Papers by Tibor Ákos Rácz
Kincskeresés, kaland, tudomány : Közösségi régészeti projektek Pest megyében. Treasure Hunt, Adventure and Science. Community Archaeology Projects in Pest County, 2021
The network of museums has a complex social role. One of their tasks is to uncover new historical... more The network of museums has a complex social role. One of their tasks is to uncover new historical and archaeological sources through research, to interpret them, and make them available to the public. Countless small social groups rightfully demand direct access to information about historical and archaeological research, and actively seek a connection with professionals. Harmonising relations with reenactors, local historians, collectors, village museums, and metal detectorists has been a significant contribution to the birth of community archaeology. Building a complex system of cooperation with civilians is an increasing part of everyday practice, and the results of collaboration between archaeologists and members of the civil society are gradually included in archaeological
research.
Kincskeresés, kaland, tudomány : Közösségi régészeti projektek Pest megyében. Treasure Hunt, Adventure and Science. Community Archaeology Projects in Pest County, 2021
We carried out a rescue excavation at Dabas, Közép-domb (“Middle Hill”) site in April 2019, prece... more We carried out a rescue excavation at Dabas, Közép-domb (“Middle Hill”) site in April 2019, preceding the construction of a nursery building. Most of the features found were the rows of foundation pits of a large scale building structure supported by posts, which were aligned with the hill range. The column pits were 30–40 cms in diameter on average and contained late medieval finds. An 11 m long, 8 m wide cellar connected to the building structure from the southeast, the bottom of which was at 170 cms from the shaved surface, certainly over 2 ms from the contemporary trodden surface.
Kincskeresés, kaland, tudomány : Közösségi régészeti projektek Pest megyében. Treasure Hunt, Adventure and Science. Community Archaeology Projects in Pest County, 2021
In colloquial language and thinking, the concept of treasure refers primarily to movable assets o... more In colloquial language and thinking, the concept of treasure refers primarily to movable assets of outstanding financial value, such as amassed money, precious metals, or jewellery. In archaeological terms, a treasure find is an object that represented outstanding financial or sentimental value in its era, or an assemblage of artefacts that were hidden underground for safekeeping during a crisis, or as part of a ritual act, or simply for preservation for economic reasons. Besides the hoards deliberately assembled from selected objects (valuables) hidden in deliberately chosen locations, we often count among treasures certain objects, which, due to their craftsmanship, raw materials, or sentimental values, stand out from regular find material.
Kincskeresés, kaland, tudomány : Közösségi régészeti projektek Pest megyében. Treasure Hunt, Adventure and Science. Community Archaeology Projects in Pest County, 2021
We carried out excavations in the cemetery of Dabas in multiple phases, first in 2018, then in 20... more We carried out excavations in the cemetery of Dabas in multiple phases, first in 2018, then in 2020. This research is the headline event of the community archaeology program at Ferenczy Museum Center. We exclusively carried out the fieldwork with volunteers and university students, no paid workers were employed. We promoted the event on social media as well as local forums, therefore on some days, we had more than 30 participants on site.
The excavations revealed a remarkably intensive, multi-layered burial site, which had been used for quite a long time. Taking into account the results of the 2012–2013 excavation of the church area, we have disinterred some 400 individuals. With this, close to one-quarter of the entire cemetery became known. According to our observations, Árpádian era graves spread evenly in one layer to the whole eastern part of the cemetery, while late medieval ones are concentrated more towards the centre – there were a lot of superimposed burials in this area.
Kincskeresés, kaland, tudomány : Közösségi régészeti projektek Pest megyében. Treasure Hunt, Adventure and Science. Community Archaeology Projects in Pest County, 2021
During 2019–2020, after civilians notified us, we had the opportunity to research a unique site w... more During 2019–2020, after civilians notified us, we had the opportunity to research a unique site with their help. Parts of a Mongol Invasion period coin- and iron hoard were found by an amateur metal detectorist at the foot of the Szarvas Hill ridge: multiple foreign silver coins and iron tools. Thanks to a lucky coincidence, professionals at the museum learned about this not easily accessible, intact site, where we could carry out a metal detector survey first, and then a research excavation. Given the finds and the natural environment, occupation here was undoubtedly temporary and was arranged around a cave, opening at the northern side of the Naszály Hill. We have determined that the cave was used as a hiding place during the Mongol Invasion, however, it could have been inhabited even before that, during the Late Roman / Early Medieval era. Moreover, in the vicinity of the site, even an Early Iron Age socketed axe was found. It is not unlikely that more sites like this will be discovered in the Naszály area. We know from the Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament by Master Roger of Torre Maggiore, that the Mongol Invasion did not spare Vác. According to his description, residents of the episcopal seat sought refuge in the cathedral. Inhabitants of nearby villages possibly used the forested, from the north rather steep Naszály Hill for the same purpose. We can assume that people slipped into the cave from the medieval Gyada village as danger approached.
Kincskeresés, kaland, tudomány : Közösségi régészeti projektek Pest megyében. Treasure Hunt, Adventure and Science. Community Archaeology Projects in Pest County, 2021
The Ócsa Landscape Protection Area is situated on the periphery of the townships of Ócsa, Sári, F... more The Ócsa Landscape Protection Area is situated on the periphery of the townships of Ócsa, Sári, Felsőbesnyő, and Inárcs. Its flora and fauna are exceptionally rich, thanks to the preservation of the ecological unity, that was characteristic of the Danube–Tisza Interfluve in the past; a patch of an ancient landscape. The Early Holocene Danube branch, which was called Sár/Sárvíz (‘Mud-water’) in the Árpádian age, played a significant role in its formation. The wet, swampy character is preserved in several
place names. This protected area, aside from a few farms, has remained uninhabited from the modern era until now, which means that archaeological sites have not been covered. The not densely forested, elevated areas, which are protected from the water, have been ploughed, and the upper strata of the sites have been slowly and continuously damaged. However, these are still easily accessible for research. By definition, no building or construction work has been carried out throughout the protected area. This area, which could be considered a closed geographical system, has offered the potential of significant results. We have carried out field surveys with volunteers in three larger campaigns in the spring and autumn of 2015, and the spring of 2016, covering a reasonable scope of the area.
Kincskeresés, kaland, tudomány : Közösségi régészeti projektek Pest megyében. Treasure Hunt, Adventure and Science: Community Archaeology Projects in Pest County, 2021
In the territory of modern-day Hungary, there are only a few places where precious metal ores wer... more In the territory of modern-day Hungary, there are only a few places where precious metal ores were mined in the Middle Ages. One of these is Nagybörzsöny, situated on the western foothills of the Börzsöny mountain range, in the northern part of Pest county. Based on written sources, mining activity was carried out in the area since the end of the Árpádian age. The forerunner of the village, Bersen, belonged to the estates of the Archdiocese of Esztergom by 1293. The first document indicating ore extraction is dated to 1312. From then on to the 18th century, several sources confirm the ongoing mining activity.
Hungarian Archaeology E-journal Vol. 10 (2021), Issue 4, pp. 93–96., 2021
Community archaeology researchers and curious civilians came together in the assembly room of the... more Community archaeology researchers and curious civilians came together in the assembly room of the city hall of Szentendre on 12–13 November 2021, on the first nationwide Community Archaeology Conference. The event was hosted by the Local Government of Szentendre and organized by the Ferenczy Museum Centre and the Community Archaeology Association. The Hungarian Association of Archaeologists and the Hungarian Society of Archaeology and Art History contributed to the preparations of the event as co-organizers. The conference was in the focus of avid attention, more than 110 people visited the venue during the two days, and due to live streaming, several dozen online viewers joined in as well. The significance of the event is marked by the fact, that live streams and videos published on social media platforms were viewed by thousands in the short time that passed since the meeting.
Magyar Régészet Online Magazin 10. évf. (2021), 4. szám, pp. 91–94., 2021
2021. november 12–13-án a szentendrei városháza dísztermében gyűltek össze a közösségi régészette... more 2021. november 12–13-án a szentendrei városháza dísztermében gyűltek össze a közösségi régészettel foglalkozó kutatók és civil érdeklődők az első országos Közösségi Régészeti Konferencián. A rendezvénynek a Szentendrei Önkormányzat adott otthont, szervezője a Ferenczy Múzeumi Centrum és a Közösségi Régészeti Egyesület volt, de társszervezőként előkészítésében részt vett a Magyar Régész Szövetség és a Magyar Régészeti és Művészettörténeti Társulat is. Az eseményt élénk érdeklődés kísérte, a két nap alatt több mint 110 fő fordult meg a helyszínen, de az élő közvetítésnek köszönhetően több tucat érdeklődő online csatlakozott be. Az esemény kiemelt fontosságát jelzi, hogy a streamelt és a közösségi médiában hozzáférhető videókat már ezres nagyságrendű néző tekintette meg az összejövetel óta eltelt rövid idő alatt.
In this study 66 individuals from the Carpathian Basin were analysed, including the eight richest... more In this study 66 individuals from the Carpathian Basin were analysed, including the eight richest Avar graves ever discovered, overflowing with golden objects. The study included other individuals from the region prior to and during the Avar age “We address a question that has been a mystery for more than 1400 years: who were the Avar elites, mysterious founders of an empire that almost crushed Constantinople and for more than 200 years ruled in Carpathian Basin? The Avars did not leave written records about their history and these first genome-wide data provide robust clues about their origins. The historical contextualization of the archaeogenetic results allowed us to narrow the timing of the proposed Avar migration. They covered more than 5000 km in a few years from Mongolia to the Caucasus, and after ten more years settled in what is now Hungary.
This is the fastest long-distance migration in human history that we can reconstruct up to that point. Besides their clear affinity to Northeast Asia and their likely origin due to the fall of the Rouran Empire, we also see that the 7th-century Avar period elites show 20-30% of additional non-local ancestry, likely associated with the North Caucasus and the Western Asian Steppe, which could suggest further migration from the Steppe after their arrival in the 6th century. The East Asian ancestry is found in individuals from several sites in the core settlement area between the Danube and Tisza rivers in modern day central Hungary. However, outside the primary settlement region we find high variability in inter-individual levels of admixture. This suggests an immigrant Avars elite ruling a diverse population with the help of a heterogeneous local elite.
Hungarian Archaeology Online Magazine, 2021
New cultural trends and the advances of citizen science have influenced archaeology as well. The ... more New cultural trends and the advances of citizen science have influenced archaeology as well. The term “community archaeology”, signifying archaeological research conducted together with the broad public, first appeared amongst museum professionals and the general public a few years ago in Hungary. A complex relationship is being developed with civilians interested in archaeology, and it is becoming more and more prominent in everyday practice. As a result of this collaboration, new impulses and participants have come into archaeology, bringing about entirely new research criteria and results. Joint field research, the spread of metal detecting and the sheer amount of archaeological material, that thus came into academic view, caused a veritable information boom for scientific research: artifacts of outstanding significance that in many aspects have rewritten our notions concerning the material culture of past ages, have thus been transferred to heritage protection institutions.
Magyar Régészet Online Magazin, 2021
Az új kulturális trendek, a civil tudomány térhódítása nem hagyta érintetlenül a régészetet sem. ... more Az új kulturális trendek, a civil tudomány térhódítása nem hagyta érintetlenül a régészetet sem. Hazánkban a múzeumi szférában és a köztudatban az elmúlt években bukkant fel a közösségi régészet fogalma, mely a társadalom szélesebb rétegeivel közösen végzett régészeti kutatómunkát fedi. A régészet iránt érdeklődő civilekkel szövődő összetett kapcsolatrendszerrel a mindennapi gyakorlatban egyre sűrűbben találkozunk. Az együttműködés révén a régészetbe új impulzusok és szereplők kerültek, ami merőben új kutatási szempontokhoz és eredményekhez vezetett. A közösen végzett terepi kutatómunka, a fémkeresőzés elterjedése, és ennek következményeként a kutatás látókörébe kerülő emlékanyag valóságos információrobbanást jelentett a tudományos kutatás számára: kiemelkedő jelentőségű régészeti emlékek kerültek be az örökségvédelmi intézményekbe, amelyek sok tekintetben újraírják az elmúlt korok anyagi kultúrájáról vallott elképzeléseinket.
Magyar Régészet, 2020
A magyar haderő veresége a muhi csatában kulcsfontosságú történelmi eseménynek tekinthető, hiszen... more A magyar haderő veresége a muhi csatában kulcsfontosságú történelmi eseménynek tekinthető, hiszen megnyitotta az országot a mongol invázió előtt, ennek pedig összetett és máig nem teljesen tisztázott következ-ményei voltak a középkori magyar társadalom és gazdaság további alakulásának tekintetében. Az egykori csata helyszínének megismerésével jobban megérthetjük, hogy pontosan mi zajlott le 1241. április 11-12-én. A szubjektív álláspontú és sokszor közvetett információkból táplálkozó írott forrásokból ismert ese-mények lefolyása más értelmet nyerhet a csata egyes elemeinek azonosításával, hiszen rekonstruálhatóvá válik, milyen taktikai lehetőségei nyíltak a magyar és mongol hadvezetésnek az adott természetföldrajzi körülmények között, és hogyan befolyásolhatta a csata kimenetelét a helyszín megválasztása. Az elmúlt évben múzeumbarát fémkeresősök segítségével új lendületet kapott az 1241-es csatatér régészeti kutatása is. Ebben a cikkben ezért alapvetően azt a kérdést vizsgáljuk, hogy a közösségi régészet milyen lehetősége-ket nyújt egy Árpád-kori csatatér feltárása során, illetve, hogy a fémkeresős kutatásoknak milyen módszertani és gyakorlati problémákkal kell szembenéznie.
Hungarian Archaeology, 2020
The defeat of the Hungarian forces at the battle of Muhi was a key historical episode, since it o... more The defeat of the Hungarian forces at the battle of Muhi was a key historical episode, since it opened the country to the Mongol invasion. This event had complex consequences that have not yet been fully clarified regarding the further development of Hungarian society and its economy. The identification of the site of the battlefield has contributed to the better understanding of the events of 11 April 1241. The known course of events has been established through subjective written sources that were often based on indirect information. The identification of certain elements of the battle can provide new information, since it may be possible to reconstruct the tactical options provided to the leadership of the Hungarian and Mongolian forces by the geographical circumstances and how the location influenced the outcome of the battle. The research on the battlefield of Muhi gained momentum through the assistance of volunteers associated with a number of museums using metal detectors. In this article, we investigate the following question: what kind of opportunities does community archaeology provide in the interdisciplinary investigation of an Árpád Period (1000-1301) battlefield, and what kind of practical and methodological problems face research using metal detectors?
SETTLEMENT CHANGE ACROSS MEDIEVAL EUROPE. OLD PARADIGMS AND NEW VISTAS. Ruralia XII, 2019
The settlement historical processes of the 9th – 10th century Carpathian Basin are extremely impo... more The settlement historical processes of the 9th – 10th century Carpathian Basin are extremely important for understanding the early history of the Hungarians, but are very challenging to unravel. Before the 9th century, the Avar Khaganate was a vigorous political formation that dominated the area, while the Christian Hungarian monarchy was born as a sequel to the 10th century events at the beginning of the new millennium. During this period, the ethnic composition, political structure, and cultural image of the Carpathian basin were radically transformed. It is difficult to capture the cultural changes in the archaeological record, because there is little data and these are charged with contradictory evaluations and perspectives. Yet, the material record and settlement evidence can illuminate an objective narrative on the fate of the Avar population after the Frankish campaigns and the effects of the Hungarian conquest. As a result of large scale excavations conducted recently on the Pest Plain, we have a unique opportunity to discuss the problems of the indigenous 9th century population and the birth of the Hungarian village system. Archaeological research was mainly concerned with the villages of the Pest Plain, but systematic excavations were also carried out at the contemporary power centre of Vác. In the present study I use the data obtained from the comparative analysis of pottery assemblages.
"A cserép igazat mond, ha helyette nem mi akarunk beszélni" Regionalitás a középkori és kora újkori kerámiában. OPUSCULA HUNGARICA IX, 2016
Vác tatárjárás utáni történeti-régészeti emlékeiről, műemlékeiről sokat olvashatunk a szakirodalo... more Vác tatárjárás utáni történeti-régészeti emlékeiről, műemlékeiről sokat olvashatunk a szakirodalomban, de igen keveset tudunk arról a korai településről, ahol I. (Szent) István király püspökséget alapított. A püspöki székhely területén 10-11. századi szórványos, bolygatott pozíciójú leletek az 1970-80-as években is előkerültek, de a korai megtelepedés emlékeit csak az 1998-2002 közt lezajlott tervásatások hozták a felszínre nagyobb mennyiségben. A helyreállításokhoz, falkonzerválásokhoz kapcsolódó feltárásokat a Váci Önkormányzat megbízásából Tettamanti Sarolta vezette. Jelen tanulmány a feltárások korai, 9-11. századi kerámia-eszközkészletét adja közre.
MúzeumCafé, 2019
Kincskeresés, kaland, kikapcsolódás – olyan hívószavak, amelyekre könnyen felfigyelnek a múlt ért... more Kincskeresés, kaland, kikapcsolódás – olyan hívószavak, amelyekre könnyen felfigyelnek a múlt értékeire fogékony, új tapasztalatokra vágyó és tettre kész polgárok. Egy jól felépített közösségi régészeti program biztosítani tudja a felfedezés izgalmát, a közösségi élményt, a szabadtéri tevékenység kellemes fáradtságát, a rekreációt. Az örökségvédelmi intézményeknek fokozottan figyelni kell a civil szféra által megfogalmazott kulturális igényekre, hiszen az intézményrendszer fenntartói végső soron maguk az állampolgárok. A civil lakosság ma egyre erőteljesebben igényli az aktív részvételt a terepi régészeti kutatásban, a múzeumok számára pedig objektív mutatókkal mérhető hasznot jelent az önkéntesek szabadidejének örökségvédelmi munkára fordítása. A résztvevők számára kulcsfontosságú élmény a közvetlen találkozás a múlttal, tárgyi emlékek és régészeti jelenségek formájában. A régészek ezért cserébe értékes segítséget kapnak a terepi kutatás és dokumentálás egymásra épülő munkafázisaihoz, de sok esetben a szakirodalmi, helytörténeti adatgyűjtéshez is. A Ferenczy Múzeumi Centrum közösségi régészeti programjának jelenleg több mint 130 résztvevője van, egy-egy kiemeltebb jelentőségű ásatásunkon a napi nyolc-tíz önkéntes jelenléte teljesen szokványos. Ez a szerencsésnek nevezhető állapot több évre visszamenő szívós munkának, és kapcsolatépítésnek köszönhető.
Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2017
Archeological excavation conducted in 2010 in Kobilić (Turopolje region, Zagreb County,... more Archeological excavation conducted in 2010 in Kobilić (Turopolje region, Zagreb County, Republic of Croatia) yielded two knives from which one shows pattern-welding. This is the first pattern-welded knife reported among Croatian archeological finds. Our knowledge of pattern-welded knife production and trade within medieval Europe is still limited, therefore we decided to carry out a metallographic examination of both knives found at the Kobilić 1 site. Both knives are of excellent functional quality. The pattern-welded knife has a single-patterned core, which ends before reaching the pointed part of the blade, and to which another strip of phosphoric iron was welded from above to increase the overall decorative effect. The overall construction of the pattern-welded knife is fairly typical of such 13th- century pattern-welded blades. The other knife blade is made of one heterogeneous piece of steel, distinguishing it from the majority of contemporary knives. The provenance of the knives remains unknown, but considering that the pattern-welded knife is the only find known from the territory of Croatia to date, it is very likely that is was imported.
Rácz Tibor Ákos, 2018
A mongol pusztítást drámai módon jelenítik meg a nyomvonalas létesítmények megelőző régészeti fel... more A mongol pusztítást drámai módon jelenítik meg a nyomvonalas létesítmények megelőző régészeti feltárásai során dokumentált leégett házak, temetetlen halottak, elpusztult településrészletek. Az 1241-42 évi eseménysor másik közvetlen forráscsoportja a tatárjárás kori kincshorizont. A mongol hadak dúlása kapcsán földbe rejtett vagyontárgyak növekvő számban kerülnek elő a fémkereső műszer ásatásokon és terepbejárásokon való szakszerű alkalmazásának köszönhetően. Az elmúlt években Pest megyében több tatárjárás kori érem- és kincslelet került napvilágra, ezek közül az egyik legjelentősebb a jászkarajenői leletegyüttes.
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Papers by Tibor Ákos Rácz
research.
The excavations revealed a remarkably intensive, multi-layered burial site, which had been used for quite a long time. Taking into account the results of the 2012–2013 excavation of the church area, we have disinterred some 400 individuals. With this, close to one-quarter of the entire cemetery became known. According to our observations, Árpádian era graves spread evenly in one layer to the whole eastern part of the cemetery, while late medieval ones are concentrated more towards the centre – there were a lot of superimposed burials in this area.
place names. This protected area, aside from a few farms, has remained uninhabited from the modern era until now, which means that archaeological sites have not been covered. The not densely forested, elevated areas, which are protected from the water, have been ploughed, and the upper strata of the sites have been slowly and continuously damaged. However, these are still easily accessible for research. By definition, no building or construction work has been carried out throughout the protected area. This area, which could be considered a closed geographical system, has offered the potential of significant results. We have carried out field surveys with volunteers in three larger campaigns in the spring and autumn of 2015, and the spring of 2016, covering a reasonable scope of the area.
This is the fastest long-distance migration in human history that we can reconstruct up to that point. Besides their clear affinity to Northeast Asia and their likely origin due to the fall of the Rouran Empire, we also see that the 7th-century Avar period elites show 20-30% of additional non-local ancestry, likely associated with the North Caucasus and the Western Asian Steppe, which could suggest further migration from the Steppe after their arrival in the 6th century. The East Asian ancestry is found in individuals from several sites in the core settlement area between the Danube and Tisza rivers in modern day central Hungary. However, outside the primary settlement region we find high variability in inter-individual levels of admixture. This suggests an immigrant Avars elite ruling a diverse population with the help of a heterogeneous local elite.
research.
The excavations revealed a remarkably intensive, multi-layered burial site, which had been used for quite a long time. Taking into account the results of the 2012–2013 excavation of the church area, we have disinterred some 400 individuals. With this, close to one-quarter of the entire cemetery became known. According to our observations, Árpádian era graves spread evenly in one layer to the whole eastern part of the cemetery, while late medieval ones are concentrated more towards the centre – there were a lot of superimposed burials in this area.
place names. This protected area, aside from a few farms, has remained uninhabited from the modern era until now, which means that archaeological sites have not been covered. The not densely forested, elevated areas, which are protected from the water, have been ploughed, and the upper strata of the sites have been slowly and continuously damaged. However, these are still easily accessible for research. By definition, no building or construction work has been carried out throughout the protected area. This area, which could be considered a closed geographical system, has offered the potential of significant results. We have carried out field surveys with volunteers in three larger campaigns in the spring and autumn of 2015, and the spring of 2016, covering a reasonable scope of the area.
This is the fastest long-distance migration in human history that we can reconstruct up to that point. Besides their clear affinity to Northeast Asia and their likely origin due to the fall of the Rouran Empire, we also see that the 7th-century Avar period elites show 20-30% of additional non-local ancestry, likely associated with the North Caucasus and the Western Asian Steppe, which could suggest further migration from the Steppe after their arrival in the 6th century. The East Asian ancestry is found in individuals from several sites in the core settlement area between the Danube and Tisza rivers in modern day central Hungary. However, outside the primary settlement region we find high variability in inter-individual levels of admixture. This suggests an immigrant Avars elite ruling a diverse population with the help of a heterogeneous local elite.
Conventionally the settlement related research of the Hungarian Árpád period concentrates on pottery, settlements, as well as settlement forms and the evaluation of settlement networks. This volume published in care of the Archaeological Institue of the Pázmány Péter Catholic University examines these topics on a sample area subjected to intensive archaeological surveys, on a geographical region set in the center of the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom, the Pest Plain with an outlook to its neighbouring regions. The bulk of the work is comprised of a compositive presentation of finds and objects recovered from sites excavated in the 2000s during largescale developments, with a complement of 300 tables of relevant documentation annexes. It is the foundation for the following chapters processing and evaluating distinct problems of settlement research of the Árpád period. The managing, joint evaluating, recognizing correlations and regularities and deducting adequate conclusions from data recovered from large surface development projects constitutes a true challenge for today’s research generation. The volume aims to provide plausible interpretation models for the fundamental questions of settlement history, not as mere set of separate answers for independent research problems, but by systemizing its answers with the scope of interpreting Árpád period settlement forms on an archaeological basis. The Pest Plain connects territorially to the Árpád period agglomeration of elevated economic, administrative, cultural and ecclesiastic importance known as the so-called ‘Medium Regni’. A separate chapter deals with the effect preurban settlements had on their immediate rural surroundings. Finally the volume touches on how social dimensions formed in geographic space, that is how hierarchal relations affected the quality of findmaterial, monuments and settlement forms.