanes which give us the possibility of
going little faster.
Conversation 2
Supervisor – Charlie, the reports I received were poorly written. Can you provide me better ones?
Manager – Yes, Peter. Indeed They were poor. I’ll make sure whoever is responsible for
doing it will redo it.
Supervisor – There’s a nice sample which was sent to the department, use it as a model.
Another thing, it has to be done fast because the deadline is tomorrow.
Manager – There’s one point we need to discuss. One of our customers checked the goods
he received and he said the products were made wrongly. The shapes aren’t correct.
Supervisor – Ok, inform him we will supply him with extra products and with the right shapes.
Manager – I’ll speak clearly to the workers and ensure they will produce the products fast.
Supervisor – Keep me informed, you know I am anxious and I normally wait the infor anxiously.
Adjectives vs manner adverbs

Adjective + noun (adjetivo + substantivo)
I’m a patient person. (Sou uma pessoa paciente)
He’s not a good singer. (Ele não é um bom cantor)
He’s a fast driver. (Ele é um motorista rápido)
She’s a careful driver. (Ela é uma morotista cautelosa)
Regular –ly adverbs Irregular Adverbs Be, feel, get, etc., + adjective
patient - patiently good – well I’m patient.

careful - carefully. late – late His voice sounds terrible.
easy -easily fast – fast He gets reckless sometimes.
automatic -automatically hard - hard I feel safe with her.
*But: I feel strongly about it.
Angrily - furiosamente Eagerly - entusiasticamente Noisily - ruidosamente

Anxiously - ansiosamente Fast – rápido / rapidamente Politely - educadamente
Badly - trabalhar mal Frankly – francamente Powerfully - poderosamente
Beautifully - lindamente Happily – felicidade / contentemente Quickly - rapidamente
Carefully - cuidadosamente Kindly – gentilmente Silently - silenciosamente
Carelessly – desatentamente Loudly – de forma alta (som) Slowly – vagarosamente / lentamente
Clearly - claramente Naturally - naturalmente Suspiciously - desconfiadamente
82
PRACTICE
1- Ele saiu da sala rapidamente porque tinha outro compromisso.
______________________________________________________________
2- Ela faz todas as tarefas cuidadosamente.
______________________________________________________________
3- Eles cantam muito bem.
______________________________________________________________
4- Estou esperando pacientemente na sala do medico.
______________________________________________________________
5- Os jovens normalmente dirigem imprudentemente.
______________________________________________________________
6- Nós sempre falamos educadamente com as pessoas.
______________________________________________________________
7- A máquina sempre liga automaticamente.
______________________________________________________________
8- Eles são lentos e fazem tudo lentamente.
______________________________________________________________
9- Ela chegou aqui repentinamente pedindo ajuda.
______________________________________________________________
10- Nós trabalhamos duramente para alcançar esses resultados.
______________________________________________________________
11- Ele castigou severamente seus filhos.
______________________________________________________________
12- Este carro é muito bonito e ele é veloz.
______________________________________________________________
13- Eles falaram amigavelmente com os policiais?
______________________________________________________________
14- O juiz o sentenciou erroneamente.
______________________________________________________________
15- O atleta pulou muito alto.
______________________________________________________________
16- O médico segurou o bebê gentilmente.
______________________________________________________________
17- Você falará inglês fluentemente muito em breve.
______________________________________________________________
83
PRACTICE
B- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words given.
1-Young people talk really (fast) and they don’t speak (clear), And they use a lot
of slangs. It sounds (terrible).
2- People aren’t very (patient) when they have to wait in long lines. They don’t speak to the clerks very
(polite), either.
3- Sometimes families argue because parents and children see things (different).
4- A lot of people _______ (automatic) answer their cell phones when they ring, even at dinner. I think that’s just
_______ (rude).
5- people don’t feel (safe) on the roads because so many people are driving (dangerous).
6- A lot of people try (hard) to do their job____________(careful) and they get stressed.
7- Do you do your homework (easy) and (quick)?
8- Do you practice English (regular) outside the classroom?
9- Do you usually do_____________ (good) on tests?
C – Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
1- I know this sounds bad / badly, but I love to drive really quick / fast. I think I drive really good / well, though. I don’t
get reckless / recklessly when I get behind the wheel or anything.
2- I try hard / hardly to be neat and tidy. Like, I always put my keys on the shelf automtictic/ a/
home. You can lose your keys so easy / easily.
3- I think it’s important / importantly to take work serious / seriously. I mean, it only seems right.
If you do a job good / well you feel good / well about yourself, too.
D- Answer the questions using the word in parentheses.
1- How does he speak in public? (loud)
2- How do you behave when you are in a job interview? (nervous)
3- How do you walk at the park? (slow)
4- How do you live your life? (happy)
84
LESSON 25
QUARTER TEST V
A- Choose the right expression to agree with the statements.
1- Daniel likes to go fishing with his kids on Sundays

a) Neither do I b) So do I c) So am I
2-His wife doesn’t like to go with them because she gets sick.
a) So does mine b) Mine too c) Neither does mine.
3- My kids study English at Aliança América.

a) I don’t b) me too c) I do so.
4- I am very happy to be learning English easily.

a) So am I b) So do I c) am I too.
B- Translate the sentences below:
1- Eu tenho alguns bons livros para aprender inglês.
2- Ninguém quer aprender mandarin.
3- Você quer um pouco de café?
4- Tem algo que eu preciso de contar. Me ligue, por favor.
C- Choose the correct verb to complete the sentences:
1 When I wake up I must my bed. (do / make)

2 He mistakes when he is doing his homework. (do / make)
3They usually the shopping on weekends. (do / make)
4- Could you me a favor? (do / make)
D- Choose the correct word to complete the sentences:

1- Peter is a man. He never fights. (peaceful / peacefully)
2- She answered all the question (clever / cleverly).
3- My neighbor is very kind. She Always speak to us (polite / politely)
4- It’s a (dangerous / dangerously) street. Be careful.
5- I run very (fast / fastly).
85
LESSON 26
RELATIVE CLAUSES
I know the man who lives next door. Eu conheço o homem que mora ao lado.
You have a dog which is very dangerous. Você tem um cachorro que é muito perigoso.
I want to live in a place where is near your house. Eu quero morar em um local que é próximo a sua casa.
A boutique is a place where you can buy nice clothes. Uma butique é um lugar que você pode comprar roupas legais.
Peter is a guy who I grew up with. Peter é um cara que eu cresci com ele.
He is a person who I can trust. Ele é uma pessoa que posso confiar.
I went to the place where you told me about. Eu fui para um lugar que você me falou.
There are days when I feel really tired. Tem dias que me sinto bem cansado.
The girl who is standing there is my sister. A garota parada lá é minha irmã.
Steve Jobs, who was a genius, died from cancer. Steve Jobs, que foi um gênio morreu de câncer.
Jane is the woman who sells nice jewelry. Jane é a mulher que vende ótimas joalherias.
They are the people who you can count on. Eles são as pessoas com quem você pode contar.
Papa Ginos is a nice restaurant where you feel happy. Papa Ginos é um restaurante onde você se sente feliz.
Aliança is the school where I learn English fast. Aliança é a escola onde eu aprendo inglês rapidamente.
She is the one who helps everyone. Ela é a pessoa quem ajuda a todos.
The cops caught the robber who was stealing the kids. Os policiais pegaram o bandido que estava roubando as crianças.
The house which we bought is in brown. A casa que compramos é marrom.
The teacher who teaches here is American. O professor quem ensina aqui é americano.
Jason, who lives in Paris called me yesterday. Jason, quem mora em Paris me ligou ontem.
He was wearing a suit which didn’t seem to fit him well. Ele estava usando um terno que parecia não caber bem nele.
Winter is the season when I’m always happy. O inverno é a estação quando eu me sinto sempre feliz.
He’s a musician whose albums sold millions. Ele é o músico cujo álbum vendeu milhões.
The people who we met are from Canada. As pessoas quem conhecemos são do Canadá.
The assistant who helped us was very kind. O assistente que nos auxiliou foi muito gentil.
That TV is the one that is broken. Aquela TV é a que está quebrada.
The movie that we saw was really interesting. O filme que assistimos era bem interessante.
My Family, who lives in the USA, is coming back. Minha família que mora nos EUA está retornando.
Doctor Susie who assisted us is very professional. A Dra. Susie que nos auxiliou é muito profissional.
This is the house where I want to live some day. Esta é a casa onde quero morar algum dia.
Jeff, whose car broke down, needs some help. Jeff, cujo carro quebrou precisa de ajuda.
We are the people who want to help you. Somos as pessoas quem quer ajudar você.
They are the people who Susie met at the party. Elas são as pessoas que Susie conheceu na festa.
Negative Negativo
He isn’t the person who I expected. Ele não é a pessoa que eu esperava.
This isn’t the house where I want live forever. Essa não é a casa onde eu quero morar para sempre.
This isn’t the car that goes fast as I wish. Esse não é o carro que é rápido como eu queria.
Those aren’t the books which will help me learn more. Aqueles não são os livros os quais me ajudarão a aprender mais.
Christmas isn’t the holiday when people travel. Natal não é o período quando as pessoas viajam.
I can’t find my notebook that has all my notes. Não consigo encontar meu caderno com todas minha anotações.
My laptop, which doesn’t help me much is broken. Meu notebook, que não me ajuda muito está quebrado.
Is he the guy who will work with us? É ele o cara que vai trabalhar conosco?
Are they the people who I can trust? Elas são as pessoas quem podemos confiar?
Are these keys the keys which you were asking? Essas são as chaves as quais você estava perguntando?
Do you love those socks that you wore yesterday? Você adora aquelas meias que você usou ontem?
Did you talk to the driver who will take us there? Você falou com o motorista que vai nos levar lá?
Is this the company that will build the machine? É essa a companhia que vai construir a máquina?
Is this the machine which will be built by the company? É essa a máquina que vai ser construída pela companhia?
Are they the ones who promised to be better? São eles os que prometeram se tornarem melhores?
86
Conversation 1
Greg – Hi Bob. You’re back, uh? How was you trip?

Bob – What’s up Greg? Well, it was good but, there was this guy who sat right next to me on the
plane that couldn’t stop talking.
Greg – But it’s nice to have someone who you can talk with when on a plane, right?
Bob – Wrong. You know I’m a guy who is not really talkative. I feel uncomfortable.
Greg – I got you! Yeah, it can be annoying.
Bob – Another thing is, they didn’t have those nice earpads which could block all noise.
Greg – Poor you, man! But you went to a place where you could have little fun afterwards, right?
Bob – Yes, I could say besides this guy, the whole trip was pretty cool.
Conversation 2
Man – So, what do you do?

Woman – I work for a company that builds little components for cell phones.
Man – That’s interesting. And which company do you supply to?
Woman – We supply to most local businesses that sell phones.
Man – And what do you do there, exactly?
Woman – Well, I’m the person who is responsible for the whole operation and production. I have a
manager who takes care of the sales and a company that delivers the boxes of components.
Man – it seems to be my Lucky day. I’m the owner of a company that is looking for partners to
expand the cell phone Market, which is demanding at the moment.
Relative clauses are sentences that give information about people or things. A relative clause starts with a relative
pronoun who, that, which, where... .
When the relative pronoun is an object, it can be omitted (except wish whose and where)
That is the man who I saw last night. *who in this case is
the relative pronoun
and can be omitted
Main clause Relative Clause
When the relative pronoun is a subject, it can never be omitted.
Aliança América is an English school that provides the best English course in the world. *that in this case is
the relative pronoun.
Main clause Relative Clause
Some more examples:

- She works for a company that builds cell phones. (Ela trabalha para uma empresa que fabrica celulares).
- The company she works for is the company which I can buy some materials.
- (A empresa que ela trabalha é a empresa onde eu posso comprar alguns materiais)
- Jenny likes to talk about the things that she is doing. (Jenny gosta de falar das coisas que ela está fazendo).
- I have a friend who work for Apple. (Eu tenho um amigo que trabalha na Apple)
87
PRACTICE
A- Combine each pair of sentences using relative clauses.
1- I have a friend in the USA. He works for a landscaping company.
2- There was a nice guy in my building. He was really good at telling jokes.
3- One of my friends from class has a soccer ball. His favorite player signed it.
4- My sister has a very nice ring. Her husband gave it to her.
5- I have a new friend. I met him at Aliança América.
6- My wife and I saw a comedy movie last night. It made us laugh a lot.
7- They called a plumber. He lives down the street.
8- I accidentally broke the computer. The computer was new.
9- They live in the countryside. The countryside is in the north of the city.
10- My sister has three children. My sister lives in Florida.
11- The maine new raws
12- I have many friends. I only contact them occasionally.
13- My sister has a friend. She often goes out with her.
14- There is a co-worker in the company. He is always apologizing to the boss.
15- New York city. It is the capital of New York State, it’s big.
16- He lost the money. I gave him the money.
17- The food was delicious. My mom cooked the food.
88
PRACTICE
B- Choose the right relative pronoun to complete each relative clause.
1- I know a sporting store you can 6- The roast beef you roasted
buy some nice weights. was absolutely perfect and delicious.
a) That a) Which
b) Who b) Who
c) Where c) Where
2- Susie knows a girls brother works 7- My father remembers the time

for my dad’s company. he fought for the army in Vietnam.
a) Who a) Where
b) Whose b) When
c) Whom c) That
3- Students study at Aliança América learn 8- The people names were selected
English easily. to win the prize, must check-in by the end of the day.
a) When a) Whose
b) Whose b) Whom
c) Who c) Who
4- Goods are imported from other countries 9- Can you lend me the book you bought
are very expensive due the currency. last week? It is really interesting!
a) That a) Why
b) Where b) Who
c) Why c) That
5- The bad weather is the reason we 10- My grandmom’s house is a home

couldn’t grow any culture this season. I can relax and forget everything for a while.
a) When a) Who
b) Where b) Where
c) Why c) When
Complete the sentences with relative pronouns from the box.
THAT – WHEN – WHERE - WHICH - WHO – WHOSE- WHY
1- The new movie is about a soldier was convicted of a crime.

2- He is salesman, sales surpassed the goals.
3- The DVD recorder I bought at this store a few days ago is not working.
4- That's the book I recommended reading in class.
5 Is this the hotel you are staying for the tournament?
6 My dad, travels a lot on business, is in Australia at the moment.
7 It was midnight the first rescue team arrived at the scene of the accident.
8 There are several reasons I am not allowed to give you any information.
9We stayed at the famous Rockstar hotel, also had an indoor swimming pool. 10.
10- Did you write back to the person offered you a job?
11- The story is about a young woman 5-year old son suddenly disappears.
12- The tennis court they usually play is currently not available.
89
LESSON 27
IF CLAUSES – ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONAL
If I put my hands on fire, they burn. Se coloco minhas mãos no fogo, elas queimam.
If I miss the 06 o’clock bus, I arrive late at work Se eu perder o ônibus das 06h, chego atrasado no trabalho
If I go the the store, I buy something. Se vou à loja, compro alguma coisa.
If he gets late at work, his boss gets angry. Se ele se atrasar no trabalho, seu chefe fica zangado.
The floor gets wet if we throw some water on it. O chão fica molhado se jogarmos um pouco de água.
Ice melts if we leave it outside the freezer. O gelo derrete se o deixarmos fora do congelador.
When temperature is below zero it snows. Quando a temperatura está abaixo de zero, neva.
If it rains, I use an umbrella. Se chover, uso guarda-chuva.
I use an umbrella if it rains. Eu uso um guarda-chuva se chover. Se
If the weather is nice, I will go to the park. o tempo estiver bom, irei ao parque.
I ask for help when I need it. Peço ajuda quando preciso.
If she loses her job, she will look for another one. Se ela perder o emprego, ela procurará outro.
They will go to the beach if it gets hot. Eles irão para a praia se ficar calor.
If you do it for me, I will pay you. Se você fizer isso por mim, eu vou te pagar.
You will earn more when you graduate. Você vai ganhar mais quando se formar.
When they travel, they take their pets with them. Quando viajam, eles levam seus animais de estimação com eles.
We pass the test if we study hard. Passamos no teste se estudarmos muito.
The teacher will get mad if we cheat on the test. O professor vai ficar bravo se colarmos no teste.
When we are on vacation, we travel. Quando estamos de férias, viajamos.
If he travels, he spends money. Se ele viaja, ele gasta dinheiro.
He will buy a mansion if he wins the lottery. Ele comprará uma mansão se ganhar na loteria.
They will visit the statue of liberty if They go to NY. Eles visitarão a estátua da liberdade se forem para NY.
If we sell our house, we will buy another one. Se vendermos nossa casa, compraremos outra.
If they come home early, I will cook a special meal. Se eles voltarem cedo, prepararei uma refeição especial.
If you study hard, you’ll learn more. Se você estudar muito, aprenderá mais.
You learn real English if you study at Aliança. Você aprende inglês de verdade se estudar na Aliança.
The boss will promote you if you do well on your tasks. O chefe irá promovê-lo se você fizer bem suas tarefas.
If it rains, you will be able to prepare the soil. Se chover, você poderá preparar o solo.
You’ll lose your crop if it rains heavily. Você perderá sua safra se chover forte.
Negative Negativo
If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass the test. Se você não estudar muito, não vai passar no teste.
I won’t get tired If I don’t play soccer. Eu não vou me cansar Se eu não jogar futebol.
If she doesn’t go, she won’t spend money. Se ela não for, não gastará dinheiro.
They don’t play if they don’t pay. Eles não jogam se não pagam.
If he doesn’t have a job, he doesn’t work. Se ele não tem um emprego, ele não trabalha.
We won’t buy anything if we stay home. Não compraremos nada se ficarmos em casa.
If you don’t go out, you won’t be in dangerous. Se você não sair, não estará em perigo.
We don’t get fat if we don’t eat much chocolate. Não engordamos se não comermos muito chocolate.
If they don’t pay me, I won’t deliver the pack. Se eles não me pagarem, eu não entrego o pacote.
Do you get cold when you get wet from rain? Você fica com frio quando se molha na chuva?
What will you do if you win the lottery? O que você fará se ganhar na loteria?
Does he buy anything if he goes to the store? Ele compra alguma coisa se for à loja?
Do they do the homework if their mom asks them ? Eles fazem o dever de casa se a mãe lhes pedir?
Will you take us there if I pay you a good amount? Você nos levará lá se eu pagar uma boa quantia?
Will he get hurt if the falls from the stairs? Ele vai se machucar se cair da escada?
Will the company fire him if he doesn’t do the job? A empresa irá despedi-lo se ele não fizer o trabalho?
Does she do the grocery if she goes to the store? Ela faz a compras se for ao mercado?
90
Conversation 1
Max – Hi, Joe. When it snows, do you usually go skiing?

Joe – Yes, I do if I have some time off.
Max – So do I. When you do it, where do you usually go?
Joe – When I skii, I usually go to the North Pole Resort. It’s cheap and there are Sharony tracks
Max – Which months does it usually snow?
Joe – If it’s a good winter, it gets lots of snow from January to March.
Max – Sweet! If you go this winter, do you invite me?
Joe – Yes, of course. If I go skiing this winter, I give you a call.
Conversation 2
Sharon – So Diana, What are you up to this weekend?

Diana – It depends. If the Weather is good, I’ll take the kids to the park. How about you?
Sharon – I’ll also do some outdoor activities if it gets hot. We should go together.
Diana – Yes, we should. I’ll give you a call to let you know if the weather forecast is good.
Sharon – I have some relatives coming over this weekend but it won’t be a problem if they come.
Diana – No problem at all. You can also take them with you.
Sharon – I really appreciate it. You’re always so kind.
Zero conditional
We use the zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, based in a fact.
If you put your hands on fire, they burn. If + subject + simple present + subject + simple present
Condition Result
First conditional
We use the first conditional when we have a possible result in the future.
If you put your hands on fire, they will burn. If + subject + simple present + will/won’t + verb
Condition Result
You can also start the sentence with the result without changing the meaning.
I will stay home if it rains tomorrow. (Ficarei em casa se chover amanhã)

My hands burn if I put them on fire. (Minhas mãos queimam se eu as colocar no fogo).
Note: When you start a sentence with the result, you don’t need to use a comma (,) to separe the 2 clauses.
Sometimes, we
use shall, can or may instead of will, for
example:
If it's sunny this afternoon, we can play
tennis.
91
PRACTICE
1- Se as pessoas comem muito, elas engordam.
2- Se eu ficar exposto ao frio, eu pego um resfriado.
3- Cobras picam se elas se assustarem.
4- Se os bebês sentem fome, eles choram.
5- As pessoas morrem se elas não comem.
6- O óleo flutua se você colocá-lo na água.
7- Se o transporte público é eficiente, as pessoas param de usar os carros.
8- A grama molha quando chove
9- Se ele coloca sal na água, ela fica salgada.
10- As plantas morrem se ela não recebem água.
11- Se chover, não irei ao parque.
12- Se você estudar bastante, você vai passar na prova.
13- Comprarei algumas pares de sapatos se eu tiver dinheiro.
14- Se ela não sair logo, ela perderá o ônibus.
15- Se eu ganhar na loteria, vou comprar uma mansão..
16- Se você quiser, eu posso ir com você.
17- Se eles me chamarem, eu vou pra festa deles.
92
PRACTICE
B- Match the two columns to make conditional clauses.
1. If I am late for class, (A) if they don’t eat.

2. When he stays up very late, (B) I always look left and right.
3. People get hungry (C) my teacher gets angry.
4. If you study hard, (D) when he is happy.
5. When she watches a movie, (E) I take a taxi to work.
6. When I cross the street, (F) he is very tired the next morning.
7. I can’t do my homework, (G) the librarian gets angry.
8. He always smiles (H) if you want to lose weight.
9. If I miss the bus, (I) she likes to eat popcorn.
10. When you make lots of noise, (J) when it rains.
11. Tea tastes sweet (K) I watch a funny movie.
12. You should eat less (L) he listens to music.
13. I always take my umbrella (M) you get good grades in school.
14. When I’m sad, (N) if you add some sugar.
15. When he cleans the house, (O) if I don’t have my glasses.
C- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given:
1- If we , we there in time. (HURRY, GET)
2-. I to the doctor unless the pain . (NOT GO, INCREASE)
3- If you in public places you into trouble. (SMOKE, GET)
4- We for a picnic tomorrow if the weather nice. (GO, STAY)
5- Everyone you if you them the truth. (BELIEVE, TELL)
6- If he up, he to work on time. (NOT WAKE, NOT GET)
7- If she her keys, she angry. (LOSE, BE)
8- If the baby a boy, I him Jonathon. (BE, CALL)
9- You an accident if you so carelessly. (CAUSE, DRIVE)
10- She it if she me the truth. (REGRET, NOT TELL)
11- If you the house now, you late for the meeting. (NOT LEAVE, BE)
12- Margaret to the party unless you her. (NOT COME, INVITE)
13- I you with the dishes if you tired. (HELP, BE)
14- We ________any tickets for the performance unless we them in advance. (NOT GET, BUY)
93
LESSON 28
IF CLAUSE – SECOND CONDITIONAL
If I met the presidente, I would say hello. Se eu conhecesse o presidente, diria olá.
If he won the lottery, he would travel the world. Se ele ganhasse na loteria, ele viajaria pelo mundo.
If you had a Ferrari, you would drive really fast. Se você tivesse uma Ferrari, você dirigiria muito rápido.
They would pass the test if they studied. Eles passariam no teste se estudassem.
If he had her number, he would call her. Se ele tivesse o número dela, ele ligaria para ela.
If I were you, I would do that. Se eu fosse você, faria isso.
If we traveled to NY, we would visit the Central Park. Se viajássemos para NY, visitaríamos o Central Park.
If she had enough money, she would buy the company. Se ela tivesse dinheiro suficiente, ela compraria a empresa.
If the situation was different, we would understand. Se a situação fosse diferente, entenderíamos.
He would be fluente if he lived in England. Ele seria fluente se morasse na Inglaterra.
If they went to the movies, hey would watch the film. Se eles fossem ao cinema, eles assistiriam ao filme.
If it was beautiful, they would buy it. Se isso fosse bonito, eles o comprariam.
If I were you, I would buy this house. Se eu fosse você, compraria esta casa.
If I knew her name, I would call her. Se eu soubesse o nome dela, eu ligaria para ela.
I would be happy if I had more free time. Eu ficaria feliz se tivesse mais tempo livre.
I would tell you the answer if I knew what it was. Eu diria a você a resposta se soubesse o que era.
There would be less accidents if everyone drove more Haveria menos acidentes se todos dirigissem com mais cuidado.
carefully. Teríamos muito dinheiro se vendêssemos nossa casa.
We would have a lot of money if we sold our house. Se eu pagasse as passagens, eles viriam.
If I paid the tickets, they would come. Eu aceitaria o trabalho se eles me oferecessem.
I would accept the job if they offered it to me. Se você quebrasse isso, você nos contaria.
If you broke it, you would tell us. Se eu ganhasse a competição, receberia um bom prêmio.
If I won the competition, I would get a good prize. Se eu jogasse no time, ganharíamos.
If I played on the team, we would win. Se eu morasse em uma cidade grande, sairia com mais frequência.
If I lived in a big city, I would go out more often. Eles trabalhariam mais se tivessem a oportunidade.
They would work more if they had the opportunity. Se fôssemos ricos, viajaríamos todos os meses.
If we were rich, we would travel every month. Eu chamaria a polícia se visse um ladrão.
I would call the cops if I saw a robber. Nós ajudaríamos outras pessoas se economizássemos
We would help others if we saved more money. mais dinheiro.
Negative Negativo
I wouldn’t go out if it was dark. Eu não sairia se estivesse escuro.
He wouldn’t buy the car if he didn’t have the money. Ele não compraria o carro se não tivesse dinheiro.
You wouldn’t be so tired if you went to bed earlier. Você não ficaria tão cansado se fosse para a cama mais cedo.
They wouldn’t hurt themselves if they didn’t fall. Eles não se machucariam se não caíssem.
If he didn’t have a job, he wouldn’t work. Se ele não tivesse um emprego, ele não iria trabalhar.
We wouldn’t buy anything if we didn’t have money. Não compraríamos nada se não tivéssemos dinheiro.
I wouldn’t go to the party if I were you. Eu não iria à festa se fosse você.
If we didn’t win the game, we wouildn’t celebrate. Se não ganhamos o jogo, não comemoraremos.
He wouldn’t walk everyday if he had a bike. Ele não andaria todos os dias se tivesse uma bicicleta.
What would you do if you were me? O que você faria se você fosse eu?
Where would they go if they had the chance? Para onde eles iriam se tivessem a chance?
Would she travel if she was on vacation? Ela viajaria se estivesse de férias?
If they were here, what would they do? Se eles estivessem aqui, o que fariam?
If they knew, would they tell her? Se eles soubessem, eles diriam a ela?
Where would they move if they could? Para onde eles se mudariam se pudessem?
If you were rich, what would you buy? Se você fosse rico, o que compraria?
Would we pass if we studied? Nós passaríamos se estudássemos?
94
Conversation 1
Max – What’s going on, Joe? I have a question – Where would you like to go if you won a free ticket?
Joe – No much, Max. Man, I would go to Cape Cod if I could.
Max – And if you went there, what would you do?
Joe – There are many places to visit and much to do in a place like that. If I knew some to go
with me I would pay the ticket.
Max – Well, maybe I would go if you paid my expenses.
Joe – We can discuss this possibility.
Max – I’d love to if you asked my boss.
Joe – I would do that if I had his number.
Conversation 2
Sharon – So Diana, If you found a cat wandering on your street, would you take it home?
Diana – If I knew it wouldn’t have owner, yes. I might!
Sharon – Would your family let you stay with it if you took it?
Diana – Yes, they would. Here at home everybody loves pets, specially cats.
Sharon – I’m asking you because there’s this cat right on my street that is wandering every morning.
I want to take it home but my mom said if I took it home she would punish me.
Diana – Oh Sharon. Poor kitty. If you could, would you hold it for me? I’ll go there and take it.
Sharon – That would be awesome if you do it!
Second conditional
The second conditional is used to imagine present or future situations that are impossible or unlikely in reality.
If you had more money, you would travel more. If + subject + simple past + subject + would + simple present
Condition Result
Answer the following questions with your teacher.
1. If you could change one thing about yourself, what would you change?
2. If you could stay at one age forever, what age would it be?
3. If you won the lottery, what would you do?
4. If you woke up suddenly because your house was on fire, what item would you save first?
5. If you could only eat one food for the rest of your life, what would you choose?
6. If you meet anyone, dead or alive, who would you choose to meet?
7. If you changed your name, what name would you choose?
8. If you were the world’s best at something, what would you like to be the world’s best at?
9. If you could travel in time, would you prefer to see the future or the past?
10. If you had a choice to have no children or ten children, what would you choose?
11. If you could have any job, what job would you like to have?
12. If you didn’t need sleep, how would you spend your nights?
95
PRACTICE
1- Se eu fosse aos Estados Unidos, eu compraria muita coisa lá.

_____________________________________________________________________________
2- O que você faria se ganhasse uma Ferrari?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3- Se eu visse uma cobra na rua, eu sairia correndo.
_____________________________________________________________________________
4- Se ela me falasse como fazer isso, eu faria sem problemas.
_____________________________________________________________________________
5- Ele não compraria todas essas coisas se não precisasse.
_____________________________________________________________________________
6- Eu pintaria minha casa se tivesse tempo livre.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7- Eu iria ao cinema hoje se não tivesse que trabalhar.
_____________________________________________________________________________
8- O que eles fariam se alguém falasse pra eles a verdade?
_____________________________________________________________________________
9- Eu comeria uma pizza se não estivesse de regime.
_____________________________________________________________________________
10- Se eu fosse você, não me preocuparia tanto.
_____________________________________________________________________________
11- Eu dirigiria para Las Vegas se a gasolina não estivesse tão cara.
_____________________________________________________________________________
12- Se essa empresa me contratasse, eu seria o diretor.
_____________________________________________________________________________
13- Se eu tivesse que trabalhar, eu não teria tempo para ficar aqui.
_____________________________________________________________________________
14- Se ele respeitasse mais o patrão, ele não perderia o emprego.
_____________________________________________________________________________
15- Se morássemos na Espanha, seríamos felizes
_____________________________________________________________________________
16- Se eu tivesse um milhão de dólares, compraria uma mansão.
_____________________________________________________________________________
17- Se eu fosse para Madrid, eu visitaria os pontos turísticos.
_____________________________________________________________________________
96
PRACTICE
B- Rewrite the sentences and use the second conditional. Keep the same meaning.
Example
My car is out of order. I won't drive you there.
If my car wasn't out of order, I would drive you there.
1. I don't know his phone number. I can't contact him.

If I .............................. his phone number, I would contact him.
2. He is sick. He can't go skiing.

If he wasn’t sick, he ........................... skiing.
3. He doesn't like pasta. He won't eat the spaghetti.

If he .......................... pasta, he would eat the spaghetti.
4. I travel on my own because I speak English.

I wouldn't travel on my own if I ........................................... English.
5. We don't have enough room in our house. You can't stay with us.
If we ...................... enough room in our house, you could stay with us.
6. You aren't lucky. You won't win.

If you were lucky, you .................................... .
7. I go to bed early because I work so hard.

I wouldn't go to bed early if I ........................................ so hard.
8. I am eighteen. I can vote.

If I ......................... eighteen, I couldn't vote.
9. Go to Corfu. You may like it.

If you went to Corfu, you .................................... it.
10. You'll manage it. Don't panic.

You would manage it if you .............................................. .
C- Write sentences with the second conditional learned.
1- If I were .
2- If I had .
3- If I knew .
4- If I won .
5- What would you do if ?
6- Where would you go if ?
7- If they broke .
8- If we studied .
97
LESSON 29
USED TO vs BE USED TO
Verb Verbo
Used to Era acostumado
Be used to Está acostumado
I used to ride a bike when I was a kid. Eu costumava andar de bicicleta quando era criança.
She used to go to the club with her friends. Ela costumava ir ao clube com seus amigos.
They used to play in a band. Eles costumavam tocar em uma banda.
My parents used to go out at night. Meus pais costumavam sair à noite.
We used to talk on the phone for hours. Costumávamos falar ao telefone por horas.
It used to work better when it was new. Costumava funcionar melhor quando era novo.
He used to work for an international company. Ele trabalhava para uma empresa internacional.
I used to walk my dog in the park every morning. Eu costumava passear com meu cachorro no parque todas as
She is used to riding her bike with her daughter. manhãs. Ela está acostumado a andar de bicicleta com a filha.
They are used to doing their grocery every weekend. Eles estão acostumados a fazer suas compras
I’m used to working overtime. todo fim de semana. Estou acostumada a trabalhar horas extras.
We are used to the cold weather. Estamos acostumados com o frio.
He used to study every weekend when he was a kid. Ele costumava estudar todos os fins de semana quando era
We used to travel on vacation, but now it’s impossible. criança. Costumávamos viajar de férias, mas agora é impossível.
We are used to studying English, we love it. Estamos acostumados a estudar inglês, adoramos.
She is used to going to the movies on Fridays. Ela está acostumada a ir ao cinema às sextas-feiras.
It is used to raining between December and March. Costuma chover entre dezembro e março.
They used to go to their grandparents’ for Christmas. Eles costumavam ir para casa de seus avós no Natal.
They are used to going to their parents’ on Sundays. Eles estão acostumados a ir para casa de seus pais aos domingos.
The dog used to play with the kids, but now he is old. O cachorro costumava brincava com as crianças, mas agora está
The company used to have a high employee turnover. velho. A empresa costumava ter uma alta rotatividade
The boss is used to leaving earlier than the orthers. de funcionários. O chefe está acostumado a sair mais cedo
We are used to traveling on vacation. do que os outros. Estamos acostumados a viajar de férias.
He is used to fixing things at home. Ele está acostumado a consertar as coisas em casa.
You are used to going late to bed. Você está acostumado a ir para a cama tarde.
Negative Negativo
We didn’t use to swim in the club. The pool was deep. Não costumávamos nadar no clube. A piscina era funda.
She didn’t use to ride a bike when she was a kid. Ela não costumava andar de bicicleta quando era criança.
The kids aren’t used to waking up early. As crianças não estão acostumadas a acordar cedo.
I’m not used to driving in a big city. Não estou acostumado a dirigir em uma cidade grande.
We’re not used to working until late. Não estamos acostumados a trabalhar até tarde.
He isn’t used to studying by himself. Ele não está acostumado a estudar sozinho.
They used to buy much chocolate at the candy store. Eles costumavam comprar muito chocolate na confeitaria.
Did he use to go camping with his counsins? Ele costumava acampar com seus primos?
Are you used to buying at that store over there? Você costuma comprar naquela loja ali?
Is it used to raining between December and March? Costuma chover entre dezembro e março?
Did you use to take a ride back home? Você costumava pegar uma carona de volta para casa?
Did we use to do exercises after dinner? Costumávamos fazer exercícios depois do jantar?
Are you used to working out at the gym? Você está acostumado a malhar na academia?
Are They used to staying out late? Eles estão acostumados a ficar fora até tarde?
Is he used to doing martial arts over the weekend? Ele está acostumado a fazer artes marciais no fim de semana?
Did they use to buy gifts for the whole family? Eles costumavam comprar presentes para toda a família?
Did he use to do business with foreigners? Ele costumava fazer negócios com estrangeiros?
98
Conversation 1
Carlos – Adam, Are you used to studying a foreign language?

Adam – Yes, I am, Carlos. I used to work for an international company and they fired me
because I didn’t speak English. So, now I’m used to studying more than one language.
Carlos – What a pity you got fired. But now you might have better opportunities.
Adam – Yes, for sure. At that moment I was so frustrated but then it opened my eyes for the
necessity of learning English and other languages.
Carlos – That’s so cool. And where are you studying?
Adam – I’m studying at Aliança América. I got so used to studying there.
They have a very interesting method. You should study there, as well.
Carlos – Yes, I should. Actually, I’m not used to learning new things but I must give it a try.
Adam – Absolutely! Companies out there are seeking for qualified people.
Conversation 2
Rose – Hello Beth, did you start working in the company I indicated you?
Beth – Not yet. I’m still thinking about because they need someone to work for long hours
sometimes and I’m not used to it.
Rose – I understand that but, you get used to it.
Beth – I know. I used to work long hours when I was living in Canada but after I came back I
got little rusted. But I need to get used to it again.
Rose – Yeah, you will. I’m used to doing that Every week because I need to do some overtime
to pay some bills.
Beth – You’re tough. Let me know if you need any financial help. I used to have some hard
time paying bills but now I can help others.
Rose – I appreciate it but I got used to it. I’m used to living and doing everything myself.
Differences between USED TO, BE USED TO and GET USED TO.
We use used to + infinitive to talk about a past situation that is no longer true. It tells us that there was a repeated
action or state in the past which has now changed.
He used to go to the stadium with his family. (Ele costumava ir ao estádio com sua família)
I didn't use to eat pizza but now I always do it. (Eu não era costumado a comer pizza mas agora como sempre).
Be used to means 'be familiar with' or 'be accustomed to’.
I’m used to going to school on foot. (Estou acostumado a ir para escola a

pé) She is used to heat. (Ela está acostumada com calor)
We use get used to to talk about the process of becoming familiar with something.
I don’t like this food but I’ll get used to it. (Eu não gosto dessa comida mas vou me acostumar)
You should get used to this weather. Here’s always cold. (Você precisa se acostumar com esse clima.
Aqui é sempre frio)
Be used to and get used to are followed by a noun, pronoun or the -ing form of a verb, and can be used about the
past, present or future.
99
PRACTICE
1- Eu costumava comer muito chocolate mas agora estou de dieta.

_____________________________________________________________________________
2- Você costumava ir direto pra casa quando estudava no colégio?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3- Ela costumava falar com seus avós sobre seus estudos.
_____________________________________________________________________________
4- O que você costumava fazer aos domingos quando era criança?
_____________________________________________________________________________
5- Estou acostumado a ficar em casa sozinho quando meus pais saem para trabalhar.
_____________________________________________________________________________
6- Minha mãe está acostumada a ir ao supermercado sozinha.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7- Ele está acostumado a fazer hora extra toda semana.
_____________________________________________________________________________
8- Eles se acostumaram a andar de cavalo.
_____________________________________________________________________________
9- Não me acostumei a viver sem você.
_____________________________________________________________________________
10- Seus pais estão acostumados com suas travessuras.
_____________________________________________________________________________
11- Nós costumávamos fazer uma caminhada no parque quando não era perigoso.
_____________________________________________________________________________
12- Você se acostuma facilmente com as coisas?
_____________________________________________________________________________
13- Não me acostumei com o clima dos Estados Unidos.
_____________________________________________________________________________
14- Eles não eram costumados a andar por muito tempo.
_____________________________________________________________________________
15- Vocês costumavam ir na casa de seus avós no natal?
_____________________________________________________________________________
16- Eles estão acostumados com o novo chefe.
_____________________________________________________________________________
17- Não me acostumei a acordar cedo.
_____________________________________________________________________________
100
PRACTICE
B- Change the sentences below into negative and interrogative forms:
1. I used to live in a flat when I was a child.
2. Did we use to go to the beach every summer?
3. She used to love eating chocolate, but now she hates it.
4. He didn’t use to smoke.
5. I used to play tennis when I was at school.
6. She used to be able to speak French, but she has forgotten it all.
7. Did he use to play golf every weekend?
8. They both used to have short hair.
9. Julie used to study Portuguese.
Answer the questions below:
a. What did you use to do when you were little?

b. Where did you use to go at the end of the year?
c. Are you used to running over the weekends?
d. What are you planning to get used to?
e. Did you use to get good grades at school?
101
LESSON 30
QUARTER TEST VI
A- Combine the TWO sentences to ONE to make them relative clauses.
That is the man. I need to talk to him as soon as possible.
The movie is about a doctor. He became the first doctor to get a brain surgery done.
That is the place. I grew up there.
I met a grower. His company exports fruits.
My brother gave me a letter. It was in a large envelope.
1- Se eu trabalhar, eu ganho dinheiro.
2- Se ele comer muito, ele engorda.
3 Se chover, não irei para o show.
4 Se ganharmos na loteria, vamos comprar uma casa nova e um carro novo.
C- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs to make second conditional:
1- If I _____________ (be) you, I ______________ (buy) a new suit for the meeting.
2- He _______________ (travel) around the world if he ______________ (win) the lottery.
3- If we _____________ (had) a new chance, we _______________ (do) everything differently.
4- If she ______________ (live) in Moscow, she ________________ (hate) the cold weather.
D- Translate the sentences below:

1- Meus pais costumavam nos levar ao parque de diversão.
__________________________________________________________________________
2- Não estou acostumado a cozinhar.
__________________________________________________________________________
3- Eles precisam se acostumar com a nova rotina de trabalho.
__________________________________________________________________________
4- Você está acostumado a fazer exercícios pela manhã?
__________________________________________________________
102
LESSON 31
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Verb Verbo
I have done. Eu fiz. (tenho feito)
You have studied. Você estudou. (você tem estudado)
She has traveled. Ela viajou. (ela tem viajado)
He has bought. Ele comprou. (ele tem comprado)
It has eaten. Ele(a) comeu. (ele(a) tem comido)
We have watched. Nós assistimos. (Nós temos assistido)
They have walked. Eles(as) caminharam. (Eles(as) têm caminhado)
I have done my homework. Eu fiz meu dever de casa.
You have studied English for so long. Você tem estudado inglês por muito tempo.
She has traveled the world. Ela viajou o mundo.
He has bought a nice car. Ele comprou um carro legal.
The dog has eaten rice and beans. O cachorro tem comido arroz com feijão.
We have watched so many action movies. Assistimos a tantos filmes de ação.
They have walked in the park for the last weeks. Eles caminharam no parque nas últimas semanas.
The company has struggled to stay in business. A empresa tem lutado para se manter no mercado.
The language market has grown. O mercado de idiomas cresceu.
We’ve finished our homework. Terminamos nossa lição de casa.
They’ve accomplished a lot in their lives. Eles realizaram muito em suas vidas.
It’s been broke for a while now. Já está quebrado há um tempo.
Peter’s broken his arm twice. Peter quebrou o braço duas vezes.
I’ve worked here for 25 years. Trabalho aqui há 25 anos.
She’s been to London many times. Ela já esteve em Londres muitas vezes.
We’ve arrived from work. Chegamos do trabalho.
I’ve lost my Keys. Eu perdi minhas chaves.
They’ve been to France. Eles estiveram na França.
All of these products have been made in China. Todos esses produtos foram feitos na China.
Negative Negativo
I haven’t done all my errands. Eu não fiz todas as minhas tarefas.
She hasn’t gone to any trip lately. Ela não tem ido a nenhuma viagem ultimamente.
The kids haven’t been to Disney yet. As crianças ainda não foram à Disney.
He hasn’t driven a big truck. Ele não dirigiu um caminhão grande.
We haven’t eaten sushi. Não comemos sushi.
They haven’t written their reports. Eles não escreveram seus relatórios.
The manager hasn’t arrived in the company. O gerente ainda não chegou na empresa.
Interrogative Interrogativa
Have you worked in a large company? Você já trabalhou em uma grande empresa?
Have you ever been to a foreign country? Você já esteve em um país estrangeiro?
Has he washed the car? Ele lavou o carro?
How have we made all the cakes? Como fizemos todos os bolos?
Have they sold their houses? Eles venderam suas casas?
Have you finished reading the book? Você terminou de ler o livro?
Has he visited many museums? Ele visitou muitos museus?
Have they ever played in a professional team? Eles já jogaram em uma equipe profissional?
Has she seen an UFO? Ela viu um OVNI?
Where have you been? Onde você esteve?
103
Conversation 1
Henry – Pete, Have you ever been to a foreign country?

Pete – Yes I have, Henry. I have traveled to many countries so far.
Henry – That’s so interesting. Which countries have you ever been to?
Pete – I’ve been to Canada, England, the USA, Brazil and many others.
Henry – I envy you Pete. I haven’t been out of the country. So far, what I most have done is to
travel in a few states inside the country.
Pete – You must try to take your family someday and go abroad. It’s an amazing experience.
Henry – I bet it is. I’ve heard people saying that Mexico has some beautiful views and nice weather. I
would love to take my family there and visit its shores.
Pete – Yeah. Plan your trip in advance and everthing’s going to be nice.
Conversation 2
Rose – Beth, I haven’t received the sales report for this week. Have you done it?
Beth – I haven’t done it yet because I’m waiting for the system update. There’re still some
salespeople who haven’t put it through.
Rose – As soon as They do it, send me the report so we can plan for next week.
Beth – Yes, ma’am. By the way, there are some products which haven’t been sold due the
current exchange. What should we do?
Rose – Costs of production have gone up and it’s been hard to keep products in stock. Get a
crosscheck on the prices and if you see we don’t get loss, sell them with discount.
Beth – Right away. Is there anything else you need me to do?
Rose – That’ll do it. I haven’t done my agenda so, I need to check it!
Present perfect structure.
Subject + have/has + past participle + complement
Example: I have been to many places (Estive em muitos lugares)

He has studied English for 10 years. (Ele tem estudado inglês por 10 anos)
Here are some of the usages of the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:
1 For an action that happened in the past but whose results are obvious in the PRESENT.
Peter has washed his car. (Peter lavou o carro dele)
2 For an action that has JUST finished.

I’ve just arrived from work. (Acabei de chegar do trabalho)
3 For an action that started in the past and hasn’t finished.

I have lived here for 10 years. (Moro aqui há 10 anos).
4 For experiences we have/haven’t lived.

I haven’t gone sailing yet. (Eu ainda não velejei).
5 For an action that happened in unspecified time.

The kids cleaned their room. (As criança limparam o quarto delas).
104
PRACTICE
A- Use the words and phrases to write information questions in the present perfect.
1. How long / you / live / in this town?

____________________________________________________________________
2. Where / you / be / to / lately?
____________________________________________________________________
3. How many people / she / invite / for the party?
____________________________________________________________________
4. Who / be / to Canada?
____________________________________________________________________
5. Why / you / choose / this car?
____________________________________________________________________
6. How long / Rose / live / here?
____________________________________________________________________
7. What / you / cook / for lunch?
____________________________________________________________________
8. How much / you / spend / this week?
____________________________________________________________________
B- Complete these questions with the past participles of the verbs in the box. Then answer the questions.
Ex: Have you ever studied Spanish? Yes, I have / No, I haven’t.
be eat find fly meet ride sleep
1- Have you ever on television? Answer:
2- Have you ever a horse? Answer:
3- Have you ever Indian food? Answer:
4- Have you ever a famous person? Answer:
5- Have you ever in a helicopter? Answer:
6- Have you ever money in the street? Answer:
7- Have you ever over a friend’s house? Answer:
105
PRACTICE
C- Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. She’s been a teacher all her life, .

a. and she loved her job
b. and she loves her job
2. I’ve traveled in Europe a lot, and in 2001 .

a. I’ve gone to Africa
b. I went to Africa
3. I’ve had that car for five years, .

a. and it never breaks down
b. and I sold it
4. We haven’t eaten at the Greek restaurant yet, .

a. so we tried it last night
b. so we want to try it soon
5. We haven’t solved the problem yet, .

a. so we gave up
b. but we aren’t giving up
6. Pedro is one of my best friends; .

a. I’ve known him for a long time
b. I knew him for a long time
D- Translate the sentences below.
1- Onde você esteve hoje?
2- Terminei de fazer todo meu dever de casa.
3 Fui para Alemanha muitas vezes nos últimos anos.
4 Eles foram ao parque.
5- O avião acabou de aterrissar.
6 Não temos uma festa faz muito tempo.
7 Não choveu hoje.
106
LESSON 32
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – SINCE / FOR
We use the present perfect tense to mention present activities that started in the past.
We use for to talk about the period of time up to the present, e.g. for four years, for two days. I
have worked here for 15 years.
(Trabalho aqui há 15 anos.)
We use since to talk about the time when an activity started. This can be a date, a day, a month, a time or an event,
e.g. since 2010, since last week, since May, since this morning… .
I have worked here since 2006. (Trabalho aqui desde 2006.)
I have had this car for 20 years. Eu tenho esse carro há 20 anos.
He has had this attitude since his mom passed away. Ele tem essa atitude desde que sua mãe faleceu.
He’s known her for decades. Ele a conhece há décadas.
They have been sick since this morning. Eles estão doentes desde esta manhã.
The pandamic has happened since March 2020. A pandemia tem acontecido desde março de 2020.
We’ve been here for three hours. Estamos aqui há três horas.
It has rained since yesterday. Chove desde ontem.
She has lived in Boston since she left home. Ela mora em Boston desde que saiu de casa.
I have ridden horses since I was a kid. Eu ando a cavalos desde que era criança.
They’ve lost all her flexibility since the accident. Eles perderam toda a flexibilidade desde o acidente.
We have been married for 20 years. Estamos casados há 20 anos.
You’ve played as a professional for 5 months. Você joga como profissional há 5 meses.
I have taught English since 2005. Eu tenho ensinado inglês desde 2005.
It has been broken since last week. Está quebrado desde a semana passada.
We have stayed here for 2 weeks now. Estamos hospedados aqui por 2 semanas agora.
Peter has had English lessons for 10 months. Peter tem tido aulas de inglês por 10 meses.
The company has been closed for 3 years. A empresa está fechada há 3 anos.
I’ve been on a diet since our last trip to the beach. Estou de dieta desde nossa última viagem à praia.
The doctors have searched for the cure since 2001. Os médicos buscam a cura desde 2001.
Negative Negativo
I haven’t seen my family since last year. Não vejo minha família desde o ano passado.
The kids haven’t played computer games for 2 weeks. As crianças não jogam jogos de computador há 2 semanas.
We haven’t been to the mall for a year. Faz um ano que não vamos ao shopping.
They haven’t taken any vacation since the new boss. Eles não tiraram férias desde o novo chefe.
We haven’t talked since our last fight. Não conversamos desde nossa última briga.
She hasn’t slept well for 2 days. Ela não tem dormido bem por 2 dias.
He hasn’t played again since he lost the bet. Ele não jogou novamente desde que perdeu a aposta.
The faucet hasn’t dropped since he fixed it. A torneira não pingou desde que ele a consertou.
Have you spoken English since you were a kid? Você fala inglês desde criança?
Have they worked on the project for so long? Eles Tem trabalhado no projeto por muito tempo?
How long have you studied English for? Há quanto tempo você estuda inglês?
Have we bought this merchandise since May? Compramos essa mercadoria desde maio?
Has it controlled the Market since the last crise? Isso tem controlado o mercado desde a última crise?
Has he been able to work since yesterday? Ele conseguiu trabalhar desde ontem?
Have you driven as a professional for months? Você dirige como profissional há meses?
107
Conversation 1
John – Pete, how long you driven this car?
Pete – I’ve driven it for 10 years now. And it’s still running well.
John – Aren’t you afraid of it breaking down on the road?
Pete – Not really. I’ve taken it to the mechanic since last year so, it seems to be perfect.
John – Well, you shouldn’t always trust your mechanic. It’s a machine and it can let you down.
Pete – I know but, it has been with me since my dad moved back to Brazil
John – Yeah, but when he gave you, it was already old.
Pete – I know. I’ve thought of buying a new one since last month, but on the flip side I know I
would miss it. It’s old but runs well.
Conversation 2
Mary – Sharon, How long have you worked for us?
Sharon – Mrs. Mary, I’ve worked here for you for about 3 years.
Mary – And since then, have you changed position?
Sharon – Yes, I have. I’ve changed twice.
Mary – How long have you been in your current position?
Sharon – I’ve been in this position since January.
Mary – Ok. I have a new position for you. From tomorrow on you’ll be working directly with
me. I need someone who I can trust and there’s no one else besides you.
Sharon – I’m very grateful for the opportunity. I won’t disappoint you!
Here are some common irregular verbs to be memorized. Remember, we always form the present
perfect using the past participle of the verb.
be (is, am, are) was, were been feel felt felt

become became become fight fought fought
begin began begun find found found
break broke broken fly flew flown
bring brought brought forget forgot forgotten
build built built forgive forgave forgiven
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt freeze froze frozen
buy bought bought get got gotten
catch caught caught give gave given
choose chose chosen go went gone
come came come have had had
cost cost cost hear heard heard
cut cut cut hurt hurt hurt
do did done keep kept kept
draw drew drawn know knew known
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt leave left left
drive drove driven lend lent lent
drink drank drunk let let let
eat ate eaten lose lost lost
fall fell fallen make made made
108
PRACTICE
A- Complete these time expressions and time clauses with for or since and then make sentences with them:
1. three days.
2. 3 o’clock
3. a long time
4. a moment
5. last month
6. a month
7. he was a boy
8. 1988
B- Complete the sentences below with FOR or SINCE.
1. I’ve worked at this company five months.
2. That restaurant has been open this month.
3. Martin has lived there 2012.
4. It has rained a long time.
5. The radio has been on five o’clock.
6. I have wanted to be a lawyer I was a kid.
7. Jeff has studied at this university a week.
8. The telephone has been sold yesterday.
9. They have been married three months.
10. My uncle has been in New York last Tuesday.
11. The plumber has worked here 8 months.
12. I’ve had this job June.
13. I haven’t seen my friend last week.
14. We’ve been without sleeping an hour.
15. I haven’t eaten sushi several months.
16- I have studied English at Aliança last year.
17- My bike has been broken a long time.
109
PRACTICE
C- Choose the correct preposition for each of the sentences:
1. We haven’t seen him the summer.

a) since b) for c) from
2. I have been there three weeks.

3. We had our party 8:00 PM until 10:00 PM.

4. I have been sick Sunday.

5. They have been sick________ three days.

6. I should be ready 30 minutes.

a) Since b) for c) in
7. Paul has not seen Jenny two days.

a) since b) for c) in
8. She has slept well ______ ten hours.

9. My sister will be here two hours.

10. I haven’t drunk anything________this morning.

a) since b) for c)in
D- Answer the questions below:
1- How long have you studied English?
2- How long have you been awake?
3- How long have you had your current car?
4- How long have you been married?
5- How long have you lived in your house?
110
LESSON 33
ADVERBS WITH PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Verb Verbo
Always Sempre
Never Nunca
Already Já
Just Apenas / Agora mesmo
Still Ainda
Yet Já / Ainda
I have always wanted to be a musician. Eu sempre quis ser músico.
You’ve never sung professionally in a band. Você nunca cantou profissionalmente em uma banda.
They’ve already done the homework. Eles já fizeram a lição de casa.
We’ve just arrived from our trip to Los Angeles. Acabamos de chegar de nossa viagem a Los Angeles.
She has never been any country in Europe. Ela nunca esteve em nenhum país da Europa.
It’s always been this way. It needs to be changed. Sempre foi assim. Precisa ser mudado.
He’s just gone to the bank. Ele acabou de ir ao banco.
It’s never been this way before. Something is wrong. Nunca foi assim antes. Algo está errado.
He’s already cooked dinner. Let’s eat. Ele já preparou o jantar. Vamos comer.
They’ve just said you’re going away for while. Eles acabaram de dizer que você vai viajar por um tempo.
It's the first time that I've ever eaten sushi. É a primeira vez que como sushi.
We’ve already read all of these books. Já lemos todos esses livros.
The school has just released the students. A escola acaba de liberar os alunos.
He’s always worked as an English teacher. Ele sempre trabalhou como professor de inglês.
This is the first time I've ever been to England. É a primeira vez que vou à Inglaterra.
We’ve already drunk too much coffee this morning. Já bebemos muito café esta manhã.
She has already been one of the best employee. Ela já foi uma das melhores funcionárias.
They’ve never lost a championship, so far. He’s Eles nunca perderam um campeonato, até agora.
Always wanted to buy one of these books. Ele sempre quis comprar um desses livros.
Negative Negativo
I still haven’t done the dishes. Eu ainda não lavei a louça.
I haven’t done the dishes yet. Eu Ainda não lavei a louça.
We haven’t been to any rock show yet. Não fomos a nenhum show de rock ainda.
She still hasn’t forgiven him for doing that. Ela ainda não o perdoou por fazer isso.
He still hasn’t arrived from work. I’m worried. Ele ainda não chegou do trabalho. Estou preocupada.
The boss hasn’t given me a raise yet. O chefe ainda não me deu um aumento.
They still haven’t delivered the packs we bought. Eles ainda não entregaram os pacotes que compramos.
We haven’t worked out how to fix the problem yet Ainda não descobrimos como resolver o problema.
Have you ever spoken English to a native speaker? Você já falou inglês com um falante nativo?
Have they ever worked on a project for so long? Eles já trabalharam em um projeto por tanto tempo?
Have you already done your homework? Você já fez sua lição de casa?
Has she delivered all the reports already? Ela já entregou todos os relatórios?
Has Mike visited the National Museum yet? Mike já visitou o Museu Nacional?
Has it ever worked properly? Já funcionou corretamente?
Have we met the owner of this company yet? Já conhecemos o dono desta empresa?
111
PRACTICE
Conversation 1
Mike – Jack, have you ever given a public speech?
Jack – Yes, I have. I’ve already done that. In fact, I’ve done it a few times. Have you?
Mike – No, I haven’t. I haven’t done it yet, but I was required to give one next week.
Jack – Well, You’ve already spoken in public, remember? We’ve both spoken to our class already
Mike – We can’t consider that because it was to our class. I’m afraid of speaking in public and
besides, I still haven’t learned how to speak politely in front of an audience.
Jack – Let’s ask some tips to our oratory teacher.
Mike – That’s the case. He is the one who required me to give the speech.
Jack – Oh boy, now I understand why you’re worried.
Conversation 2
Jenny – Hi bruna, is there any message for me?
Bruna – Yes Mrs. Jenny. There are some. First, the landscaping company still hasn’t mown the grass
because two of their workers are off. Second, Diego has already done the calls you asked him but he
hasn’t returned to the office yet. Third, the tickets for your business trip are on your desk. I’ve already
set everything for the trip.
Jenny – Thank you for the update, Bruna. About the landscaping company, as they haven’t done the
grass yet, cancel the order for this week. And, have you already order my coffee?
Bruna – Sure, I have. It’s on its way.
Jenny – I haven’t had anything this morning yet so, as soon as it get here bring it to my desk,
please. And let me know when Diego gets here. There are still some stuff I haven’t been able to get
done and I need some help from Diego.
Bruna – Ok, Mrs. Jenny. I’ll let you know.
Read the paragraph below.
I’ve always enjoyed movies. And when I was in high school, my friend and I decided to take a class and we learned
how to make short movies.It was so much fun. So, yeah, and it became a kind of hobby. We’ve made like 20 of them
now – they’re only 5 minutes long – but they take hours of work. And we’ve entered a couple in local competitions.
We haven’t won anything, but anyway, we just entered our latest short movie in a national film festival.
Now, based on the paragraph you’ve just read write a paragraph on your own.
112
PRACTICE
A- Answer the questions with true information. Add an adverb where necessary.
1- What's something exciting you've done?
2- What's something scary you've done?
3- What's something boring you've done in the last month?
4- How many times have you been late to class recently?
5- What country have you always wanted to visit?
6- What kind of food have you never tried before?
7- What movie have you seen several times?
8- What's something you've never done, but always wanted to do?
B- Complete the conversations with the simple past or present perfect.
1. A Have you ever gone (go) cliff diving?

B No, I . It sounds too scary! you (do) it?
A Yeah, I (go) last weekend.
B Wow! You're brave. How (be) it? A It was incredible! I (love) it.
2. A I never (travel) alone. How about you?

B No, but I always (want) to. I’m sure it's exciting.
A I think so, too. Do you know my friend Jill? She (take) a hiking trip alone last year.
B I know. I (speak) to her about it last week.
3. A you ever (try) horseback riding?

B Yeah. I actually (do) it once several years ago.
A Really? you (like) it?
B No, not really. It (be) very scary.
A Oh, too bad. I go all the time. I (get) really good at it
113
PRACTICE
C- Choose the word for each of the sentences:
1. We_________ haven’t seen him today.

a) already b) still c) yet
2. I have wanted to go to the National Park.

a) always b) still c) yet
3. We haven’t had our birthday party ________.

a) still b) never c) yet
4. Have you written a book?

a) still b) never c) ever
5. They have gotten late in class, unfortunately.

a) never b) always c) still
6. My parents have arrived from the grocery shopping.

a) still b) yet c) just
7. Paul has sent me the answers for the science test. Now I can do it!
a) just b) still c) never
8. She hasn’t traveled to her hometown.

a) already b) yet c) still
9. My sister has gotten her birthday gift. Why haven’t I?

a) yet b) already c) never
10. I been to any country in Europe.
a) yet b) always c) never
D- Answer the questions below:
1- Have you ever ridden a Kawasaki ZX11?
2- Have you ever driven more than 15 hours without stopping?
3- Have you ever eaten an exotic food?
4- Have you ever lived abroad?
5- Have you ever been to a cruise?
114
LESSON 34
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Verb Verbo
I’ve been working. Estive trabalhando.
You have been studying. Você tem estudado.
He has been training. Ele tem treinado.
She has been traveling. Ela tem viajado.
It has been leaking. Tem vazado.
They have been sleeping. Eles estão dormindo.
We have been talking. Temos conversado
I’ve been thinking about learning another language. Tenho pensado em aprender outro idioma.
You’ve been driving for 5 hours in a row. Você está dirigindo há 5 horas consecutivas.
He has been struggling with this machine for days. Ele tem tido problemas com esta máquina por dias.
She has been dealing with foreign companies. Ela tem lidado com empresas estrangeiras.
It has been making noise for a while. Há algum tempo que faz barulho.
They have been cooking for the party since yesterday. Eles estão cozinhando para a festa desde ontem.
We’ve been running this business for a long time. Já administramos esse negócio há muito tempo.
I’ve been working for this company since 1998. Trabalho para esta empresa desde 1998.
They’ve been doing their homework for half hour. Eles estão fazendo sua lição de casa por meia hora.
The world has been dealing with a deadly desease. O mundo está lidando com uma doença mortal.
The driver has been driving for 10 hours. O motorista está dirigindo há 10 horas.
Paul has been talking on the phone for ever. Paul está ao telefone há muito tempo.
Debby has been sleeping for so long. Debby está dormindo há muito tempo.
We’ve been walking in the park for weeks. Estamos caminhando no parque há semanas.
I’ve been playing in this team since high school. Jogo neste time desde o colégio.
You’ve been expecting to graduate. Você está esperando para se formar.
He’s been learning languages since he lost his job. Ele está aprendendo idiomas desde que perdeu o emprego.
She’s been shopping at the mal lately. Ela tem feito compras no shopping ultimamente.
It’s been updating the system to the new version. O sistema está sendo atualizado para a nova versão.
Negative Negativo
I haven’t been waiting here for too long. Eu não estou esperando aqui há muito tempo.
You haven’t been expecting to be hired. Você não tem esperado ser contratado.
He hasn’t been drinking too much water due his illness. Ele não tem bebido muita água devido à sua doença.
She hasn’t been planning her wedding. Ela não tem planejado o casamento dela.
He hasn’t been calling his customers. Ele não tem telefonado para seus clientes.
They haven’t been traveling this year. Eles não têm viajado este ano.
We haven’t been studying presentially at school. Não temos estudado presencialmente na escola.
It hasn’t been working properly. Não tem funcionado corretamente.
Have you been going out lately? Você tem saído ultimamente?
Have They been hanging out with their friends? Eles têm saído com seus amigos?
Has he been wandering without knowing what to do? Ele tem andado vagando sem saber o que fazer?
Has she been talking to her Family in the last days? Ela tem falado com a família nos últimos dias?
Has it been broadcasting around the world? Tem sido transmitido para todo o mundo?
Have we been eating healthy lately? Temos comido de forma saudável ultimamente?
Have They been feeling sick after coming back home? Eles estão se sentindo mal depois de voltar para casa?
115
Conversation 1
Mike – Jack, How long have you been taking this medicine?
Jack – I’ve been taking it since I was diagnosed with diabetes?
Mike – Oh Jack, I feel sorry for you. It must be annoying right?
Jack – Not really, I just need to be careful when eating. I’ve been following the description and as
far as I don’t eat sugar, I’ll be fine.
Mike – Yes, you’re right. I’ve been reading some articles about diabetes and I found out the if you
control your sugar level on your blood, then you shouldn’t be worried.
Jack – Exactly. And I haven’t been eating anything that could cause any damages on me though.
Mike – Jack, I’ve been planning a barbacue for the coming up Sunday. Would you like to come?
Jack – Yeah, that would be great.
Conversation 2
Debby – Hi, Susie. I’m looking for a nice TV serie to watch. What have you been watching lately?
Susie – Hi, Debby. I’ve been watching a serie which is called Grey’s Anatomy. As you know I’m
study medicine, so sometimes I learn something new from the serie.
Debby – Oh, that’s wonderful. I’ve been watching a Korean serie but It’s kind of hard to
understand.
Susie – Try Grey’s Anatomy. Besides being so cool it’s also educational. Obviously, I haven’t
been practicing what I learned there because most of it is SCI-FI but I enjoy it.
Debby – Awesome, Susie. I’ll follow your advice. I’ve been thinking about start medicine as well, I
think I can be a good doctor. But I haven’t been getting good grades at school. I must study more.
Susie – Yes, medicine demands a lot from you.
The usages and differences of Present Perfect Tense.
SIMPLE TENSE - In general, we use the presente perfect when we want to talk about unfinished actions or states or
habits that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say 'how long' and we need 'since' or
'for'. We often use stative verbs.
– I have done my homework. (Fiz meu dever de casa)

– You have worked here since 1994. (Você trabalha aqui desde 1994)
CONTINUOUS TENSE - We use the present perfect continuous when we want to say that an unfinished actions
started in the past and continue to the present. We often use this with ‘for’ and ‘since’.
– I've been living in Boston for two years. (Tenho morado em Boston por dois anos)
– She's been working here since 2004. (Ela trabalha aqui desde 2004)
Read the text below and discuss the usages of the presente perfect tense with your teacher.
Mr. David is a very busy salesman. He has been working at Sam’s club for 8 Years and he hasn’t missed a single
day at work. This month, he has sold little less than he usually does. Due the pandemic period, the sales haven’t
been catching as he expected.
His boss has been putting a lot of pression on him to achieve the goals, but it has been really hard to do it He has
been concerning about that and doesn’t know what to do at the moment.
The pandemic has taken many people out of their Jobs and Mr. Davi’s worried.
116
PRACTICE
A- Complete the sentences below with the appropriate conjugation and structure.
1- My sister (sleep) all day.
2- greg (do) his homework?
3 It (rain) for weeks.
4I got a bad grade because I not (study) hard.
5- They (drive) for two hours.
6- Mary and Jerry (run) marathons since they were young.
7- you (wait) a long time?
8- Where you (spend) your summer holidays?
9- Who (eat) my cookies?
10- you (work) hard?
11- I (think) about quitting my job.
12- Why you (get) up so early recently?
1- Meus irmãos tem procurado por mim o dia todo.
2- Os jogadores estão molhados porque estão jogando na chuva desde cedo.
3- Eles estão pintando o quarto deles por 3 horas.
4- Ele mora na casa ao lado por 6 meses e eu não havia percebido.
5- Por quanto tempo você está esperando pelo medico?
6- Por que você não tem comido carne ultimamente?
117
PRACTICE
C- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1- I _________ finally __________ (solve) the problem.
2- What ______________________________ recently? (you / do) Anything interesting?
3- My brother _______________________________ (buy) a new motorbike. It looks great.
4- ___________________________________ (you / swim)? Your hair looks wet.
5- Oh, There you are! I ______________________________ (look) for you everywhere.
6- Sorry we are late. How long _______________________________ (you / wait)?
7- I _____________________________________ (know) Peter for a long time.
8- My friends ___________________________________ (run) for two hours already.
9- I _______________________________________ (never / understand) Math's and Physics.
10- The children are tired because they ___________________________________ (play) all day.
11- Susan __________________________________ (never / believe) in ghosts and fairies.
12- I ________________________________________ (write) emails all day.
13- John ________________________________________ (never / see) this film before.
14- What on earth ________________________________ (you / do)? You’re covered in mud.
15- ______________________________ (you / ever / see) the sunrise from here? I heard it’s incredibly beautiful.
16- How long _______________________________ (he / learn) English?
17- I _____________________________ (just / speak) to my cousins. They told me the news.
18- I’m sorry. Monica is not here. She ______________________________ (go) out.
19- We’re really tired because we ___________________________ (train) for the marathon since eight o’clock.
20- _______________________________ (you / finish) doing your homework yet?
21- The students _______________________________ (revise) for their Chinese exam for two hours.
22- Peter, why are you sweating? Because I _______________________________ (clean) the house.
23- Is the lawn finished? Yes, Jefferson _____________________________________ (mow) the grass.
24- It’s still raining. It _____________________________________ (rain) for hours.
25- How much money _________________________________ (you / spend) this week?
26- How long ______________________________________ (you / do) this activity?
118
LESSON 35
QUARTER TEST VII
1- Tenho trabalhado na redecoração da minha casa e ainda não terminei.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2- Ele esqueceu o telefone dela então ele não consegue ligar pra ela.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3- Está chovendo o dia todo. Parece até que a chuva nunca vai parar.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
4- Fiz bastante trabalho esta manhã é apenas 11h.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5- Ela acabou de terminar o dever de casa que o professor encaminhou pra ela.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
6- Estamos estudando para as provas desde outubro. Espero estarmos preparados até lá.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
7- Estou procurando pelas crianças a manhã toda. Não sei onde elas podem estar.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
8- Já assistimos esse filme antes, então não precisamos assistir.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
9- Estou o dia todo esperando por você. Por onde esteve?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
10- Michel já pilotou um avião antes mas não sei se ele será capaz de pilotar um tão grande.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
11- Decidi em não aceitar a oferta de trabalho.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
12- Já estive duas vezes na índia e em cada ida, foi uma experiência inesquecível.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
13- Patrício reprovou duas vez o teste de direção. Ele deve se preparar melhor.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
14- Não tenho estado em uma festa desde o final de ano. Acho que devo me socializar mais.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
15- Pessoas tem reclamado a tarde toda sobre uma lentidão na internet.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
16- Meu irmão tem trabalhado por 30 anos nessa empresa e nunca faltou um dia.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
17- Alguém está usando o meu computador. A bateria descarregou.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
18- O que você tem feito ultimamente para melhorar seu nível de inglês?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
119
LESSON 36
REPORTED SPEECH
She said that she always ate an apple in the morning. Ela disse que sempre comia uma maçã pela manhã.
He explained that he was watching the news. Ele explicou que estava assistindo ao noticiário.
He said that Bill had worked last week. Ele disse que Bill havia trabalhado na semana passada.
He told me that he had been to England. Ele me disse que tinha estado na Inglaterra.
He explained that he had just arrived from work. Ele explicou que tinha acabado de chegar do trabalho.
They complained that they had been waiting for hours. Eles reclamaram que estavam esperando por horas.
They told me that they had been living in Miami. Eles me disseram que moravam em Miami.
He said that he would be in San Francisco on Monday. Ele disse que estaria em San Francisco na segunda-feira.
She said that she would be taking the bus next week. Ela disse que pegaria o ônibus na próxima semana.
She said that her mom had cooked dinner. Ela disse que sua mãe havia feito o jantar.
He said that his brother had watched a movie. Ele disse que seu irmão havia assistido a um filme.
She said that her family just had eaten dinner. Ela disse que sua família acabou de jantar.
He said he had really enjoyed the party. Ele disse que tinha gostado muito da festa.
He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday. Ele disse que Bill havia chegado no sábado.
She said that her mom had always been kind. Ela disse que sua mãe sempre foi gentil.
He said that his brother had worked hard. Ele disse que seu irmão havia trabalhado muito.
He said that his girlfriend has contributed a lot. Ele disse que sua namorada contribuiu muito.
She said that her family had always helped. Ela disse que sua família sempre ajudou.
She said that she would be moving next Friday Ela disse que se mudaria na próxima sexta-feira
He said that he would be going home early. Ele disse que iria para casa mais cedo.
He said that he would be working in New York. Ele disse que estaria trabalhando em Nova York.
He said that he would be working out at the gym. Ele disse que iria malhar na academia.
She said that her mom had been cleaning the house. Ela disse que sua mãe estava limpando a casa.
He said that his brother had been drinking too much. Ele disse que seu irmão estava bebendo muito.
She said that her family had been traveling a lot. Ela disse que sua família tinha viajado muito.
She said that Derek was doing Yoga Ela disse que Derek estava fazendo ioga
He said that his brother could play soccer well Ele disse que seu irmão sabia jogar futebol bem
She said that her family could help me a lot. Ela disse que a família dela poderia me ajudar muito.
She said that she could lend me some money. Ela disse que poderia me emprestar algum dinheiro.
Negative Negativo
He explained that he wasn’t reading a book. Ele explicou que ele não estava lendo um livro.
He said that Bill hadn’t traveled that day. Ele disse que Bill não tinha viajado naquele dia.
He explained that he hadn’t just arrived from work. Ele explicou que não tinha acabado de chegar do trabalho.
They complained that they hadn’t been studying for hours. Eles reclamaram que não estudaram por horas.
He said that he wouldn’t be in San Francisco on Monday. Ele disse que não estaria em San Francisco na segunda-feira.
She said that she wouldn’t be on a diet again. Ela disse que não faria dieta novamente.
He said that Bill hadn’t bought that car. Ele disse que Bill não tinha comprado aquele carro.
She said that her mom had never nice. Ela disse que sua mãe nunca foi legal.
He said that his girlfriend hasn’t contributed a lot. Ele disse que sua namorada não contribuiu muito.
She said that her family hadn’t always helped. Ela disse que sua família nem sempre ajudou.
He asked me what I was doing. Ele me perguntou o que eu estava fazendo.
She asked me what my name was. Ela me perguntou qual era o meu nome.
Tom asked me how my family was. Tom me perguntou como estava minha família.
My mom asked me Where I had gone. Minha mãe me perguntou para onde eu tinha ido.
The teacher asked him why he had missed the class. A professora perguntou por que ele havia perdido a aula.
I asked them what They had been doing. Eu perguntei o que eles estavam fazendo.
He asked her how he would help her. Ele perguntou a ela como ele a ajudaria.
We asked him how he could come to school. Perguntamos a ele como ele poderia vir para a escola.
They asked how the trip was. Eles perguntaram como foi a viagem.
120
Conversation 1
Bruce – Natan, I’m looking for Davi’s message but I can’t find it. What did he say about the test?
Natan – He said he had prepared the test to be applied next week?
Bruce – What do you mean by next week. All the students had said they wouldn’t be prepared
by next month due the amount of subjects.
Natan – I know, I’m not happy either about that. But we’ve got to follow the rules
Bruce – Ok, I need you to tell him we can’t take the test next week. It has to be next month.
Natan – Ok, I’ll do it. (Calling David...) Hello David, Bruce said we couldn’t take the text next week.
We have been studying for other tests and it’s just too much or that moment.
Davi – Natan, I’ve told you all to be prepared. I’ve been telling you to study harder and let me know
you would have any concerns.
Conversation 2
Sandra – Hi Donna, I received a message from one of our customers. He said he couldn’t make
the down payment due a lack of power in his town.
Donna – Couldn’t he have done it in another city. I was told to release the good only upon down
payment.
Sandra – The bank manager said he would do anything to solve the issue as quick as possible
Donna – Ok, let’s wait then.
Sandra – By the way, what should I tell him about the shipment..
Donna – Tell him I’ll ensure the goods will be shipped as soon as I have the confirmation of the
down payment.
Sandra – Mr. Riggs, Mrs. Donna said she would ensure the goods would be shipped as soon as
he has the confirmation of the down paymento. We apologize for any inconvenience.
Reported speech, also known as indirect speech is used to report what someone says.
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH SPEAKER'S WORDS REPORTED STATEMENT
Present continuous Past continuous Tomorrow The next day/the following day
Present simple Past simple Yesterday The day before
Present perfect Past perfect Here There
Past perfect No change This/that The
Past simple Past perfect This morning That morning
Past continuous No change (usually) today That day
shall/will Would Tonight That night
Can Could Next/on Tuesday The following Tuesday
Could No change Last Tuesday The previous Tuesday
Must Had to or no change The day aftertomorrow In two day's time
Should No change Ago Before/previously
Ought to No change
May Might
Imperative Infinitive
121
PRACTICE
A- Change this direct speech into reported speech:
1. “He works at a school called Aliança América”

He said
2. “We went to a nice restaurant last night”

She told me
3. “I’m coming to town next week!”

She said
4. “I was waiting for the food when he called me”

She told me
5. “I’ve never been to California before”

She said
6. “I didn’t go to the party because it was raining.”

She told me
7. “Jennifer will come after the party.”

She said
8. “He hasn’t had lunch yet.”

She told me
9. “I can do the chores tomorrow.”

She said
10. “You should take some time off.”

She told me
11. “I don’t like to go to noisy places.”

She told me
12. “I won’t drive to work tomorrow.”

She said
13. “She’s living in Paris for a few months.”

She said
14. “I visited my relatives last weekend.”

She told me
15. “She hasn’t eaten sushi before”

She said
16. “I haven’t been to London. I heard it’s a beautiful city.”

She said
17. “They would buy a new house if they could.”

She said
18. “I’ll do the cleaning tomorrow. I’m too tired today.”

She told me
122
PRACTICE
Change the direct questions into reported questions:
1. Is John at home?
She asked me if
2. Am I late?
She asked me if
3. Is it cold outside?
She asked me if
4. Are they in Paris?

She asked me if
5. Is the bus stop near the shopping centre?

She asked me if
6. Is the milk fresh?

She asked me if
7. Are you a doctor?

She asked me if
8. Are James and Lucy from France?

She asked me if
9. Is my brother in the garden?

She asked me if
10. Is the weather good in Shanghai in the summer?

She asked me if
11. Does Julie drink tea?

She asked me if
12. Do you like chocolate?

She asked me if
13. Do they own a flat?

She asked me if
14. Does David go to the cinema often?

She asked me if
15. Do the children study Chinese?

She asked me if
16. Do they go on holiday every summer?

She asked me if
17. Does your sister live in Stockholm?

She asked me if
18. Do I talk too much?

She asked me if
123
LESSON 37
PASSIVE VOICE
Verbal voices Vozes verbais
Active voice Voz ativa

People build houses every day. As pessoas constroem casas todos os dias.
Passive voice Voz passiva

Every day houses are built by people. Todos os dias casas são construídas por pessoas.
English is spoken by people. Inglês é falado por pessoas.
Machnes are made by men. Machnes são feitos por homens.
The house was built last year. A casa foi construída no ano passado.
The package is sent by the post office. O pacote é enviado pelos correios.
The fruits are being eaten by the children. As frutas estão sendo comidas pelas crianças.
A song is being sung by the band. Uma música está sendo cantada pela banda.
A table has been made by the joiner. Uma mesa foi feita pelo marceneiro.
The book has been read by the students. O livro foi lido pelos alunos.
A car was bought by him. Um carro foi comprado por ele.
The rooms were painted by the neighbors. Os quartos foram pintados pelos vizinhos.
The house was being cleaned by the maid. A casa estava sendo limpa pela empregada.
The homework will be done by the end of the day. O dever de casa será feito no final do dia.
A report will be delivered to you as soon as possible. Um relatório será entregue a você o mais rápido possível.
The dog will be adopted by the little girl. O cachorro será adotado pela menina.
The presidente is know by managing the country. O presidente é conhecido pela gestão do país.
Many people were killed during the hurricane. Muitas pessoas morreram durante o furacão.
More than 50 businesses were closed in the last year. Mais de 50 empresas foram fechadas no ano passado.
A new episode of Sponge Bob is being shot today! Um novo episódio de Bob Esponja está sendo filmado hoje!
A new planet has been found in the our galaxy. Um novo planeta foi encontrado em nossa galáxia.
Negative Negativo
Rice isn’t grown in Brazil. O arroz não é cultivado no Brasil.
This paint wasn’t painted by the artist. Esta pintura não foi pintada pelo artista.
These buildings weren’t built the the company. Esses edifícios não foram construídos pela empresa.
Ink hasn’t been used for writing only. A tinta não foi usada apenas para escrever.
The geometry paperwork hasn’t been done. O trabalho de geometria não foi feito.
Teachers haven’t been treated well in our country. Os professores não foram bem tratados em nosso país.
The note wasn’t written by me. O recado não foi escrito por mim.
The lessons are going to be explained by the teache. As aulas serão explicadas pela professora.
The inhabitants will be helped by the government. Os habitantes serão ajudados pelo governo.
It was being washed because it was really dirty. Isso estava sendo lavado porque estava bem sujo.
Was the cake made by mom? O bolo foi feito pela mãe?
Will the classes be canceled this week? As aulas serão canceladas esta semana?
Has the work been finished by you? O trabalho foi concluído por você?
When will the results be announced by the lab? Quando os resultados serão anunciados pelo laboratório?
Have they been invited by you? Eles foram convidados por você?
What was said by him? O que foi dito por ele?
Can it be cured by the doctors? Pode ser curado pelos médicos?
Were you recognized by her? Você foi reconhecido por ela?
Is this work being done by you? Este trabalho está sendo feito por você?
124
Conversation 1
Oliver – Jack, did you see the news yesterday?
Jack – Not really. What happened?
Oliver – They said the businesses in town will be closed for a few weeks due to the
pandemic. It’s awful. How are we going to survive?
Jack – Indeed. Something must be done. We have our expenses.
Oliver – Workers should be paid during this period.
Jack– Yes, They should. Without the sales it’s impossible for us keep paying them.
And another thing is, all the taxes are being charged against us.
Oliver – Well, all we can do it wait to see what will be done for all of us
Conversation 2
Betty – Nanda, There are a few workers who are going on a strike. What should we do?
Nanda – Well, production can’t be paused. Get new workers and keep the production running.
Betty – Ok, I’ll do that. But there will be extra expenses with it.
Nanda – Ok, Resouces are being transfered this afternoon so, we have to recover it at the end!
Betty – Great. Most of the demands from them are: More free time must be given on weekends,
a longer break hasn’t been approved, they want it so bad among others demand.
Nanda – A meeting will be held by Boborrow morning to ensure all we can do, will be done.
Betty – Ok, the message is being transmitted to them.
Uses of the Passeive Voice
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however,
who or what is performing the action.
There are a few rules to be followed when forming this verbal voice.
Tense Subject Verb Object

Active: Rita writes a letter.
Simple Present
Passive: A letter is written by Rita.
Active: Rita wrote a letter.
Simple Past
Passive: A letter was written by Rita.
Active: Rita has written a letter.
Present Perfect
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.
Active: Rita will write a letter.
Future I
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
Active: Rita can write a letter.
Modal Verb
Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.
Active: Rita is writing a letter.
Present Progressive
Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.
Active: Rita was writing a letter.
Past Progressive
Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.
Active: Rita had written a letter.
Past Perfect
Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.
Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.
Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.
Active: Rita would write a letter.
Conditional I
Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.
Active: Rita would have written a letter.
Conditional II
Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.
125
PRACTICE
A- Change the sentences below in active voice into passive voice.
1- Bob closes the gate. The gate ______________________________________ by Bob.
2- Bob is closing the gate. The gate ______________________________________ by Bob.
3- Bob has closed the gate. The gate ______________________________________ by Bob.
4- Bob closed the gate. The gate ______________________________________ by Bob.
5- Bob was closing the gate. The gate ______________________________________ by Bob.
6- Bob had closed the gate. The gate ______________________________________ by Bob.
7- Bob will close the gate. The gate ______________________________________ by Bob.
8- Bob is going to close the gate. The gate ______________________________________ by Bob.
9- Bob will have closed the gate. The gate ______________________________________ by Bob.
10- Is bob closing the gate? __________ the gate ___________________________ by Bob?
11- Does bob close the gate? __________ the gate ___________________________ by Bob?
12- Did Bob close the gate? __________ the gate ___________________________ by Bob?
13- Has Bob closed the gate? __________ the gate ___________________________ by Bob?
14- Can Bob close the gate? __________ the gate ___________________________ by Bob?
B- Rewrite the sentences using passive voice.
1- People produce cars in the factory
__________________________________________________________________________________
2- The farmer grows carrot in his field.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3- Everyone in this class loves and respects the teacher.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4- A mechanic repairs a car in the garage.
__________________________________________________________________________________
5- People cut down more and more trees nowadays.
__________________________________________________________________________________
6- The students read story books every day.
___________________________________________________________________________________
126
PRACTICE
C- Rewrite the sentences into active voice.
1- The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
2- This book was written by a very famous writer
3- The director was hired by the president of the company.
4- The cake was made by his brother.
5- The movie is being played at the Center Mall Movies.
6- The exotic car has been bought by a rich man.
7- The house will be cleaned by the maid.
8- Can the match be won by these players?
9- That house was built ten years ago.
D- Now, it’s your turn to write sentences in the active and passive voice.
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
127
LESSON 38
SHOULD HAVE / MUST HAVE / WOULD HAVE
Verb Verbo
I should have done Eu deveria ter feito
You must have done Você deve ter feito
He should have done Ele deveria ter feito
She would have done Ela teria feito
It would have done Isso teria feito
We must have done Devemos ter feito
They must have done Eles(as) devem ter feito
I should have traveled with her. Eu deveria ter viajado com ela.
You must have done that. Você deve ter feito isso.
She would have interviewed the actress. Ela teria entrevistado a atriz.
It must have been love but it’s over now. Deve ter sido amor, mas agora acabou.
They should have studied English before. Eles deveriam ter estudado inglês antes.
We would have bought that car. Teríamos comprado aquele carro.
He would have sung at the party. Ele teria cantado na festa.
She would have drunk all the juice. Ela teria bebido todo o suco.
We should have thought about that. Devíamos ter pensado nisso.
They must have Applied for the job. Eles devem ter se candidatado para o trabalho.
She must have had an awful experience. Ela deve ter tido uma experiência terrível.
He would have had dinner at your house. Ele teria jantado em sua casa.
I should have left home earlier. Eu deveria ter saído de casa mais cedo.
We would have helped you all. Teríamos ajudado a todos vocês.
They should have paid the bill. Eles deveriam ter pago a conta.
It would have worked for a longer time. Teria funcionado por mais tempo.
They must have kept their mouth shut. Eles devem ter ficado de boca fechada.
The children would have played this game. As crianças teriam jogado este jogo.
Jorge should have told me about the incidente. Jorge deveria ter me contado sobre o incidente.
Tania would have gone mad about the gossip. Tania teria enlouquecido com a fofoca.
Negative Negativo
I shouldn’t have gone to the party alone. Eu não deveria ter ido à festa sozinho.
You wouldn’t have had the same lucky I had. Você não teria a mesma sorte que eu.
She mustn’t have studied for the test. Ela não deve ter estudado para o teste.
They shouldn’t have driven so fast like that. Eles não deveriam ter dirigido tão rápido assim.
We wouldn’t have done it better. Não teríamos feito melhor.
They mustn’t have drunk at the party. They are sober. Eles não devem ter bebido na festa. Eles estão sóbrios.
He wouldn’t have helped us. He isn’t a nice person. Ele não teria nos ajudado. Ele não é uma pessoa legal.
Would you have stopped if you had the chance? Você teria parado se tivesse a chance?
Should they have planned better the trip? Eles deveriam ter planejado melhor a viagem?
Must he have thrown the documents away? Ele deve ter jogado os documentos fora?
Would she have married me? Ela teria se casado comigo?
Should I have asked her to marry me? Eu deveria ter pedido a ela para se casar comigo?
Would the boss have paid us a treat? O patrão nos teria pago uma recompensa?
Must they have broken the glasses? Eles devem ter quebrado os vidros? Isso
Should it have turned on before the alarm? deveria ter ligado antes do alarme?
Would you have bought me some flowers? Você teria me comprado algumas flores?
Should their parents have been more strict with them? Os pais deles deveriam ter sido mais rígidos com eles?
128
Conversation 1
Carlos – Adam, what would you have done to accomplish more in life.
Adam – First of all, I would have studied more. Studying is really important to get better opportunities. I
would also have taken a tech course.
Carlos – Yeah, I agree with you. I didn’t do much in the past. I should have listened to my mom.
Adam – So should I. But the thing is, it’s never late to get qualified. I know we can do better.
Our friends must have done hard in life because most of them are settle in some companies.
Carlos – You’re right about that Adam. Let’s start looking up for courses to get us qualified.
Adam – Carlos, I have some money in my savings account and I know you also have some.
Let’s spend this money the best way possible.
Carlos – I know one thing we can do right Away. Let’s learn English at Aliança América.
Adam – Atta boy!! I’ve heard it’s the best language school ever!
Conversation 2
Rose – Hi Beth, what happened to the cargo? It should have been here already.
Beth – There was some complications on the loading process but it should be here by the end of the week.
That’s the forecast given.
Rose – What a shame! I would have picked it up myself if I knew it would be that late.
Beth – I understand that Rose, there is nothing we can do besides waiting.
I should have ordered the goods in another company.
Rose – Start looking for some other suppliers. We can’t just rely in one supplier only.
There should be at least 3 of them.
Beth – I’ll ensure our team provides some other names to have all necessities covered. One thing that must have
happened is the bad weather. Something we should take in consideration.
Rose – Right, but don’t forget we have had some delays lately.
These past modal verbs are all used hypothetically, to talk about things that didn't really happen in the past.
1- Could have + past participle means that something was possible in the past, or you had the ability
to do something in the past, but that you didn't do it.
- I could have gone away, but I didn’t have money.
2Should have + past participle can mean something that would have been a good idea, but that you didn't do it.
-I should have studied more for my test, but I didn’t. I was tired.
3 Would have + past participle
We can use would have + past participle to talk about something you wanted to do but didn't.
This is very similar to the third conditional, but we don't need an 'if clause’.
- I would have bought that car, it was very beautiful.
Answer the question below:
What would you have done differently in the past to have a different life now?
129
PRACTICE
1- Eu deveria ter falado com o gerente antes de vir aqui.
2- Você poderia ter ido viajar com seus pais?
3- Ela teria feito melhor do que o estagiário.
4- O que você poderia ter feito para impeder o acidente?
5- Ele teria vendido a empresa para os estrangeiros.
6- Eles deveriam ter pedido permissão para entrar no prédio.
7- Isso poderia ter sido feito a muito tempo atrás.
8- Os acionistas deveriam ter prestado mais atenção no mercado.
9- Você não deveria ter gritado com ela.
10- Ele não poderia ter feito isso.
11- Ela teria viajado para Berlin com o time para jogar o jogo?
12- O que você poderia ter feito?
13- Minha família deveria ter me ouvido quando disse que venderia o carro.
14- O que eu poderia ter feito para ajudar o vizinho?
15- Vocês deveriam ter ido de ônibus ao invés de avião
16- A companhia deveria ter entregue esses pacotes no prazo determinado
17- Eu poderia ter convidado meus amigos para meu aniversário, mas não fiz.
130
PRACTICE
B- Complete the sentences with the appropriate perfect modal.
1- I (buy) bread but I didn’t know we needed it. (past possibility)
2- We (invite) so many people to our party. (past negative advice / regret)
3- I (start) saving money years ago! (past advice / regret)
4- We (join) you at the restaurant, but we couldn’t get a babysitter. (past willingness)
5- The weather (be) any worse! (past negative possibility)
6- I (arrive) on time, even if I’d left earlier. (past negative possibility)
7- They (win) the football match, but John hurt his ankle. (past possibility)
8- Amanda (finish) the work, but she felt ill and had to go home. (past willingness)
9- Lucy (left) earlier. She missed her flight. (past advice / regret)
10- We (finish) the game, even if we’d wanted to. (past negative possibility)
11- I (eat) so much chocolate! I feel sick! (past negative advice / regret)
12- Luke (pass) the exam if he’d studied a bit more. (past possibility)
13- John (call) Amy, but he didn’t have her number. (past willingness)
14- You (be) rude to him. He’s going to be really angry now. (past negative advice / regret)
15- She (come) to the restaurant if she’d left work earlier. (past possibility)
16- You (take) this job. I can see you’re not enjoying it. (past negative advice / regret)
17- The race was difficult. She (win) because she’s not fit enough. (past negative possibility)
18- Our neighbours (cut) down the tree in their garden. (past negative advice / regret)
19- The children (do) their homework last night. (past advice / regret)
20- I’m really cold! I (bring) my coat. (past advice / regret)
21- I (come) to see you! I didn’t know you were ill. (past willingness)
22- Andrew (go) to Cambridge University, but he decided to travel instead. (past possibility)
23- They (be) kinder to me. They were absolutely lovely. (past negative possibility)
24- You (buy) some milk at the shops. We don’t have any milk. (past advice / regret)
25- They (come) to have breakfast with us, but they went to bed too late the night before. (past willingness)
131
LESSON 39
IF CLAUSE – THIRD CONDITIONAL
The third conditional is formed by an “if clause” and a “main clause”. The if clause is compounded by verbs in the past
perfect, while the main clause is formed by several verbs, but we most use: Would have / could have / might have
A terceira condicional é formada pela ”if clause” e a ”main clause”. A if clause é composta por verbos no past perfect, já
a main clause envolve diversos verbos sendo que os mais utilizados são: would have, could have e might have.
if + past perfect + would have, could have, might have + past participle
If clause = sentença condicional

Main clause = sentença principal
If I had seen you there, I would have talked to you. Se eu tivesse te visto lá, teria falado com você.
If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam. Se ele tivesse estudado mais, ele teria passado no exame.
If my alarm had gone off earlier, I would have gone with them. Se meu alarme tivesse disparado antes, eu teria ido com
If there had been so much food. we would have eaten a lot. eles. Se houvesse tanta comida. teríamos comido muito.
If you had told me about the meeting, I would have come. Se você tivesse me falado sobre o encontro, eu teria vindo.
I would have taken the documents to the meeting if you’d told Eu teria levado os documentos para a reunião se você
me about it. tivesse me falado sobre isso.
He’d have got the job if he had worked for any international Ele teria conseguido o emprego se tivesse trabalhado
brands. para qualquer marca internacional.
If I had been you, I might have taken school more seriously. Se eu fosse você, poderia ter levado a escola mais a sério.
They would have moved to New York if the y had gotten the Eles teriam se mudado para Nova York se tivessem
job.. conseguido o emprego.
The company would have survived if there had been more A empresa teria sobrevivido se houvesse mais recursos.
resources. Se você tivesse me convidado para sair, eu teria ficado o
If you had invited me out, I’d have stayed in all day. dia todo.
She would have given some explanations if you had asked Ela teria dado algumas explicações se você tivesse
her.. perguntado a ela ..
If they had won that match, the club would have given you a Se eles tivessem vencido aquela partida, o clube teria lhe
prize. dado um prêmio.
They could have stayed here if they had paid the expenses. Eles poderiam ter ficado aqui se tivessem pago as despesas.
Negative Negativo
I wouldn’t have told you If I had known the truth. Eu não teria te contado se eu soubesse a verdade.
If she hadn’t came, I could have called her parents. Se ela não tivesse vindo, eu poderia ter ligado para os pais
It might not have happened if you had taken care of it. dela. Poderia não ter acontecido se você tivesse cuidado disso.
They shouldn’t have driven so fast if they had known. Eles não deveriam ter dirigido tão rápido se soubessem.
He wouldn’t have been lost if he had brought the map. Ele não teria se perdido se tivesse trazido o mapa.
If they hadn’t gone abroad, they wouldn’t have that job. Se eles não tivessem ido para o exterior, eles não teriam
esse emprego.
Would you have come to the party if you had known about it? Você teria vindo para a festa se soubesse disso?
What might you have done if you’d arrived sooner? O que você teria feito se tivesse chegado antes?
Where could you have gone if you hadn’t come here? Onde você poderia ter ido se não tivesse vindo aqui?
What would you have done if you had been me? O que você teria feito se fosse eu?
Where would you have gone? Para onde você teria ido?
If it had rained, would you have had the picnic? Se tivesse chovido, você teria feito o piquenique?
Would you have bought the same shoes? Você compraria os mesmos sapatos?
132
Conversation 1
Carlos – Adam, how did you meet Susan? You haven’t told me yet.
Adam – Well, I was at school one day and I received a phone call from my brother saying dad
was in the emergency room. So I ran out of the class toward the parking lot and I noticed I had
forgotten my wallet. Then I went back to get it and I saw this beautiful sunshine girl staring at me.
To make a long story short – If I hadn’t forgotten my wallet in the classroom, I wouldn’t have met
Susan. Or if I might say – I wouldn’t have met her If dad hadn’t been taken to the E.R.
Carlos – Wow, this is a story to be told for the rest of your life.
Adam – Yeah, I would say so. How about you? when are you going to meet someone?
Carlos – Well, if I hadn’t lost the opportunity to meet my wife-to-be back on our graduation party,
I could have married already. But to be honest with you, I’m not in a rush.
Adam – Carlos, I’ll introduce you to my sister-in-law. She’s a nice girl you’ll like her.
Conversation 2
Geane – Hi Sandra, what went wrong at the meeting? It seemed nothing was working.
Sandra – My sincere apologies Miss Geane.There were some technical issues I coudn’t figure
out how to fix.
I promise It won’t happen again.
Geane – Well, if you had listened to me earlier it wouldn’t have happened. The computer didn’t
turn on, theoutlets were wet and the cables weren’t long enough.
Sandra – Yes, I noticed all of that. If the company I called had accepted our offer it would have
definitely a better service
Geane – Start looking for some other suppliers. We can’t just rely in one supplier only.
There should be at least 3 of them.
Sandra – Ok, there’s still another opportunity to present the deal. We wouldn’t have the chance
if I hadn’t met the president of the company few years ago. I’ll call him to ensure he can settle
another meeting so we can have the presentation.
Geane – Ok, and I will ensure this time there won’t be any surprises.
Read this paragraph about The sinking of the RMS Titanic and answer the question:
On the night of Sunday, 14 April 1912 the temperature was near freezing and the ocean was completely calm.
Surviving 2nd Officer Charles Lightoller later wrote, "the sea was like glass". The ship’s course had been changed
by the captain, but other than this, he saw no reason to slow down. The owner of the ship, Bruce Ismay, was also
on board and had instructed the captain to speed up in order to break the record for a transatlantic voyage. The
captain agreed, but perhaps if he had known of the messages the ship had received in the radio room, he would
have acted differently. According to a ship ahead called the Mesaba, lots of large icebergs were in the area. These
messages did not reach him.
adapted from www.wikipedia.org
Answer the question below according to your opinion using the third condition:
If the ship RMS Titanic hadn’t hit the iceberg, how would it have been throughout these years?
133
PRACTICE
1- Eu teria viajado nas minhas férias se tivesse guardado dinheiro.
2- Se eles tivessem chegado mais cedo, eles não teriam perdido o trem.
3- Se você tivesse me ligado, eu teria vindo aqui te ajudar.
4- Se nós tivéssemos guardado dinheiro, nós teríamos comprado um carro novo
5- Se o clima estivesse melhor esta semana, nós teríamos ido à praia.
6- Se nós tivéssemos visto Mary na festa, teríamos conversado com ela.
7- Você teria terminado a prova se tivesse tido mais tempo?
8- Você teria feito algo diferente na sua vida se tivesse tido a chance?
9- Eles não teriam perdido o voo se eles tivessem prestado atenção aos avisos.
10- Ela não teria ficado tão exausta se tivesse ido para a cama mais cedo.
11- Ele teria chegado a tempo para a reunião se tivesse saído de casa às oito.
12- Se minha mãe tivesse me visto na rua, ela teria me dado um castigo.
13- Se você tivesse sabido a resposta, você teria levantado a sua mão.
14- Se eu tivesse falado contido, você poderia ter feito algo para me ajudar.
15- Se eu tivesse ido a Hollywood, eu poderia ter conhecido uma estrela de cinema.
16- Ela teria tido um ataque se tivesse me visto.
17- Se eu estivesse com sede, eu teria bebido água.
18- O que ele teria feito se tivesse ganhado na loteria?
134
PRACTICE
B- Complete the sentences with the appropriate third conditional .
1- If I more, I the exam. (study, pass)
2- Mark me if he my cell number. (call, not lose)
3- We a cab if the public transport workers on strike. (not take, not be)
4- Mom us to the beach if it . (take, not rain)
5- If I you were coming, I you at the airport. (know, meet)
6- I them a gift if they me to their wedding. (buy, invite)
7- If we a map with us, we the village in time. (take, reach)
8- If Bob up earlier, she the train. (get, reach)
9- If I shopping, what ? (not go, you eat)
If you the fine, you to prison. (pay, be sent)
11- She me if she I was busy. (not visit, know)
12- We to spain if there the right flight. (fly, be)
13- My dad mom if she a poor lady. (not marry, be)
14- If the wall properly it down. (be built, not break)
15- if I more careful, I so many mistakes. (be, not make)
16- I there in time if the weather better (arrive, be)
17- If I_______________ore time, I my homework. (have, do)
18- If Patty well, my aunt her to the zoo. (behave, take)
19- If I ________________ to the stereo, I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the doorbell. (not listen, hear)
20- If he with us to the cinema, himself. (come, enjoy)
C- Complete the sentences below:
1- If I had known you,
2- They would have gone away if
3- The company could have hired more workers if
4- If we had found it out before,
5- If I had won the lottery,
135
LESSON 40
QUARTER TEST VIII
A- Translate the sentences below according to the last 4 lessons studied.
1- Ela disse que o professor dela havia passado muito dever de casa para esse final de semana.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
2- Você disse que a máquina estava funcionando perfeitamente, mas não está.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
3- Eles disseram que o carro deles tinha sido roubado na noite anterior.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
4- O gerente disse que Mark tem faltado no trabalho ultimamente.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
5- O artigo no jornal foi escrito por um jornalista não profissional.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
6- Os trabalhadores tem sido prejudicados diretamente pela pandemia.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
7- Esses prédios tem sido construídos com o acompanhamento de um engenheiro?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
8- O relatório estará pronto e entregue até amanhã.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
9- Eu teria te convidado pra a festa, mas fiquei preso no trabalho.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
10- Me desculpe por ter vindo assim, eu deveria ter te avisado.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
11- As crianças não saíram, mas elas poderiam ter ido com o vizinho.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
12- Eu acho que os bandidos podem ter fugido a pé.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
13- Ela poderia ter ido ao supermercado sozinho para fazer as compras?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
14- Se você tivesse me avisado antes, eu não teria permitido que João saísse.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
15- Eles poderiam ter evitado o acidente se tivessem dirigindo devagar.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
16- O que teria acontecido se tivéssemos deixado ele ir sozinho?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
17- Eu teria comprador essa casa se eles tivessem enviado uma oferta melhor.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
136
LESSON 41
PAST PERFECT TENSE
The past perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that an action took place once or many times before another point in
the past.
(O passado perfeito é um tempo verbal usado para mostrar que uma ação ocorreu uma ou várias vezes antes de outro
ponto no passado.)
The past perfect is formed using had + past participle.
Practicing - Praticando
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Miami.

(Eu nunca tinha visto uma praia tão bonita antes de ir para Miami)
I had some money because I had got some from my dad.
(Eu tinha algum dinheiro porque recebi do meu pai.)
Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
(Tony conhecia Istambul tão bem porque já havia visitado a cidade várias vezes.)
She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
(Ela só entendeu o filme porque tinha lido o livro.)
Peterson had never been to a rock concert before last night.
(Peterson nunca tinha ido a um concerto de rock antes da noite anterior.)
We were able to get a hotel room because we had booked in advance.
(Conseguimos um quarto de hotel porque tínhamos reservado com antecedência.)
I had been to the U.S. once before.
(Eu já tinha estado nos EUA uma vez.)
We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
(Tínhamos tido aquele carro por dez anos antes de ele quebrar.)
By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
(Quando Alex terminou seus estudos, ele já estava em Londres há mais de oito anos.)
They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
(Eles se sentiram mal em vender a casa porque já a possuíam há mais de quarenta anos.)
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
(Ela visitou seus parentes japoneses uma vez em 1993 antes de se mudar com eles em 1996.)
You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
(Você já havia estudado inglês antes de se mudar para Nova York.)
George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.
(George consertou muitos carros antes de receber sua licença de mecânico.)
The music had already started when the curtains opened.
(A música já havia começado quando as cortinas se abriram.)
When she had read all the greetings cards, she made a short thank-you speech.
(Depois de ler todos os cartões de felicitações, ela fez um breve discurso de agradecimento.)
In this tense it is common for sentences to be formed by some adverbs.

when - quando ever - já; alguma vez
just - acabado de; há pouco never - nunca
already - já before - antes
by the time - no momento after - depois
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Negative Negativo
I hadn’t done the dishes when my parents arrived. Eu não tinha lavado a louça quando meus pais chegaram.
They hadn’t bought the tickets by the time the bus parked. Eles não haviam comprado as passagens quando o ônibus
We hadn’t won the game when the referee stopped us. estacionou.
The company hadn’t received the money before shipping Não tínhamos vencido o jogo quando o árbitro nos impediu
A empresa não recebeu o dinheiro antes do envio.
He hadn’t paid attention to the teacher.
Ele não tinha prestado atenção ao professor.
She hadn’t called him before he left.
Ela não tinha ligado para ele antes de ele sair.
It hadn’t turned on for a long time before that.
Isso não ligou por um longo tempo antes disso.
They hadn’t driven what they were supposed to. Eles não dirigiram o que deveriam.
Had they done the cleaning by the time the guests got in? Eles(as) haviam feito a limpeza quando os convidados entraram?
Had he sought over all the clues? Ele havia procurado por todas as pistas?
Had we already found the right person? Já havíamos encontrado a pessoa certa?
Had she received the flowers when he got home? Ela tinha recebido as flores quando ele chegou em casa?
Had the children been busy before dinner? As crianças estiveram ocupadas antes do jantar?
Had lunch been made before the employees arrived? O almoço havia sido feito antes da chegada dos funcionários?
Had the company alredy closed before the trial? A empresa já havia fechado antes do julgamento?
Had the teacher asked the question before? O professor já havia perguntado a questão anteriormente?
Had you been to any country in Europe before? Você já esteve em algum país da Europa antes?

Conversation 1
Josh – Mark, what were you doing at the café last night?
Mark – I was having a snack with my brother and we were talking about a friend of mine who I
hadn’t spoken to in a long time. I think he changed his phone number and hadn’t given me the
number. Anyway, he texted me out of the blue because he had run into a common friend of ours
and they were talking about me.
Josh – That’s awesome, Mark. I also have a friend who I haven’t heard from him in a long time
and hadn’t had seen since high school.
Mark – Yes, sometimes it’s hard to keep in touch with old friends. And since we moved, it’s even
harder to know where they are.
Josh – Good thing we can use technology to find old friends and classmates.
Mark – For sure it’s something I need to get used to!
Conversation 2
Rose – Anne, have you ever thought of someone and then you meet this person somewhere?
Anne – Oh yes, Rose. Few days ago I went to the post office to send a gift to a niece we had
gotten in touch recently and something happened. I was waiting in line and the phone rang, it
was my husband saying our niece had just arrived. So, I was thinking about her and I was ready
to post her a gift and she appeared out of the blue.
Rose – That’s hilarious. I bet you ran out of the post office right Away, right?
Anne – Wrong, I wanted to do that but I had paid for box as soon as I arrived there so, I had to
find a way to get my money back.
Rose – Yeah, that’s something I try not to do. I rather spend some time with the clerk packing
whatever I have to and then pay the fees.
Anne – Next time I’ll follow your advice.
138
PRACTICE
A- Complete the sentences with Simple Past or Past Perfect:
1- I _______________ (worry) a lot about her before I _______________. (hear) that she was safe.
2- I didn’t like the car. It _______________ (be) much smaller than I _______________ (think) at first.
3- He told us he _______________ (travel) to many Asian countries.
4- They _______________. (eat) dessert after they _______________ (have) dinner.
5- She _______________ just _______________ (arrive) before we _______________ (call) her parents.
6- The Principal wanted to know why he _______________ (bring) a toy to school.
7- After he _______________ (work) at the company for ten years he _______________ (decide) to quit his job.
8- When I _______________ (arrive) at the party John _______________ already _______________ (go) home.
9- We _______________ (wait) until the match _______________. (finish).
10- They _______________ (leave) the room before the meeting _______________ (finish).
11- I _______________ (buy) a new camera before I _______________ (go) to Boston.
12- I _______________ just _______________ (turn off) the lights when the phone _______________ (ring).
13- _______________ he _______________ (know) her for a long time before they _______________ (get) married?
14- He _______________ (drive) down the hotel where they _______________ (spend) their honeymoon years ago.
15- When we _______________ (get) to the station the train _______________ (already / leave).
16- He _______________ (sit) at a table by the window where he ________________ (have) a meal with Jane.
17- Why _______________ he _______________ (not / ask) his mom before she _______________. (leave) to work?
18- He was wondering why he _______________ (let) her leave the office so early.
19- He knew he _______________ (earn) that money with a great difficulty.
20- After they _______________ (go), he _______________ (sit) down and _______________ (light) a cigarette.
21- He _______________. (have to) go to work by bus because his car _______________ (break) down.
22- He _______________ (angry) before he _______________ (hear) my offer.
The class had already started (First thing happened)

by the time I arrived (Second thing happened)
You notice that in this sentence the perfect past tense happens before another event.
We can consider the perfect past as the past event of another one.
139
PRACTICE
B- Complete the sentences below with the appropriate preposition.
1. I had been there 3 years ____________I Ieft.
2. I had seen it all the time my replacement arrived.
3. Had you seen one of those?
4. I had never done that .
5. We had been robbed seven times three weeks.
6. I had been there 1987.
7. I had never heard of it my brother mentioned it in a letter.
8. we landed, I had been waiting for several hours.
9. the previous flight, I had fallen asleep.
10. She was tired. She had been writing morning.
11. She dried the dishes. She had washed them ________the morning.
12. I was sure I had seen him the day .
13. My father had spoken to him the week.
14. He had been stealing from his employers years.
15. She had arrived in Paris morning.
16. We had had the same idea the same time.
17. We told each other what we had been doing the past seven years.
18 he had tried on six pairs of shoes he decided he liked the first ones best.
CURIOSITY
"James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher" é uma frase na língua
inglesa usada como exemplo para frisar a importância da pontuação e para demonstrar ambiguidades lexicais. Apesar de
gramaticalmente correta, a ausência de pontos, vírgulas, ponto-e-vírgulas e aspas torna o significado desta construção
ambíguo.
A frase situa três personagens: dois alunos e um professor. James e John tiveram uma prova de inglês que pediu para
descrever um homem que sofreu um resfriado no passado. John escreve: "The man had a cold", que o professor marca
como incorreto, enquanto James escreve corretamente: "The man had had a cold". John usa o termo "had" na oração,
enquanto James vale-se de "had had", que seria um termo mais apropriado para a frase em questão. O feito de James gera
um maior apreço por parte do professor.
Se escrita com a pontuação correta e conforme seu sentido original, a frase fica:
James, while John had had "had", had had "had had"; "had had" had had a better effect on the teacher. E traduzida para o
português, fica:
“James, enquanto John tinha usado "had", usara "had had"; "had had" havia causado uma melhor impressão no professor.”
140
LESSON 42
PAST PERFECT TENSE II
A WISH HAD COME TRUE
One night about a year ago, I went out with some friends. I didn't really want to go out because I had been sick for a
couple of weeks and I was still weak. Anyway, I met this great girl, and we started talking. We had a great time and talked
all night. So, we decided to meet the next day, and to make a long story short, we started having some business together.
We had worked for about four months when she decided to make me a partnership offer. I was looking for something that I
could make better money and that was the opportunity. As I hadn’t found any other opportunity I decided to give it I try and
that was the best thing that ever had happened to me.
Few months later our business achieved more than we had expected and other companies started to keep an eye on us.
They visited our facilities and said they had followed our progress and wanted to be part of it. So, that was once the start of
a dream which we all had had for a while.
Have you ever had a wish which come true? Share it with your teacher then write something about it!
Past perfect continuous
We use the past perfect continuous to talk about actions or events which started before a particular time in the past and
were still in progress up to that time in the past.
When mom and dad arrived from work, we had been studying since afternoon.
(Quando mamãe e papai chegaram do trabalho, vinhamos estudando desde à tarde.)
They had been working for 9 hours when their boss finally Eles estavam trabalhando por nove horas quando
arrived with the food. seus chefe finalmente chegou com a comida.
I had been saving my money to buy this house and now I Eu estava guardando dinheiro para comprar essa
can do it. casa e agora posso comprar.
You had been waiting there for more than two hours when Você ficou esperando lá por mais de duas horas
he finally arrived. quando ele chegou finalmente.
She had been traveling a lot last month. She had the Ela esteve viajando bastante mês passado.
chance to meet new people and places. Ela teve a chance de conhecer novas pessoas e lugares
Negative Negativa
They hadn’t been working for 9 hours when their boss Eles não estavam trabalhando por nove horas quando seus
finally arrived with the food. chefe finalmente chegou com a comida.
I hadn’t been saving my money to buy this house and now Eu não estava guardando dinheiro para comprar essa casa
I can’t do it. e agora não posso comprar. Você não ficou esperando lá por
You hadn’t been waiting there for more than two hours mais de duas horas
when he finally arrived. quando ele chegou finalmente.
She hadn’t been traveling a lot last month. She didn’t Ela não esteve viajando bastante mês passado.
have the chance to meet new people and places. Ela não teve a chance de conhecer novas pessoas e lugares.
141
Had they been doing the cleaning the room? Eles(as) Estavam limpando o quarto?
Had he been seeking over all the clues? Ele estava procurando por todas as pistas?
Had we been dealing with the right person? Estávamos lidando com a pessoa certa?
Had she been receiving the flowers? Ela estava recebendo as flores?
Had the children been playing before dinner? As crianças brincaram antes do jantar?
Had the baby been crying before a lot? O bebê tinha chorado muito antes?
Had the company been selling the products? A empresa estava vendendo os produtos?
Had the teacher been asking for the homework? A professora estava pedindo o dever de casa?
Had you been going to any country in Europe? Você tem ido a algum país da Europa?
Hi, have you ever had one of those days when everything seemed to go wrong? I'm sure you have, I know I have. I
remember one particular day, I'd been invited to very important meeting about some new products they had talked for a
month now., so I was quite excited about going to this meeting, and I maybe spent too long getting ready and I was a bit
nervous when I was leaving the house, but confident, though. But then I looked in my briefcase and I noticed most
paperwork I had done wan’t there! So I had to go back inside, look for the papers, come out again, so I was getting a little
bit late for the meeting, but not that late. I got in my car, started driving, about half way to the company my car stopped. I
couldn't understand what was the matter until I looked at the petrol gauge: it had run out of petrol! Why? Because I'd lent
my car to my son the day before and he'd used the gas and he hadn't filled the car up! So I thought I’d call a cab. I
looked in my briefcase again to find my mobile phone, but I couldn't find it. Why? Because I'd left it on the table in
the dining room. So even though it was pouring with rain, I had to get out of my car, in my meeting clothes, walk to the
gas station and come back with gas. By which time I was nearly 2 hours late. So, I was so flustered about being late, I
started to drive and I just took a wrong turn and I ended up on this one-way road, totally lost, driving round and round for
at least 45 minutes before I managed to get my leading. So finally, I arrived at the meeting over 2 hours late and when I
arrived the manager I wanted to meet had just left, all the employees had gone, and my boss was horribly mad. I was so
disappointed that I just turned around and left and went back home. Have you ever had a terrible day like that, when
everything went wrong? If you have, write and tell us about it.
Write down your experience:
142
PRACTICE
A- Complete the story about a strange coincidence. Use either the simple past or the past perfect. Sometimes both are
possible.
A few weeks ago, my friend Jean moved into a new house across town. I was really happy when
she (ask) me to come over last week because I
(not have) the chance to see the place yet. It took me a while to get there because
I (not go) to her new neighborhood very often and I (get)
a little lost. But luckily, Jean (send) me careful directions.
Anyway, when I finally (arrive) at the house, it (look) so familiar.

I was sure I (be) there before. Then I realized that I had! I (date)
someone who (live) there. I (be) in the house several times before. It was weird.
I (not think) of that guy in twenty years! When I (tell)
Jean about it, she (not believe) me at first. What a coincidence!
B- Complete the sentences with the Past Simple or Past Perfect of the verbs in brackets.
1.- My aunt flew to Paris last year. She (never / go) on a plane before that.
2.- We didn’t need to wait because my wife (already / buy) the tickets
3.- The thieves had already spent the money when the police (catch) them.
4.- Helen (split up) with John before she met Paul.
5.- We (know) her address because she (tell) us.
6.- The children (not eat) for days so they (be) extremely hungry.
7.- Everyone (hug) each other after they (finish) their exams.
8.- She didn’t want to go to the cinema because she (already / see) the film.
9.- I (just / buy) a dress when a thief (steal) my bag.
10.- My niece (go) to London three times by the time she (be) sixteen.
11.- My students (raise) some money after they (see) a documentary on TV about Africa.
12.- It was half past three and we still (not / eat) lunch.
13.- Our teacher (give) us extra homework because we (not finish) our essays.
14.- My father (lose) his glasses and he couldn’t read the newspaper.
15.- The car stopped because we (run) out of gas.
16.- He (feel) very ill because he (not sleep) well.
143
PRACTICE
1- Mary me deu o endereço de Tony antes de partir.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
2- Quando os meninos chegaram ao cinema, o filme já havia começado,
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3- Antes de chegarmos à estação, vimos que tínhamos nos perdido.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4- Todos os ingressos foram vendidos antes do início do show.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5- Eles tomaram banho depois de terminarem o jogo.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
6- Eu perguntei ao Sr. Green quantos livros ele havia lido
___________________________________________________________________________________________
7- Mamãe me perguntou por que eu não arrumei meu quarto.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
8- Bob lamentou ter me contado a história.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
9- Alan assistiu à TV depois de almoçar.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
10- O sol brilhou ontem depois de fazer frio por várias semanas.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
11- O tio David foi ao médico depois de ficar doente por um mês.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
12- Antes de a polícia pegar o ladrão, ele roubou mais dois relógios.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
13- Uma vez, mamãe pintou um quadro, embora nunca o tivesse aprendido.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
14- Não contei ao meu professor que minha mãe havia me ajudado com o dever de casa.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
15- Fiquei muito zangado quando vi que meu irmão havia comido minha maçã.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
16- A bicicleta era muito mais cara do que ele pensava a princípio.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
17- Papai me levou para casa depois que eu caí na água.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
18- Marion me perguntou o que havia acontecido comigo na semana passada.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
144
LESSON 43
PHRASAL VERBS – PART I
Phrasal verb Verbo frasal Phrasal verb Verbo frasal
Get along Se dar bem / Conviver Give up Desistir
Give away Doar Hold up Esperar / Segurar
Step down Se afastar Go off Explodir / Disparar
Make up Criar / Inventar Make out Perceber / Enxergar
Ring back Ligar de volta Sort out Organizar / Planejar
Find out Descobrir Look out Ter cuidado / Estar alerta
Cut off Parar / Interromper Look at Observar / Olhar
Carry out Realizar / Executar Look after Cuidar / Tomar conta
Take over Assumir / Tomar conta Get out Sair / Se retirar
Fall over Cair Get in Entrar / Matricular-se
I can ring you back in half an hour. Posso ligar de volta em meia hora.
The cop decided to step down after 10 years. O policial decidiu renunciar após 10 anos.
We heard the bomb went off at the gas station. Ouvimos que a bomba explodiu no posto de gasolina.
Large companies sometimes take over smaller ones. As grandes empresas às vezes adquirem as menores.
My brother and I get along very well most of the time. Meu irmão e eu nos damos muito bem na maioria das vezes.
I gave up playing football a long time ago. Desisti de jogar futebol há muito tempo.
Relax, we’ll try to sort out the problems. Relaxe, vamos tentar resolver os problemas.
That story sounds weird. You have surely made it up. Essa história está estranha. Você certamente inventou.
We finally found out where they live. Finalmente descobrimos onde eles moram.
I gave away all my books to the library. Eu doei todos os meus livros para a biblioteca.
I can make out the signs this far away. Eu posso ver as placas de longe.
The pavement is very icy, you might fall over. O pavimento está escorregadio, você pode cair.
We know who carried out the robberies. Sabemos quem executou os roubos.
The traffic on the road was held up by construction work. O tráfego na estrada foi interrompido devido as obras.
The energy company cut off our electricity. A companhia de energia cortou nossa eletricidade.
Look out when you go out at night. Tome cuidado quando sair à noite.
Negative Negativo
I couldn’t get in at college due the high prices. Não consegui entrar na faculdade devido aos preços altos.
He didn’t get out of the room in time. Ele não saiu da sala a tempo.
They didn’t look at the map then they go lost. Eles não olharam para o mapa e então se perderam.
The baby sitter didn’t look after the baby as we wanted. A babá não cuidou do bebê como queríamos.
She didn’t get along with her cousins. Ela não se dava bem com seus primos.
I hope the bomb doesn’t go off. It would be a disaster. Espero que a bomba não exploda. Isso seria um desastre.
I couldn’t ring you back because I was busy. Não pude ligar de volta porque estava ocupado.
We didn’t give up learning English. Não desistimos de aprender inglês.
That’s why we’re here. É por isso que estamos aqui.
Do you get along with your neighbors? Você se dá bem com seus vizinhos?
Will you give aways your old clothes? Você vai doar suas roupas velhas?
Should the president step down before the election? O presidente deve renunciar antes da eleição?
Did they make up the story? Eles inventaram a história?
Are the hospitals carrying out tests we required? Os hospitais estão realizando os exames que solicitamos?
Why did they give up before the game? Por que eles desistiram antes do jogo?
Can we get out of the house before it’s too late? Podemos sair de casa antes que seja tarde demais?
Could you help us sort out the issues about the deal? Você poderia nos ajudar a resolver os problemas
Did he get in without my permission? da negociação? Ele entrou sem minha permissão?
145
Conversation 1
Matt – Dave, do you get along with your siblings?

Dave – Yes, I do. Actually, we don’t argue at all. How about you and yours?
Matt – No really, you know I’m the oldest and try to keep them aware of few thing but they don’t
get the idea, it’s hard sometimes.
Dave – Well, you being the oldest you must look after your siblings and find out what are their needs.
Matt – Yeah, I know. I try to sort it out and do my best.
Dave – Look at some books that help people deal with families and try to learn something from them.
Matt – You’re right, thanks for the tip. I won’t give up my siblings. It’s part of my responsabilities.
Dave – That’s it. You’ve got to take over the situation!
Conversation 2
Julie – Hi Mona, did you see what happened yesterday at the gas station around the
corner?
Mona –No, I didn’t. What happened?
Julie – There was a bomb in one of the pumps and it went off during rush hour.
Mona – Oh goodness! Did anyone get hurt? I mean, or worst?
Julie – Yes, pretty bad. But fortunately, there aren’t any deaths.
The police are trying to find out who set the bomb. They are looking
the cameras to find out who did it.
Dave – Look at some books that help people deal
with families and try to learn something from them.
Mona – What about the manager and the workers, what did they say?
Julie – The manager made up a very odd story. He’s definitely a suspicious guy.
Mona – Maybe he doesn’t get along with the owner or the workers and wanted
to do such a thing.
Julie – The owner took over the whole operation while the investigation goes through.
Mona – I hope the police don’t give up until they find the person responsible for it and lock
What is a phrasal verb? Let’s understand it better.
In English traditional grammar, a phrasal verb is the combination of two or three words from different grammatical categories
– a verb and a particle, such as an adverb or a preposition – to form a single semantic unit on a lexical or syntactic level.
Examples: turn down, run into, sit up. They are in everyday, constant use. These semantic units cannot be understood
based upon the meanings of the individual parts alone, but must be taken as a whole. In other words, the meaning is non-
compositional and thus unpredictable.
A phrasal verb can be separable, inseparable, transitive and instransitive. And what are the meanings of all of these?
Do not worry about that. YOU MUST KNOW THE MEANING OF A PHRASAL VERB BY ITS CONTEXT, do not try to
translate it literally.
Here are some examples of inseparable phrasal verbs:
Back out - I hope he doesn't back out of the deal. - Espero que ele não desista do negócio.
Break down - 1. The poor woman broke down in tears. - A pobre mulher rompeu em lágrimas. 2.
Break up - The couple decided to break up after their argument. - O casal decidiu romper o namoro depois da briga.
Catch on - The teacher repeats grammar exercises until the students
catch on. - O professor repete exercícios gramaticais até que os alunos peguem a matéria.
Come back - He
came back to Brazil after two years abroad. - Ele retornou ao Brasil depois de passar dois anos no exterior.
Die out - Many languages have
died out in the history of mankind. - Muitas línguas já desapareceram na história da humanidade.
Eat out - We don't have any food at home. Why don't we
eat out? - Não temos nada de comida em casa. Que tal comermos fora?
Fall off - The door handle
fell off. - A maçaneta da porta caiu.
146
PRACTICE
1- Nós poderíamos conviver melhor com nossos vizinhos.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2- Temos muitos coisas para doar depois que finalizamos a mudança.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
4- O gerente se afastou depois que descobriram escândalo.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5- As crianças criaram uma desculpa engraçada para não serem castigadas.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
6- Você poderia me ligar de volta depois das 15h. Estou em reunião agora.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
7- Eu descobri que quem fala inglês fluentemente ganha até 70% a mais no salário.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
8- O serviço de energia foi interrompida depois que houve o terremoto.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
9- Todos os serviços solicitados foram executados pela empresa do Fred.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
10- Infelizmente o banco assumiu a empresa depois que ela faliu.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
11- Eles caíram do cavalo porque ele era selvagem. Não deveriam ter montado nele.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
12- Eles desistiram tão fácil? Deveriam tentar outra vez.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
13- Os empresários esperam até o último minuto para investir na bolsa de valores.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
14- Meu alarme não disparou esta manhã, por isso cheguei atrasado.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
15- Como que eles conseguiram perceber todos esses obstáculos nessa chuva?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
16- Você precisa organizar melhor esses documentos.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
17- Esteja alerta em todos os momentos. Às vezes perdemos ótimas oportunidades.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
18- Às vezes me pego olhando as estrelas sem perceber o tempo passar.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
19- A babá está cuidando muito bem dos nossos filhos.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
147
PRACTICE
B- Put the words in order to make sentences:
one hour / back / will / I / ring / you / in
being / after / down / caught / step / he / Did?
off / My alarm / every / goes / morning / clock.
always / along / I / My siblings / and / along.
You / your / up / should / give / never / dreams.
been / out / All / problems / have / your / of / sorted.
to / need / who / out / lives / I / find / here.
skateboard / He / over / riding / fall / his / can.
We know who carried out the robberies.
out / The lab / experiences / many / carries / month / every.
off / The energy company / our / electricity / cut.
on / out / streets / you / when / Look / walk / the.
C- Make up sentences with the phrsal verbs given below:
Back out
Break down
Break up
Catch on
Come back
Die out
Eat out
Fall off
148
LESSON 44
PHRASAL VERBS – PART II
Phrasal verb Verbo frasal Phrasal verb Verbo frasal

Be up to Estar à altura / estar planejado Get back at Se vingar
Break up with Se separar Get back from Retornar
Carry on with Continuar Keep out of Manter-se fora
Catch up with Alcançar Keep up with Continuar com
Come up to Chegar em alguém Kick out of Ser jogado para fora
Come up with Vir com Look forward to Estar na expectativa
Crack down on Tomar medidas Put up with Aguentar / suportar
Do away with Acabar com algo Run away with Tomar conta
Drop out of Abandonar Run out of Acabar
Get away with Se safar Take out on Descontar em alguém
He'll probably win, he's up to the Ele provavelmente vai vencer, pois está à altura do desafio.
challenge. I broke up with girlfriend. Eu terminei com minha namorada.
The doctor told her to carry on with the treatment. O médico disse a ela que continuasse com o tratamento.
I've been getting low grades, but I'll study hard and Tenho recebido notas baixas, mas vou me esforçar e alcançar
catch up with the Other students. os demais alunos.
He came up to me and said: 'you are under Ele chegou a mim e disse: - você está preso.
arrest.' He came up with an unbelievable Ela veio com uma explicação inacreditável.
explanation. The police need to crack down
A polícia precisa tomar medidas severas contra furto.
on burglary.
A escola deveria acabar com alguns dos regulamentos.
The school should do away with some of the
regulations.Teenagers are dropping out of school in Adolescentes estão abandonando a escola em grande número.
large numbers. He got away with shoplifting at first, Ele se safou na época em que andava furtando em lojas,
but now he's in trouble. I'm going to get back at him mas agora está ferrado.
for what he did.She's just got back from her trip. Vou me vingar dele pelo que ele me fez.
Keep out of this room. Ela acabou de retornar da viagem.
Keep up with the good work. Mantenha-se fora deste quarto.
The rowdy man was kicked out of Continue fazendo um bom trabalho.
the bar. We are looking forward to O homem desordeiro foi posto para fora do bar.
meeting you. Estamos na expectativa de nos encontrar com você.
I'm going to put up wth this issue. Vou aguentar esse problema.
Let your emotions run away with you.
Deixe suas emoções tomarem conta de você.
They ran out of gas in the middle of the desert.
If you're upset about something, take it out on your Eles ficaram sem gasolina no meio do deserto.
brother, not on me. Se você está estressado, descarregue em seu irmão, não em mim.
Negative Negativo
I wasn’t up to go to the party because I had a Eu não estava pronto para a festa porque estava com dor de
headache. He didn’t break up with me, I did. cabeça. Ele não terminou comigo, eu quem terminei com ele.
They didn’t carry on with their tasks. Eles não continuaram com suas tarefas.
I couldn’t do my homework to catch up with the other Não consegui fazer meu dever de casa para acompanhar os
students. He didn’t come up to his mom to tell her the truth. outros alunos. Ele não veio até sua mãe para lhe contar a
We didn’t come up with the solution they asked. verdade. Não encontramos a solução que eles pediram.
The government didn’t do away with the taxes we O governo não acabou com os impostos que esperávamos.
expected. Teenagers shouldn’t drop out of school. Os adolescentes não devem abandonar a escola.
The kids didn’t get away with their messy. As crianças não se safaram com bagunça deles.
I can’t put up with this situation, it’s too much for me. Eu não agüento essa situação, é demais para mim.
Parents shouldn’t take out on their stress with their Os pais não devem descontar o estresse em seus filhos.
kids. We won’t run out of sugar if you take it easy on Não vamos ficar sem açúcar se você maneirar na sobremesa
dessert.
149
What are you up to this weekend? O que você esta afim de fazer neste final de semana?
Did he break up with her? I don’t believe it! Ele terminou com ela? Eu não acredito!
Should I carry on with the conversation about music? Devo continuar com a conversa sobre música?
Did they catch up with the chores they had? Eles alcançaram as tarefas que tinham?
Do you come up to your boss when you need? Você vai até seu chefe quando precisa?
Could they come up with some solution? Eles poderiam encontrar alguma solução?
Will the city hall crack down on the regional laws? A prefeitura reprimirá as leis regionais?
Will he drop out of the English course? What a shame! Ele vai desistir do curso de inglês? Que pena!
Have They gotten back at their workers? Eles tem se vingado de seus trabalhadores?
Has she gottem back from her trip to Asia? Ela voltou da viagem na Ásia?
Can we keep up with the project a little longer? Podemos acompanhar o projeto um pouco mais?
Are you looking forward to traveling to The USA? Você está ansioso para viajar para os EUA?
Had we run out of flour before the cake was made? Tinha acabado a farinha antes de o bolo ser feito?
Would you put up with until we close the deal? Você agüentaria até fecharmos o negócio?

Conversation 1
Alan – Hey Tony, what are you up to on Friday night?

Tony – Oh man, I have some homework to do. I need to catch up with some activities which I’m late.
Alan – Dude, can you just carry on with this homework on Saturday morning so we can go out on Friday?
There is a new band playing at the club and I don’t want to miss it.
Tony – Wow, a new band?? Thar’s awesome. But on the flip side, I won’t be able to do anything besides working
on Saturday morning. So, I have to get the activities done!
Alan – Come on dude, you can get Away with it.
Tony – Sorry but responsabilities first, then pleasure.
Alan – I don’t blame you. Unfortunately I dropped out of school last year.
Tony – But it’s never late to keep up with your studies.
Conversation 2
Julie – Mrs. Mona, we need to crack down on some employees who are missing work lately.
Mona – Ok, first of all I will do away with some benefits they might have.
Then I’ll run away with this issue myself.
Julie – I appreciate it because I can’t put up with it anymore..
Mona – Unless They come up with a good reason for the absences I’ll have the take some serious
actions against it.
Julie – Well, one of them sent a message saying he had broken up with his wife and then he had to
take care of some paperworks, specially about his kids.
Mona – Well, in this case we can have an exception.
Julie – Another thing you need to be aware of is the fact some workers are also trying to get
Away with the problem regarding the missing products.
Mona – This is a very delicate subject to be discussed between only us. Call our lawyer tomorrow
and try to set a meeting so we can keep up with it.
Julie – Ok, I’ll do it right now.
One fact about separable phrasal verbs is, when you’re using an object pronoun it has to be Always between the verb and
the preposition/adverb.
e.g: Turn down the radio. (Abaixe o volume do rádio)

Turn the radio down. (Abaixe o volume do rádio)
Turn it down. (Abaixe o volume do rádio) – NEVER write or say – Turn down it.
150
PRACTICE
A- Write a sentence with each phrasal verb given and then change into negative and interrogative form:
Be up to
Neg:
Inter:
Break up with
Neg :
Inter:
Carry on with
Neg:
Inter:
Catch up with
Neg:
Inter:
Come up to
Neg:
Inter:
Come up with
Neg:
Inter:
Crack down on
Neg:
Inter:
Do away with
Neg:
Inter:
Drop out of
Neg:
Inter:
Get away with
Neg:
Inter:
Get back at
Neg:
Inter: _______________________________________________________________________________________
Get back from ______________________________________________________________________________
Neg: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Inter: _______________________________________________________________________________________
151
PRACTICE
B- With your teacher, choose the right phrasal verb from the box to complete each sentence below
switch on get away with put away chill out hand in take down
sum up let someone in get up look for click on live up to
sit down give up take off fall over close down go away
get over get someone down
1 We want to for the weekend. We´ll probably go to the beach.
2 I have finished all my tests. After all that stress I need to . (relax)
3 We can the situation in one word, chaos. (summarize).
4I slipped on the ground and . I sprained my ankle and I had to go to the hospital.
5- He has broken the law, so we must make sure he doesn´t it.
6 the printer icon when you want to print.
7 I smoking two years ago. I feel much healthier now.
8My sister broke up with her boyfriend a year ago and she it really quickly.
She is quite happy now and is even looking for someone else.
9 I don´t normally before 10.00 am on weekends.
10Your room is a mess. all your toys and clothes immediately.
11- They are a lot of shops because of the economy crisis.
12- The English teacher said that we had to the essay the following day.
13- Please, and relax. I´ll bring you a cup of tea.
14 the light. It is getting really dark. I can´t see the blackboard.
15 What are you doing? – I´m my contact lenses. I was sure I had them in
my bag and now I can´t find them.
16American’s weather always me . It´s always cloudy and raining.
17- your coat ! It´s really warm in here.
18 I´ll you this time but don´t be late again because you will have to go away.
19Christmas is finished so we have to the Christmas tree .
20-The concert didn´t my expectations. I expected something much better.
152
LESSON 45
QUARTER TEST IX
Read the text below and then do the activity.
THE STREET ON FIRE
Last Saturday Amanda, Mike and Alan went to the new modern art museum downtown. They were amazed by the works
which were displayed there. It was the first time Amanda and Alan had been to a modern art gallery. Mike had seen many
modern art galleries before. However, he hadn’t seen such an interesting one before. They stayed there for about three
hours. While they were visiting the galleries, a famous artist came for a talk on his latest works. Alan and Mike went to the
third floor to see him. While they listened to him, Amanda attended a workshop in the basement. By the time Amanda’s
workshop ended, Mike and Alan had already got out of the talk with the artist. After they visited all the galleries in the
museum, they went into their town to have lunch together.
During their visit to the museum, they saw two very interesting photos of a street. In fact, the second picture was the edited
version of the same street. In a minute they realized they were looking at the street where they currently live. It showed what
would happen to it after an event like a fire or a war happened there. Until they saw those pictures, they had never thought
of a disastrous event in a city. They were really scared to see their street on fire and then left the photos in silence.
A- Decide if the statements are true or false according to the text.
1- They all have been to modern art museum before.
2 They were in the museum before the talk of famous artist.

3 Mike and Amanda did two different activities at the same time in the museum.
4 Amanda’s workshop finished before Mike and Alan left the talk with the artist.
5 They had known there were some pictures of their street before they saw them in the museum.
B- Choose the right alternative for each phrasal verb:
1- Get along 4- Make up 7- Ring back

a) Alongar a) Se maquiar a) Ligar de volta
b) Ir ao longo b) construir b) Anel retornado
c) Conviver c) inventar c) Anel
2- Carry on with 5- Look after 8- Look out

a) Carregar com a) Cuidar a) Olhar pra fora
b) Continuar b) Olhar depois b) Estar alerta
c) Carregar no c) Observar c) Olhar externo
3- Drop out of 6- Give up 9- Get back at

a) Abandonar a) Dar a) Voltar na
b) Derrubar b) Ir pra cima b) Se vingar
c) Deixar cair c) Desistir c) Dar de volta
153
LESSON 46
GENERAL REVIEW I
I always study hard. Sempre estudo muito.
You usually work overtime. Você geralmente trabalha horas extras.
He often plays soccer. Ele costuma jogar futebol.
She sometimes works out. Ela às vezes dá certo.
She watched a nice movie yesterday. Ela assistiu a um bom filme ontem.
I worked until late last night. Eu trabalhei até tarde da noite passada.
You closed the store earlier on Monday. Você fechou a loja na segunda-feira.
They traveled to the U.S.A last year. Eles viajaram para os EUA no ano passado.
It worked fine last time I used. Funcionou bem da última vez que usei.
I did my homework last night. Eu fiz minha lição de casa ontem à noite.
You went to the store earlier on Monday. Você foi à loja na segunda-feira.
They flew to the U.S.A last year. Eles voaram para os EUA no ano passado.
It broke when I used last time. Quebrou quando usei da última vez.
He felt tired after the game. Ele se sentiu cansado após o jogo.
We heard you bought a new car. Ouvimos dizer que você comprou um carro novo.
He drove to school last semester. Ele dirigiu para a escola no semestre passado.
The dog ate its food. O cachorro comeu sua comida.
She went shopping for hours yesterday. Ela foi fazer compras por horas ontem.
Negative Negativo
She didn’t like the food. Ela não gostou da comida.
He didn’t clean his bedroom. Ele não limpou seu quarto.
They didn’t cook for the guests. Eles não cozinhavam para os convidados.
We didn’t plug the wire into the outlet. Não conectamos o fio na tomada.
The teacher didn’t cancel the class. O professor não cancelou a aula.
She didn’t reply the e-mail. Ela não respondeu ao e-mail.
She didn’t go shopping yesterday. Ela não foi às compras ontem.
He didn’t feel tired after the game. Ele não se sentia cansado após o jogo.
They didn’t know about the test. Eles não sabiam sobre o teste.
We didn’t buy a new house. Não compramos uma casa nova.
My boss didn’t give me a raise. Meu chefe não me deu um aumento.
I didn’t hurt myself.. Eu não me machuquei.
Did you cry when you dropped the ice cream? Você chorou quando deixou cair o sorvete?
Did he borrow his brother’s jacket? Ele pegou emprestado o casaco do irmão?
Did she need to send the report? Ela precisava enviar o relatório?
Did they skip classes to go out? Eles faltaram às aulas para sair?
Did you try on the new suit? Você experimentou o novo terno?
Did it fit well on you? Se encaixa bem em você?
Did you make the phone call? Você fez a ligação?
Did he lose his wallet? Ele perdeu a carteira?
Did she see the e-mail I sent her? Ela viu o e-mail que enviei a ela?
Did they sell their house? Eles venderam sua casa?
Did you sing at the festival? Você cantou no festival?
Did we speak to the manager? Falamos com o gerente?
154
LESSON 46
GENERAL REVIEW I
There’s milk in the fridge. Há leite na geladeira.
There are many people working today. Há muitas pessoas trabalhando hoje.
There’s only one way to do that. Há apenas uma forma de fazer isso.
There are some options for you. Existem algumas opções para você.
There’s only one thing to do. Há apenas uma coisa a fazer.
There are forty people applying for the position. Há quarenta pessoas se candidatando para a vaga.
There is a book on your desk. Tem um livro na sua mesa.
There are at least 200 people there. Há pelo menos 200 pessoas lá.
There’s a new movie coming up. Tem um filme novo a ser lançado.
There are two buildings next to my house. Há dois prédios ao lado da minha casa.
There were some fruits left. Tinha algumas frutas sobrando.
There was some milk in the fridge. Havia leite na geladeira.
There were 2 vacancies until yesterday. Existiam duas vagas até ontem.
There was only one option. Existia apenas uma opção.
There were some options for you. Tinha algumas opções para você.
There was a cat on the couch. Havia um gato no sofá.
There were 2 dogs barking at us. Tinha dois cachorros latindo para nós.
There was a nice place downtown. Tinha um local bacana no centro da cidade.
There was a cheap store in Bridgewater. Havia um loja barata em Bridgewater.
There were many places to visit. Tinha vários locais para visitar.
There were two different paths to choose. Existiam dois caminhos para escolher.
Negative Negativo
There isn’t anyone in the park. Não há ninguém no parque.
There aren’t twenty-five players in the field. Não há vinte e cinco jogadores em campo.
There is nothing to tell you. Não há nada para te dizer.
There aren’t enough people to help. Não há pessoas suficientes para ajudar.
There’s not a book in the box. Não há um livro na caixa.
There are not books in the box. Não há livros na caixa.
There was nothing I needed to tell you. Não havia nada que eu precisasse dizer a você.
There weren’t forty-five students in class. Não havia quarenta e cinco alunos na sala de aula.
There wasn’t a book in the box. Não havia um livro na caixa.
There weren’t thirty-eight books in the box. Não havia trinta e oito livros na caixa.
Are there twenty-five players in the field? Há 25 jogadores em campo?

Is there any chance of winning? Existe alguma chance de ganhar?
Are there enough people to help? Tem pessoas suficientes para ajudar?
Is there a book in the box? Há um livro na caixa?
Are there books in the box? Tem livros na caixa?
Were there twenty-five players in the field? Havia vinte e cinco jogadores em campo?
Was there any chance of winning? Teve alguma chance de ganhar?
Were there enough people to help? Havia pessoas suficientes para ajudar?
Was there a book in the box? Havia um livro na caixa?
Were there books in the box? Havia livros na caixa?
155
LESSON 46
GENERAL REVIEW I
I’ll travel to the USA next year. Vou viajar para os EUA no próximo ano.
We’ll go to the stadium on Sunday. Vamos ao estádio no domingo.
He will buy a new car when he gets the money. Ele comprará um carro novo quando receber o dinheiro.
She’ll go to the club with her friends. Ela irá ao clube com seus amigos.
Danny will play checkers with his dad. Danny vai jogar damas com o pai.
They’ll need another job. Eles vão precisar de outro emprego.
We’ll learn English fast at Aliança. Vamos aprender inglês rápido na Aliança.
I’m going to drink some coffee. Eu vou tomar um café.
He is going to play soccer on weekends. Ele vai jogar futebol nos fins de semana.
The manager is going to fire the worker. O gerente vai demitir o trabalhador.
They are going to go to the party. Eles estão indo para a festa.
My parents are going to buy me a new car. Meus pais vão me comprar um carro novo.
We are going to learn more at Aliança. Vamos aprender mais na Aliança.
We are going to drive to work. Vamos dirigir para o trabalho.
She is going to go out with her friends. Ela vai sair com as amigas.
We are going to be fluent in English soon. Em breve estaremos fluentes em inglês.
They’ll redo the homework to reinforce the subject. Eles vão refazer a lição de casa para reforçar o assunto.
The kids are going to spend vacation in Sâo Paulo. As crianças vão passar as férias em São Paulo.
Negative Negativo
I won’t drive to work today. Não vou dirigir para o trabalho hoje.
She won’t graduate if she keeps missing classes. Ela não vai se formar se continuar faltando às aulas.
There won’t be a party for us. Não haverá uma festa para nós.
You won’t play vídeo game if you don’t do your chores. Você não jogará videogame se não fizer suas
We won’t go to the restaurant this month. tarefas. Não iremos ao restaurante este mês.
It won’t work properly without maintenance. Não funcionará corretamente sem manutenção.
We will not do it without your permission. Não o faremos sem sua permissão.
He isn’t going to work tomorrow. Ele não vai trabalhar amanhã.
I’m not going to the party with you. Eu não vou para a festa com você.
She isn’t going to travel next month. Ela não vai viajar no próximo mês.
They aren’t going to keep the job. Eles não vão manter o emprego.
We aren’t going to study law. Não vamos estudar direito.
He isn’t going to visit his relatives in New York. Ele não vai visitar seus parentes em Nova York.
They aren’t going to accept the rules. Eles não vão aceitar as regras.
It isn’t going to be cold tonight. Não vai fazer frio esta noite.
Will you buy me a snack? I’m hungry. Você vai me comprar um lanche? Eu estou com fome.
Will she learn English at Aliança America? Ela aprenderá inglês na Aliança America?
Will we do the job with the other workers. Faremos o trabalho com os outros trabalhadores.
Will the school be opened on holidays? A escola abrirá nos feriados?
Will They bring me the items I asked? Eles vão me trazer os itens que eu pedi?
Are you going to study French with me? Você vai estudar francês comigo?
Is he going to go to the movies this weekend? Ele vai ao cinema neste fim de semana?
Are they going to write the reports today? Eles vão escrever os relatórios hoje?
Is he going to eat the soup I made? Ele vai comer a sopa que fiz?
Is she going to become the president next election? Ela vai se tornar a presidente na próxima eleição?
Is it going to rain more this year? Vai chover mais este ano?
156
LESSON 46
GENERAL REVIEW I
They’ll be opening a new business. Eles estarão abrindo um novo negócio.
He’ll be playing on a professional team. Ele estará jogando em um time profissional.
The teacher will be applying the test. O professor estará aplicando a prova.
I’ll be sueing you over the deal you made wrongly. Eu estarei te processando sobre a negociação
They’ll be painting their house. você fez erroneamente.
We’ll be buying a mansion. Elas estarão pintando a casa nova delas.
The’ll be drinking with their families. Estaremos comprando uma mansão.
The kids will be playing on the street. Eles estarão bebendo com seus familiares.
She’ll be messing up her room. As crianças estarão brincando na rua.
He’ll be fixing the appliances at home. Ela estará bagunçando seu quarto.
You’d sing happy birthday to all of us. Ele estará consertando os eletrodomésticos em casa.
Você cantaria feliz aniversário para todos nós.
They’d buy a new costume for halloween.
Eles comprariam uma nova fantasia para o dia das bruxas.
He would like to try on these boots.
Ele gostaria de experimentar essas botas.
The teacher would apply another test.
A professora aplicaria uma outra prova.
The computer would turn off. O computador desligaria.
We would attend classes every morning.
Nós participaríamos das aulas todas as manhãs.
She would attend the meeting. Ela participaria da reunião.
The company would brake in a few months. O companhia quebraria em alguns meses.
I would tell you the truth.. Eu te diria a verdade
You would speak more English. Você falaria mais inglês.
He would fix the appliances at home. Ele consertaria os eletrodomésticos em casa.
Negative Negativo
They won’t be getting good grades. Eles não estarão tirando boas notas.
I hope It won’t be raining when we go there. Espero que não esteja chovendo quando formos lá.
You won’t be getting a lot of work to do. Você não estará recebendo muito trabalho para fazer.
She wont be making part of the team. Ela não estará fazendo parte do time.
You won’t be bowling with your friends today. Você não estará jogando boliche com seus amigos hoje.
They wouldn’t eat that. Eles não comeriam isso.
I wouldn’t pay that much for it. Eu não pagaria tanto por isso.
We wouldn’t type so fast. Nós não digitaríamos tão rápido.
She wouldn’t like to sell the house. Ela não gostaria de vender a casa.
You wouldn’t go swimming on this weather. Vocês não iriam nadar com esse tempo.
It wouldn’t be a bad idea at all. Não seria uma má ideia de forma alguma.
There won’t be any chance for them. Eles não terão nenhuma chance.
My parents won’t let me go to the party. Meus pais não vão me deixar a festa.
Will you buy me a snack? I’m hungry. Estaremos recebendo um presente legal no próximo aniversário?
Will she learn English at Aliança America? Você estará indo para a nova cabeleireira?
Will we do the job with the other workers. Ela estará indo ao shopping sozinha?
Will the school be opened on holidays? Levaria muito tempo para chegar lá?
Will They bring me the items I asked? Ele prepararia os relatório dentro do prazo?
Are you going to study French with me? Ela me ensinaria a andar de bicicleta?
Is he going to go to the movies this weekend? Eles(as) correriam em uma maratona?
Are they going to write the reports today? Você pularia de um penhasco?
Is he going to eat the soup I made? Ele seria capaz de machucar as crianças?
Is she going to become the president next election? Quando a guerra terminará?
Is it going to rain more this year? Onde estaremos nos próximos 20 anos?
O que eles farão para manter o negócio funcionando.
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LESSON 47
GENERAL REVIEW I I
I can run really fast. Eu posso correr muito rápido
They’ll be opening a new business. Você pode falar com o chefe sem minha permissão.
You can talk to the boss without my Eles poderiam ir para a praia.
permission. They could go to the Você poderia falar comigo.
beach. Pode acontecer.
You could talk to me. Você sabia tocar violão quando era pequeno.
It can happen.
Eles podem dirigir um grande caminhão.
You could play the guitar when you were little.
Pode chover amanhã.
They can drive a big truck.
It may rain tomorrow. Ele pode vir para a festa mais tarde.
He might come to the party later. Você pode sair para brincar com seus amigos.
You may go outside to play with your friends. Eles podem falar com ele sobre o projeto.
They might talk to him about the project. Ela pode estar cansada depois do jogo.
She might be tired after the game. Pode quebrar se você se sentar.
It might brake if you sit down. Podemos comprar uma bicicleta nova para nosso filho.
We may buy a new bike for our son. Eles podem vendê-lo por um preço mais baixo se negociarmos.
They might sell it for a lower price if we bargain. Eles podem perder a aposta.
They may lose the bet. Posso fazer uma viagem no final do ano.
I may go on a trip at the end of the year. Eu deveria estudar mais para o teste.
I should study more for the test. Você deve estudar mais, caso contrário, será reprovado.
You must study more, otherwise you’ll flunk.
Ela deve prestar mais atenção ao assunto.
She must pay more attention to the suject.
Negative Negativo
He can’t go to school tomorrow. Ele não pode ir para a escola amanhã.
I couldn’t talk to you. Eu não consegui falar com você.
She can’t speak Russian. Ela não fala russo.
They can’t cook, so they ordered pizza. Eles não sabem cozinhar, então pediram pizza.
They can’t drive well. They had 3 accidents Eles não podem dirigir bem. Eles já tiveram 3 acidentes.
already. We can’t go there by ourselves. Não podemos ir lá sozinhos.
He couldn’t do it better. Ele não poderia fazer melhor.
I shouldn’t ride a bike in the park. Eu não deveria andar de bicicleta no parque.
We couldn’t close the deal due the prices. Não foi possível fechar o negócio devido aos preços.
He may not be here after the speech. Ele pode não estar aqui depois do discurso.
I might not go to the bank because it’s hot. Posso não ir ao banco porque está calor.
She may not be the right person for the position. Ela pode não ser a pessoa certa para o cargo.
They might not sleep over their friend’s. Eles podem não dormir com seus amigos.
They may not understand if you say in Eles podem não entender se você disser em espanhol.
Spanish. You shouldn’t give up studies. Você não deveria desistir os estudos.
Could you help me, please? Você poderia me ajudar por favor?
Can I go out tonight? Posso sair esta noite?
Could they prepare the room? Could Eles poderiam preparar a sala?
the doctor be more polite? O médico poderia ser mais educado?
Could you explain this subject again? Você poderia explicar esse assunto novamente?
May I borrow your pencil? Posso pegar seu lápis emprestado?
May we come a bit later tomorrow? Podemos vir um pouco mais tarde amanhã?
Might they have something to drink? Eles podem beber alguma coisa?
Might I attend the meeting too? Posso participar da reunião também?
Should I stay here to help you with the errands? Devo ficar aqui para ajudá-lo com as tarefas?
Must he come to talk to you? Ele deve vir falar com você?
Should she take a lot of money with her? Ela deve levar muito dinheiro com ela?
Should it be placed on this spot? Deve ser colocado neste local?
Must they visit their parents more? Devem visitar mais os pais?
158
LESSON 47
GENERAL REVIEW I I
I study English. Me too / So do I. Eu estudo inglês. Eu também.
He can swim. Me too / So can I. Ele sabe nadar. Eu também.
They speak English. Us too / So do we. Eles(as) falam inglês. Nós também.
She should go. You too / So do you. Ela deveria ir. Você também.
I’ll work tomorrow. Me too / So will I. Trabalharei amanhã. Eu também.
We run fast. Them too / So do they. Nós corremos rápido. Eles também.
I have a laptop. Me too / So do I. Eu tenho um notebook. Eu também.
They saved the day. Us too / So did we. Eles(as) salvaram o dia. Nós também.
He went to the beach. Me too / So did I. Ele foi à praia. Eu também.
I’m a patient person. I wait patiently in lines. Sou uma pessoa paciente. Espero pacientemente em filas.
He’s a good chef. He cooks very well. Ele é um bom chef. Ele cozinha muito bem.
They are fast drivers. They drive fast. Eles são motoristas velozes. Eles dirigem velozmente.
She is a careful driver. She drives carefully. Ela é uma motorista cuidadosa. Ela dirige cuidadosamente.
This is an easy test. I take it easily. Essa é uma prova fácil. Eu a faço facilmente.
We are hard workers. We work hard. Somos trabalhadores firmes. Trabalhamos duramente.
It is different. It works differently. Isso é diferente. Funciona diferentemente.
He gets reckless sometimes. Ele é imprudente às vezes.
You usually drive recklessly on the road. Você geralmente dirige imprudentemente na estrada.
I feel safe when I’m with her. Eu me sinto seguro quando estou com ela.
His voice sounds terrible in the morning. A voz dele soa péssimo pela manhã.
We speak English perfectly. Falamos inglês perfeitamente.
Negative Negativo
I don’t like pizza. I don’t either / Neither do I. Eu não gosto de pizza. Eu também não.
We don’t go out often. I don’t either / Neither do I. Não saímos com frequência. Eu também não.
He didn’t do the homework. She didn’t either. Neither did she. Ele não fez o dever de casa. Ela também não.
They won’t shave their heads. I won’t either / Neither will I. Eles não rasparão a cabeça. Eu também não.
You shouldn’t eat it. We shouldn’t either / Neither should we. Você não deveria comer isso. Nós também não.
They can’t afford it. She can’t either / Neither can she. Eles não aguentam isso. Ela também não.
The teachers won’t quit. I won’t either / Neither will Os professores não se demitirão. Eu também não.
I. He isn’t calm. He gets nervous easily. Ele não é calmo. Ele fica nervoso facilmente.
They don’t speak German perfectly. Eles(as) não falam alemão perfeitamente.
They aren’t bad players. They play well. Eles não são maus jogadores. Eles jogam bem.
You don’t run slowly. You always go fast. Vocês não correm vagarosamente. Vocês sempre vão rápido.
You aren’t very clever. You did it wrongly. Você não é muito espero. Você fez isso erroneamente.
The children didn’t play happily on the game. As crianças não jogaram contentemente no jogo.
We aren’t living lonely in the new town. Não estamos vivendo solitários na nova cidade.
Do you like to go fast? Você gosta de ir rapidamente?
Can he help us kindly? Ele pode nos ajudar gentilmente?
Is she a beautiful girl? Ela é uma linda garota? Ela fala lindamente?
Does she speak beuatifully? Os trabalhadores trabalharam duramente hoje?
Did the workers work hard today? Por que ele está dirigindo imprudentemente?
Why is he driving recklessly? Eles não conseguem fazer isso bem?
Can’t they just do it well? Você está cantando contentemente?
Are you singing happily? Eles venderam a casa deles rapidamente?
Did They sell their house quickly?
159
LESSON 47
GENERAL REVIEW I I
If I put my hands on fire, they burn. Se coloco minhas mãos no fogo, elas queimam.
If I miss the 06 o’clock bus, I arrive late at Se eu perder o ônibus das 06h, chego atrasado no
work If I go the the store, I buy something. trabalho Se vou à loja, compro alguma coisa.
If he gets late at work, his boss gets angry. Se ele se atrasar no trabalho, seu chefe fica zangado.
The floor gets wet if we throw some water on O chão fica molhado se jogarmos um pouco de água.
it. Ice melts if we leave it outside the freezer. O gelo derrete se o deixarmos fora do congelador.
When temperature is below zero it snows. Quando a temperatura está abaixo de zero, neva.
If it rains, I use an umbrella. Se chover, uso guarda-chuva.
I use an umbrella if it rains. Eu uso um guarda-chuva se chover.
If the weather is nice, I will go to the park. Se o tempo estiver bom, irei ao parque.
I ask for help when I need it. Peço ajuda quando preciso.
If she loses her job, she will look for another Se ela perder o emprego, ela procurará outro.
one. They will go to the beach if it gets hot. Eles irão para a praia se ficar calor.
If you do it for me, I will pay you. Se você fizer isso por mim, eu vou te pagar.
You will earn more when you graduate. Você vai ganhar mais quando se formar.
When they travel, they take their pets with Quando viajam, eles levam seus animais de
them. We pass the test if we study hard. estimação com eles. Passamos no teste se
The teacher will get mad if we cheat on the estudarmos muito.
test. When we are on vacation, we travel. If O professor vai ficar bravo se colarmos no teste.
I met the presidente, I would say hello. Quando estamos de férias, viajamos.
If he won the lottery, he would travel the Se eu conhecesse o presidente, diria olá.
world. If you had a Ferrari, you would drive Se ele ganhasse na loteria, ele viajaria pelo mundo.
really fast. They would pass the test if they Se você tivesse uma Ferrari, você dirigiria muito
studied. If he had her number, he would call rápido. Eles passariam no teste se estudassem.
her. If I were you, I would do that. Se ele tivesse o número dela, ele ligaria para ela.
Se eu fosse você, faria isso.
Negative Negativo
If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass the test. Se você não estudar muito, não vai passar no teste.
I won’t get tired If I don’t play soccer. Eu não vou me cansar
If she doesn’t go, she won’t spend money. Se eu não jogar futebol.
I wouldn’t go out if it was dark. Se ela não for, não gastará dinheiro.
He wouldn’t buy the car if he didn’t have the Eu não sairia se estivesse escuro.
money. You wouldn’t be so tired if you went to Ele não compraria o carro se não tivesse dinheiro.
bed earlier. They wouldn’t hurt themselves if they Você não ficaria tão cansado se fosse para a cama mais cedo.
didn’t fall. Eles não se machucariam se não caíssem.
Do you get cold when you get wet from rain? Você fica com frio quando se molha na chuva?
What will you do if you win the lottery? O que você fará se ganhar na loteria?
Does he buy anything if he goes to the store? Ele compra alguma coisa se for à loja?
Do they do the homework if their mom asks them? Eles fazem o dever de casa se a mãe lhes pedir?
Will you take us there if I pay you a good amount? Você nos levará lá se eu pagar uma boa quantia?
Will he get hurt if the falls from the stairs? Ele vai se machucar se cair da escada?
Will the company fire him if he doesn’t do the job? A empresa irá despedi-lo se ele não fizer o trabalho?
Does she do the grocery if she goes to the store? Ela faz a compras se for ao mercado?
What would you do if you were me? O que você faria se você fosse eu?
Where would they go if they had the chance? Para onde eles iriam se tivessem a chance?
Would she travel if she was on vacation? Ela viajaria se estivesse de férias?
If they were here, what would they do? Se eles estivessem aqui, o que fariam?
If they knew, would they tell her? Se eles soubessem, eles diriam a ela?
160
LESSON 47
GENERAL REVIEW I I
I used to ride a bike when I was a Eu costumava andar de bicicleta quando era criança.
kid. They used to play in a band. Eles costumavam tocar em uma banda.
My parents used to go out at night. Meus pais costumavam sair à noite.
She is used to riding her bike with her daughter. Ela está acostumada a andar de bicicleta com a filha.
They are used to doing their grocery every Eles estão acostumados a fazer suas compras todo
weekend. I’m used to working overtime. fim de semana.
We are used to the cold weather. Estou acostumada a trabalhar horas extras.
I have had this car for 20 years. Estamos acostumados com o frio.
He has had this attitude since his mom passed Eu tenho esse carro há 20 anos.
away. He’s known her for decades. Ele tem essa atitude desde que sua mãe faleceu.
They have been sick since this morning. Ele a conhece há décadas.
The pandamic has happened since March Eles estão doentes desde esta manhã.
2020. I have always wanted to be a A pandâmica aconteceu desde março de 2020.
musician. Sempre quis ser músico.
You’ve never sung professionally in Você nunca cantou profissionalmente em uma banda.
a band. They’ve already done the Eles já fizeram a lição de casa.
homework. Acabamos de chegar de nossa viagem a Los Angeles.
We’ve just arrived from our trip to Los Ela nunca esteve em nenhum país da Europa.
Angeles. Sempre foi assim.
She has never been any country in Europe. Precisa ser mudado.
It’s always been this way.
It needs to be changed.
Negative Negativo
We didn’t use to swim in the club. Não costumávamos nadar no clube. A piscina era funda.
The pool was deep. Ela não costumava andar de bicicleta quando era criança.
She didn’t use to ride a bike when she was a kid. As crianças não estão acostumadas a acordar cedo.
The kids aren’t used to waking up early. Não estou acostumado a dirigir em uma cidade grande.
I’m not used to driving in a big city. Não vejo minha família desde o ano passado.
I haven’t seen my family since last year. As crianças não jogam jogos de computador há 2 semanas.
The kids haven’t played computer games for 2 Faz um ano que não vamos ao shopping.
weeks. We haven’t been to the mall for a year. Eles não tiraram férias desde o novo chefe.
They haven’t taken any vacation since the new As crianças ainda não estiveram na Disney.
boss. The kids haven’t been to Disney yet. Ela não terminou o relatório.
She hasn’t finished the report.
Did he use to go camping with his counsins? Ele costumava acampar com seus conselheiros?
Are you used to buying at that store over there? Você costuma comprar naquela loja aí?
Is it used to raining between December and March? Costuma chover entre dezembro e março?
Did you use to take a ride back home? Você costumava pegar uma carona de volta para casa?
Did we use to do exercises after dinner? Costumávamos fazer exercícios depois do jantar?
Are you used to working out at the gym? Você costuma malhar na academia?
Are They used to staying out late? Eles estão acostumados a ficar fora até tarde?
Is he used to doing martial arts over the weekend? Ele está acostumado a fazer artes marciais no fim de semana?
Did they use to buy gifts for the whole family? Costumavam comprar presentes para toda a família?
Did he use to do business with foreigners? Ele costumava fazer negócios com estrangeiros?
Have you spoken English since you were a kid? Você fala inglês desde criança?
Have they worked on the project for so long? Eles trabalharam no projeto por tanto tempo?
How long have you studied English for? Há quanto tempo você estuda inglês?
Have we bought this merchandise since May? Compramos essa mercadoria desde maio?
Has it controlled the Market since the last crise. Tem controlado o mercado desde a última crise.
Has he been able to work since yesterday? Ele conseguiu trabalhar desde ontem?
Have you driven as a professional for months? Você dirige como profissional há meses?
161
LESSON 48
FINAL TEST
A- Complete the sentences below with the verbs in paratheses using the correct verb tense.
1- They ___________________ in Boston for over 20 years (live).
2- I ___________________ a great action movie with my friends last night. (see)
3- The milk ___________________ very early yesterday morning (be deliver)
4- The sun ___________________ when the climber reached Mount Everest. (shine)
5- I promise that I ___________________ this secret to anyone (not tell)
6- Unfortunately, just as we got to the airport their plane ___________________ off (take).
7- They ___________________ to the movies only once in a while (go)
8- I was tired yesterday because I ___________________ well the night before (not sleep).
9- Shhh! Someone ___________________ to our conversation (listen)!
10- When I left the house this morning, it ___________________ (already rain)
11- I think Bob ___________________ for work right now.(leave)
12- The plane ___________________ off in a few minutes. (take)
13- I ______ up at 7 every morning but this morning I __________ long and I _____________ up until 8. (get, sleep, not get)
14- I ________________________ my watch because it is being fixed (not wear).
15- This ___________________ an easy quiz so far (be).
16- They ___________________ in an apartment right now because they can’t find a cheap house. (live)
17- Everyone ___________________ when the earthquake hit the small town. (sleep)
18- He _________________________ by herself since her divorce (live)
19- I was angry that I ___________________ such a stupid mistake (make).
20- I predict that by 2025, man __________________________ on Mars (land)
21- He ___________________ his job a couple of years ago. (quit)
22- Our daughter __________________________ from the university yet (graduate).
23- They ___________________ any Christmas cards last year (not send)
24- She ___________________ to a doctor once a year for an examination (go)
25- They ___________________ about me when I interrupted their conversation. (talk)
26- Nothing much ______________________ when I got to the meeting (happen).
27- My parents ___________________ in New York two weeks from today (be)
162
LESSON 48
FINAL TEST
B- Read the text below and translate it into Portuguese:
PRIMAVERA DO LESTE CITY
Most towns or cities in Brazil usually take a strong pride in their historic past and have at least a few old buildings or
monuments standing witness to earlier days. But in Primavera do Leste, a booming agribusiness town 230 kilometers east
of Mato Grosso’s state capital, Cuiabá, the oldest historic 5 landmark you will find is a common filling station and truck stop
with a banner saying: “Where it all began”. Where a few years ago there was virtually nothing but dust-covered savanna
and patches of stunted growth, thousands of acres of soy and cotton fields now spread out as far as the eye can see,
earning millions of dollars on 10 world markets and turning the still small city into one of Brazil’s latest new economic hubs.
Regional roads and telecommunications, however, are two aspects local entrepreneurs and producers point out as very
precarious, forming obstacles to further growth seriously affecting production and marketing costs. Founded only 17 years
ago, everything in Primavera, as it is usually 15 referred to, is new - from its modern architecture to its growing population.
Only the very young can proudly say they were born here. Valentim Martignano, one of the district’s oldest pioneers arrived
here from Paraná state some 22 years ago, “All I saw was a gas station, a general store six houses and a lot of dust,” he
recalls. Today the modern town boasts 50,000 inhabitants, and 20 projections by the Brazilian institute of Geography and
Statistics (IBGE) are of a population of 100,000 in five years’ time.
(From UPDATE, by William Vanvolsen, p.24, May/2003, American Chamber of Commerce publication)
Now, translate the text:
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INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH

Durante minha juventude tive a oportunidade de aprender

LESSONS CONTENTS PAGES

Lesson 01 Frequency Adverbs ……………………………….. 01-04

Frequency Adverbs Advérbios de frequência

Practice the conversations below.

Peter: What do you do on the weekends?

Peter: John, how often do you work out?

1- She goes to the movies with her friends. (sometimes)

2- He watches the news before going to college. (always)

3- They play baseball at Foxborough Stadium. (every Sunday).

4- The kids go out alone. It’s dangerous. (never)

5- I eat red meat. (never)

Unscramble the sentences below in the right order.

1 late / are / they / sometimes

2 early / up / mom / never / Saturdays / on / gets / my

3- usually / he / goes / to / on / Mondays / the / movies

4- travel / you / vacation / often / do / how / on / ?

5- he / the / beach / to /always / goes / in / the / summer

6- sometimes / Fridays / goes / she / grocery / on / shopping

Use the lines below to write sentences about your life

Beforethe mainverb At the end of the clause

Translate the dialogue below.

Write down the frequency adverbs presented in the dialogue:

Greg – Hey Paul, how’s it going?

PRESENT PAST TRANSLATION

Accept Accepted Aceitar

How to pronounce the “ED” ending

B– Change the sentences below into negative and interrogative..

1- Cook dinner I cooked dinner on Sunday. or I didn’t cook dinner on Sunday.

Read the text and answer the following questions.

What did Paul and Susie do in the afternoon?

Did they walk through the city?

How often did they listen to English?

Fun with a tongue twister

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

PRESENT PAST TRANSLATION

Build Built Construir

Make at least 3 sentences in the past with the verbs given:

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday Friday Saturday

see – do – read – go – take - have - make

1 On Sunday, Jenna saw a movie. She didn’t see a play.

B– Write true sentences about your last weekend.

Expressions to talk about the past.

1. Eu fui fazer compras com a minha mãe e minha irmã.

2. Ela não fez o dever de casa

4. O que ele fez na noite passada?

5. O que ela ganhou de aniversário no ano passado?

6. Eu não tive que fazer hora extra porque a máquina quebrou.

7. Nós enviamos todas as mercadorias pelo correio no mês passado.

E – Write down the past form of the following verbs.

Adjectives to be used with the verb to be in the past

Make 5 sentences in the past with the

“My wife and I guests at a hotel in Orlando last month. Unfortunately,

Clean. The bed terribly made. Another point to take in consideration

B – Write questions for the answers below:

C – Translate the sentences below:

1- Peter estava muito cansado para ir ao jogo.