Constitutional History by José Domingues
Boletim de Ciências Económicas, 2023
The constitutional principle of representative taxation or consented taxation, according to which... more The constitutional principle of representative taxation or consented taxation, according to which the adoption of taxes requires the authorization of the taxpayers themselves, through their representatives convened in parliament or general representative assembly, has existed since the beginnings of the old Portuguese Cortes, in the middle of the XIIIth century. After a parliamentary interregnum of more than a century (1698-1821), during the absolutist State, modern constitutionalism, established by the Constitution of 1822, recovered this principle of the old Constitution, reforming it deeply in the form of tax and budgetary legality. It is about this legacy from the ancient Constitution to the modern fiscal Constitution that this article is about.
Parliaments, Estates and Representation, 2024
The historic Portuguese Constitution guaranteed the electoral autonomy of the municipalities as p... more The historic Portuguese Constitution guaranteed the electoral autonomy of the municipalities as part of the prerogatives and freedoms that the monarch swore to respect at the beginning of each reign. Thus, the election of representatives to the old cortes (parliament) was based on traditional, unwritten conventions and practices. The lack of general legislation gave rise to a customary or unwritten electoral constitution, in the true sense of the word. This article deals with the electoral basis that each municipality formed to elect its representatives each time the cortes were convened, based on the king’s letters of convocation and the municipal electoral minutes that have survived to the present day.
Journal of Constitutional History / Giornale Storia Constituzionale, 2024
This article deals with some vicissitudes of the research and teaching of Portuguese Constitution... more This article deals with some vicissitudes of the research and teaching of Portuguese Constitutional History (HCP), in the last two hundred and fifty years of university education, since the reform of legal courses at the University of Coimbra undertaken by the Pombal Statutes of 1772. The political and constitutional Revolution of 1820-22 was a determining moment, particularly by redirecting teaching from the ancient public law to the emerging constitutional law. As a matter of fact, the teaching of the old Constitution ended, giving way to that of the modern Constitution and, gradually, constitutional history not only became a mere chapter of Constitutional Law teaching, but also abandoned the teaching of pre-constitutionalism before 1820. However, this situation is tending to change.
This book brings together the papers prepared for the colloquium “From subjects to citizens: the ... more This book brings together the papers prepared for the colloquium “From subjects to citizens: the conquest of citizenship, from vintismo to the present”, organised within the framework of the commemorations of the bicentenary of the Revolution of 1820. The fundamental scope of this book (such as the colloquium) is to evaluate the historical legacy of the “citizenship revolution” in Portugal, in the last two centuries, from the founding moment of vintismo (1820-1823), and its subsequent developments, particularly through setembrismo (1836-1842) and republicanism (1911-1926), until its full deployment under the Constitution of 1976 and the current democratic republic.
Araucaria, 2024
Two hundred years ago, the counterrevolution of Vila-Francada triumphed, putting an end to the fi... more Two hundred years ago, the counterrevolution of Vila-Francada triumphed, putting an end to the first modern constitutional experience in Portugal. Immediately afterwards, king D. João VI decided to revoke the 1822 Constitution and to invalidate the reforms adopted under it, in order to erase the memory of the previous constitutional regime. At the same time, starting with a spontaneous initiative of the city council of Sernancelhe, a local movement was launched towards the annulment of the elections to the Cortes under Vintismo and the repeal the powers granted to the elected deputies. This article deals with both initiatives, the royal and the local one, considering above all that the municipal initiative against the Vintismo elections is practically ignored and is very little known by the current historiography.
![Research paper thumbnail of Vital MOREIRA e José DOMINGUES – História Constitucional Portuguesa II: Constituição de 1822, Lisboa, Assembleia da República: Divisão de Edições, 2023 [ISBN – 78-972-556-810-1].](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/110642217/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Este livro versa sobre a Constituição portuguesa de 1822, texto primogénito do moderno constituci... more Este livro versa sobre a Constituição portuguesa de 1822, texto primogénito do moderno constitucionalismo português, que foi aprovada no dia 23 de setembro de 1822, pelas Cortes Constituintes eleitas na sequência da Revolução Liberal de 1820, tendo sido jurada pelo rei D. João VI no dia 1 de outubro desse ano.
A Lei Fundamental vintista rompeu com o Antigo Regime, substituindo a monarquia absoluta pela monarquia constitucional. A nova ordem político-constitucional assentava em princípios basilares como, por exemplo: (i) soberania constituinte da nação; (ii) sistema político representativo, assente num parlamento monocamaral; (iii) separação de poderes, adjudicando o poder legislativo às Cortes, o poder executivo ao Rei e o poder judicial aos tribunais; (iv) garantia dos direitos e liberdades individuais; (v) formalização do pacto constituinte num código constitucional, a Constituição propriamente dita.
Apesar de uma vigência efémera, a Constituição de 1822 deixou um legado duradouro no constitucionalismo português, que se repercutiu nas duas centúrias seguintes e continua a refletir-se na atual Constituição democrática de 1976. Para além da incomensurável dimensão histórica, o texto constitucional vintista é um elemento imprescindível para o estudo e compreensão do atual direito constitucional português.
This book is a study of counter-revolution of Vila-Francada, which, two hundred years ago (1823),... more This book is a study of counter-revolution of Vila-Francada, which, two hundred years ago (1823), put an end to the “triénio liberal”, the first modern constitutional experience in Portugal, launched by the liberal Revolution of 1820. Immediately after that movement, king D. João VI ordered the repeal of the 1822 Constitution and the dissolution of the constitutional Cortes, creating a Junta de Revisão das Leis to review the legislation that had been adopted. Another ad hoc body was set up for the political investigation of the Academy – the Junta Expurgatória da Universidade. In order to erase completely the memory of the constitutional period, the monarch further decided to reject the liberal festivities and urban toponymy, to destroy the evocative monuments that were being erected in several cities and to get rid of the written records from the archives. At the same time, based on a spontaneous initiative by the Sernancelhe town council, but with royal endorsement, a local movement was formed to declare void the elections to the Cortes and to recall the mandates awarded to the elected representatives.
Historia Constitucional, 2023
The Constitutional Supplication of 1808 was the first attempt to introduce modern constitutionali... more The Constitutional Supplication of 1808 was the first attempt to introduce modern constitutionalism in Portugal, but to no avail. As a matter of fact, the petition addressed to Napoleon Bonaporte, in the context of the first French invasion (1807/08), requesting a French king and a constitution similar to that of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, was short-lived, due to the end of the French occupation. Moreover, the French invasions and the popular resistence to them generated a movement of anti-French rejection that led to the massive destruction of the official documents of this period. In 1810, Acúrsio das Neves forged a version according to which the Supplication had been prepared in secret by a group of “afrancesados” (people influenced by French ideas) and presented by the judge of the people of Lisbon to the Junta dos Três Estados of the kingdom, in May 23, 1808, with no further development. This article challenges this traditional version, which has prevailed for more than two hundred years, and proposes a different interpretation about the origin and importance of the Portuguese Constitutional Supplication.
Este livro é uma homenagem intelectual a José Liberato Freire de Carvalho (abreviadamente conheci... more Este livro é uma homenagem intelectual a José Liberato Freire de Carvalho (abreviadamente conhecido como José Liberato), passados 250 anos do seu nascimento (São Martinho do Bispo, Coimbra, 20 de julho de 1772).
Este insigne conimbricense foi um dos pais intelectuais da Revolução Liberal de 1820-1822, defensor estrénuo dos foros do povo, que pugnou pelo país constitucional de que todos somos herdeiros, pelo que temos a obrigação de valorizar o seu legado. Ao longo de toda a sua atribulada vida lutou para que – palavras suas – «essa lei sagrada, a lei constitucional, seja uma realidade e não uma ficção ou uma mera aparência sobre um teatro político».
Esta obra resgata o seu notável contributo para a fundação do regime político-constitucional liberal – a proposta constitucional doutrinária, que José Liberato publicou em vários números do seu Campeão Português (1819-1821), a partir do exílio londrino, propondo uma Constituição para Portugal, onde constavam todos os aspetos fundamentais do constitucionalismo moderno, nomeadamente, a soberania constituinte da nação, o sistema político representativo (Cortes), a separação de poderes e os direitos e liberdades individuais.
![Research paper thumbnail of Vital MOREIRA e José DOMINGUES – Em desespero de causa: A tentativa de convocar as Cortes antigas em 1820, Lisboa, Lusíada Editora, 2022 [ISBN – 978-989-640-245-7].](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81877112/thumbnails/1.jpg)
At the time of the Liberal Revolution (1820), the Portuguese Cortes had not convened for more tha... more At the time of the Liberal Revolution (1820), the Portuguese Cortes had not convened for more than a century and the idea of summoning them again gave rise to a heated dispute between the two forces in conflict – the Provisional Junta of the Supreme Government of the Kingdom (based in Porto) and the Regency of the Kingdom (based in Lisbon). On the revolutionary side, the Cortes were required to provide a Constitution to the country and to rescue it from the despotism of absolute monarchy. However, the Regency of the Kingdom decided to counterattack and to summon the traditional Cortes in order to halt the advance of the revolutionary movement. This book analyzes this failed attempt to resurrect the ancient Cortes and the subsequent political-doctrinal war over the legitimacy to summon them, which has gone virtually unnoticed in the historiography of the Liberal Revolution, notwithstanding the fact that it led to the adoption of the first Portuguese electoral law.
Des chartes aux contitutions. Autour de l'idée constitutionnelle en Europe (XIIe-XVIIe siècle), 2019
The most intense historical and political moments of social turbulence and severe institutional c... more The most intense historical and political moments of social turbulence and severe institutional crisis awakened, in some way, the «volcano» of the original constituent power, giving rise to a new Constitution. This situation, prima facie, could send us to an idea of contemporary constitutionalism and to the Portuguese revolutionary moments that were the basis of the constitutional texts of XIX-XX centuries but this is not the purpose of this communication. What is intended is to go back to the times of Lower Middle Ages Portuguese to looking for possible contributions to the study of the roots of a venerable constitutionalism originated in Western Europe, from the late eighteenth century, the ideological foundations for a new revolutionary liberal constitutionalism, brought by winds blowing across the Atlantic, will be based on the archaisms of the Euro-Western constitutionalism.
A period of about four centuries (XII-XV), characterized by a constant political instability and social turbulence leads to multiple approaches to the Portuguese revolutionary constitutionalism. So, I only will focus in some material and formal aspects of the lawmaking gathered in the compilation process of Ius regni in Books of Ordinances which started with the revolutionary constituent moment of 1383-1385. It was from this critical moment of danger to the independence of the kingdom that emerged the constitutional «lava», which was the guarantee of the Portuguese legal system autonomy and accordingly it was consolidated the idea of State that gradually, had been evident since the (so controversial) constituent moment of the foundational Cortes of Lamego, joined by D. Afonso Henriques in the church of Santa Maria de Almacave.
Historia Constitucional 14, 2013
This work aims to bring to the fore a defense mechanism that has been little studied and reveals ... more This work aims to bring to the fore a defense mechanism that has been little studied and reveals an age-old rooted in the medieval Portuguese law against the arbitrariness and illegality of the preventive detention during the course of the judicial process. They are called insurance cards –which may call themselves as Portuguese habeas corpus– that were in force in the territory of Portugal since the second half of the thirteenth century, at least until the year 1830.
Historia Constitucional 16, 2015
Portuguese insurance letters are increasingly considered as one of the oldest legislative-legal t... more Portuguese insurance letters are increasingly considered as one of the oldest legislative-legal traditions of the constitutional principle of habeas corpus and simultaneously a cusp of the Portuguese legal culture. During the five centuries of its effective validity they ramified into two typologies: civil insurance letters, under the aegis of monarchical Civil Justice, and canonical insurance letters, under the aegis of the ecclesiastical Justice of the church. In respect to the latter, this study intends to leave here a first approach and simple support, mainly from the legislative treatment provided by the various Portuguese Synodal Constitutions, which was compared with the concordant civil legislation.
This paper call into play and publishes an unpublished manuscript on the universal question of th... more This paper call into play and publishes an unpublished manuscript on the universal question of the legitimacy of political power or the source of sovereignty. This being one of the most expensive and discussed concepts of the political thought over many centuries, it is understood that the unknown author of this monument complete by the possibility of discourse "in infinitum." The document was drawn up in 1837, in the heat of discussion raised by the sovereignty advocated in the new constitutions.
This study aims to give a brief record of the main historical legal sources around the assurance ... more This study aims to give a brief record of the main historical legal sources around the assurance letters (cartas de seguro) which, for more than five centuries, realized the constitutional principle of habeas corpus in Portugal. Within the chronological limit of the XIV century to the XVI century only the legislative sources of greatest proeminence were collected, leaving out above all the concrete cases processed in the judicial forum. This is just the tip of the iceberg of the Portuguese legal principle that surely becomes comparable with any foreign counterpart –v. g., habeas corpus of British origin– and it revealed an inexhaustible load for researchers of very respectable roots of the jusconstitutionalism of Western Europe, long before the American and the French revolutionary constitutionalism emerged in the late eighteenth century.
Questo saggio si propone di dare un breve resoconto delle principali fonti giuridiche storiche attorno alle lettere di garanzia (cartas de seguro) che, per più di cinque secoli, realizzato il principio costituzionale di habeas corpus in Portogallo. Entro il limite temporale del secolo XIV al XVI secolo, solo le fonti normative di maggiore proeminence sono stati raccolti, lasciando sopra tutti i casi concreti trattati in ambito giudiziario. Questa è solo la punta di un iceberg del principio giuridico portoghese che diventa sicuramente paragonabile con qualsiasi controparte straniera –v. g., habeas corpus di origine britannica– e ha rivelato un carico inesauribile per i ricercatori di radici molto rispettabili della jusconstitutionalism dell'Europa occidentale, molto tempo prima che l'americano e il costituzionalismo rivoluzionario francese emerse alla fine del XVIII secolo.
Historia Constitucional, 2017
Resumo: O atual texto da Constituição da República Portuguesa agrega debaixo da mesma norma juríd... more Resumo: O atual texto da Constituição da República Portuguesa agrega debaixo da mesma norma jurídica (art.º 21º) várias formas de resistência constitucional. Este artigo, numa perspetiva histórica, vai recuperar algumas das múltiplas formas de manifestação do direito de resistência em Portugal, v. g., a legítima defesa, o direito de resistência popular e o direito de resistência individual. O primeiro objetivo é, não sendo aconselhável uma separação estanque, contribuir para uma possível diferenciação entre cada uma dessas formas. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho é o de combater a tese de que o direito de resistência popular teria sido transformado, pelo constitucionalismo moderno, num direito de resistência individual para defesa dos direitos fundamentais consignados na Constituição. Desta forma, o elemento histórico poderá ser um contributo para a interpretação do referido preceito constitucional sobre o direito de resistência.
Abstract: The present text of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic adds under the same legal norm (art. 21) various forms of constitutional resistance. This article, from a historical perspective, will recover some of the manifold forms of manifestation of the right of resistance in Portugal, v. g., self-defense, the right of popular resistance and the right of individual resistance. The first objective is, not being advisable a watertight separation, to contribute to a possible differentiation between each of these forms. The second objective of this work is to counter the thesis that the right of popular resistance has been transformed, by modern constitutionalism, into an individual right of resistance to defend the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution. In this way, the historical element could be a contribution to the interpretation of the referred constitutional precept on the right of resistance.
![Research paper thumbnail of José DOMINGUES e Vital MOREIRA – «Genealogia da noção de Constituição em Portugal: as “Leis Fundamentais” e a “Constituição Civil”», Anuário Português de Direito Constitucional, vol. X, 2018-2020 [2023], pp. 217-252. [ISBN: 978-989-8951-88-5]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102850900/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Anuário Português de Direito Constitucional, 2023
Celebrating the bicentenary of Portuguese constitutionalism (Constitution of 1822), this article ... more Celebrating the bicentenary of Portuguese constitutionalism (Constitution of 1822), this article aims at contributing to the study of the genealogy of the notion and concept of “constitution” in this country, which has its origins in the pre-constitutionalism period, long before the Liberal Revolution of 1820. As a matter of fact, the modern concept of constitution established by the liberal revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries in America and in Europe had its own constitutional ancestors, which are not always notorious nor of easy understanding. Generally, the most known and studied of them all is still the concept of «fundamental laws», which is still commonly used today as a synonym of constitution. From 1772 onwards, a new concept, «civil constitution», came about in Portugal. Therefore, without neglecting the comparison with what happened in other constitutional latitudes, in order to understand the formation process of the concept of «constitution» in Portugal, we have focused our research mainly around the notions of «fundamental laws» and «civil constitution», which are the closer predecessors to the modern Portuguese concept of constitution, formed as of 1820/22.
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Constitutional History by José Domingues
A Lei Fundamental vintista rompeu com o Antigo Regime, substituindo a monarquia absoluta pela monarquia constitucional. A nova ordem político-constitucional assentava em princípios basilares como, por exemplo: (i) soberania constituinte da nação; (ii) sistema político representativo, assente num parlamento monocamaral; (iii) separação de poderes, adjudicando o poder legislativo às Cortes, o poder executivo ao Rei e o poder judicial aos tribunais; (iv) garantia dos direitos e liberdades individuais; (v) formalização do pacto constituinte num código constitucional, a Constituição propriamente dita.
Apesar de uma vigência efémera, a Constituição de 1822 deixou um legado duradouro no constitucionalismo português, que se repercutiu nas duas centúrias seguintes e continua a refletir-se na atual Constituição democrática de 1976. Para além da incomensurável dimensão histórica, o texto constitucional vintista é um elemento imprescindível para o estudo e compreensão do atual direito constitucional português.
Este insigne conimbricense foi um dos pais intelectuais da Revolução Liberal de 1820-1822, defensor estrénuo dos foros do povo, que pugnou pelo país constitucional de que todos somos herdeiros, pelo que temos a obrigação de valorizar o seu legado. Ao longo de toda a sua atribulada vida lutou para que – palavras suas – «essa lei sagrada, a lei constitucional, seja uma realidade e não uma ficção ou uma mera aparência sobre um teatro político».
Esta obra resgata o seu notável contributo para a fundação do regime político-constitucional liberal – a proposta constitucional doutrinária, que José Liberato publicou em vários números do seu Campeão Português (1819-1821), a partir do exílio londrino, propondo uma Constituição para Portugal, onde constavam todos os aspetos fundamentais do constitucionalismo moderno, nomeadamente, a soberania constituinte da nação, o sistema político representativo (Cortes), a separação de poderes e os direitos e liberdades individuais.
A period of about four centuries (XII-XV), characterized by a constant political instability and social turbulence leads to multiple approaches to the Portuguese revolutionary constitutionalism. So, I only will focus in some material and formal aspects of the lawmaking gathered in the compilation process of Ius regni in Books of Ordinances which started with the revolutionary constituent moment of 1383-1385. It was from this critical moment of danger to the independence of the kingdom that emerged the constitutional «lava», which was the guarantee of the Portuguese legal system autonomy and accordingly it was consolidated the idea of State that gradually, had been evident since the (so controversial) constituent moment of the foundational Cortes of Lamego, joined by D. Afonso Henriques in the church of Santa Maria de Almacave.
Questo saggio si propone di dare un breve resoconto delle principali fonti giuridiche storiche attorno alle lettere di garanzia (cartas de seguro) che, per più di cinque secoli, realizzato il principio costituzionale di habeas corpus in Portogallo. Entro il limite temporale del secolo XIV al XVI secolo, solo le fonti normative di maggiore proeminence sono stati raccolti, lasciando sopra tutti i casi concreti trattati in ambito giudiziario. Questa è solo la punta di un iceberg del principio giuridico portoghese che diventa sicuramente paragonabile con qualsiasi controparte straniera –v. g., habeas corpus di origine britannica– e ha rivelato un carico inesauribile per i ricercatori di radici molto rispettabili della jusconstitutionalism dell'Europa occidentale, molto tempo prima che l'americano e il costituzionalismo rivoluzionario francese emerse alla fine del XVIII secolo.
Abstract: The present text of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic adds under the same legal norm (art. 21) various forms of constitutional resistance. This article, from a historical perspective, will recover some of the manifold forms of manifestation of the right of resistance in Portugal, v. g., self-defense, the right of popular resistance and the right of individual resistance. The first objective is, not being advisable a watertight separation, to contribute to a possible differentiation between each of these forms. The second objective of this work is to counter the thesis that the right of popular resistance has been transformed, by modern constitutionalism, into an individual right of resistance to defend the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution. In this way, the historical element could be a contribution to the interpretation of the referred constitutional precept on the right of resistance.
A Lei Fundamental vintista rompeu com o Antigo Regime, substituindo a monarquia absoluta pela monarquia constitucional. A nova ordem político-constitucional assentava em princípios basilares como, por exemplo: (i) soberania constituinte da nação; (ii) sistema político representativo, assente num parlamento monocamaral; (iii) separação de poderes, adjudicando o poder legislativo às Cortes, o poder executivo ao Rei e o poder judicial aos tribunais; (iv) garantia dos direitos e liberdades individuais; (v) formalização do pacto constituinte num código constitucional, a Constituição propriamente dita.
Apesar de uma vigência efémera, a Constituição de 1822 deixou um legado duradouro no constitucionalismo português, que se repercutiu nas duas centúrias seguintes e continua a refletir-se na atual Constituição democrática de 1976. Para além da incomensurável dimensão histórica, o texto constitucional vintista é um elemento imprescindível para o estudo e compreensão do atual direito constitucional português.
Este insigne conimbricense foi um dos pais intelectuais da Revolução Liberal de 1820-1822, defensor estrénuo dos foros do povo, que pugnou pelo país constitucional de que todos somos herdeiros, pelo que temos a obrigação de valorizar o seu legado. Ao longo de toda a sua atribulada vida lutou para que – palavras suas – «essa lei sagrada, a lei constitucional, seja uma realidade e não uma ficção ou uma mera aparência sobre um teatro político».
Esta obra resgata o seu notável contributo para a fundação do regime político-constitucional liberal – a proposta constitucional doutrinária, que José Liberato publicou em vários números do seu Campeão Português (1819-1821), a partir do exílio londrino, propondo uma Constituição para Portugal, onde constavam todos os aspetos fundamentais do constitucionalismo moderno, nomeadamente, a soberania constituinte da nação, o sistema político representativo (Cortes), a separação de poderes e os direitos e liberdades individuais.
A period of about four centuries (XII-XV), characterized by a constant political instability and social turbulence leads to multiple approaches to the Portuguese revolutionary constitutionalism. So, I only will focus in some material and formal aspects of the lawmaking gathered in the compilation process of Ius regni in Books of Ordinances which started with the revolutionary constituent moment of 1383-1385. It was from this critical moment of danger to the independence of the kingdom that emerged the constitutional «lava», which was the guarantee of the Portuguese legal system autonomy and accordingly it was consolidated the idea of State that gradually, had been evident since the (so controversial) constituent moment of the foundational Cortes of Lamego, joined by D. Afonso Henriques in the church of Santa Maria de Almacave.
Questo saggio si propone di dare un breve resoconto delle principali fonti giuridiche storiche attorno alle lettere di garanzia (cartas de seguro) che, per più di cinque secoli, realizzato il principio costituzionale di habeas corpus in Portogallo. Entro il limite temporale del secolo XIV al XVI secolo, solo le fonti normative di maggiore proeminence sono stati raccolti, lasciando sopra tutti i casi concreti trattati in ambito giudiziario. Questa è solo la punta di un iceberg del principio giuridico portoghese che diventa sicuramente paragonabile con qualsiasi controparte straniera –v. g., habeas corpus di origine britannica– e ha rivelato un carico inesauribile per i ricercatori di radici molto rispettabili della jusconstitutionalism dell'Europa occidentale, molto tempo prima che l'americano e il costituzionalismo rivoluzionario francese emerse alla fine del XVIII secolo.
Abstract: The present text of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic adds under the same legal norm (art. 21) various forms of constitutional resistance. This article, from a historical perspective, will recover some of the manifold forms of manifestation of the right of resistance in Portugal, v. g., self-defense, the right of popular resistance and the right of individual resistance. The first objective is, not being advisable a watertight separation, to contribute to a possible differentiation between each of these forms. The second objective of this work is to counter the thesis that the right of popular resistance has been transformed, by modern constitutionalism, into an individual right of resistance to defend the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution. In this way, the historical element could be a contribution to the interpretation of the referred constitutional precept on the right of resistance.
Before having a constitution dated, in 1822, Portugal had its historical or unwritten constitution, formed by a set of fundamental laws, which was spread throughout the several centuries of its monarchy. To form this article, I consulted the constitutional texts produced in times of political crisis and social instability generated by the union or possible Iberian union of the crowns of Portugal and Castile (1383, 1499 and 1581).
José Domingues & Pedro Pinto, “A fragment of the Reforma das Ordenações de D. Afonso V”, in Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis = Revue d'histoire du droit = The Legal history review, vol. 85, 2017, pp. 522-539
The relationship between rural communities and the bear gave grounds to a cultural legacy consisting in trapping mechanisms and robust confined walls dedicated to prevent the destruction of bee-haves by bears.
Based on the records obtained, the bear occurred in the northern mountain ranges of Portugal during the XIX and up to the middle of the XX centuries. Thus, the species was present in the area long after 1650, the date previously reported for its extinction in Portugal. The presence of the bear in Portugal during the XX century may have been mainly related to sporadic movements of dispersing individuals coming from Spanish populations. However, there is evidence that they may have constituted the last individuals of a residual, but still reproducing, population. Finally, we underline the necessity for further studies to evaluate the potential presence of the bear in other regions of Portugal in recent times."
Numa primeira fase far-se-á apenas um inventário (data/local/sumário) com as respetivas fontes arquivísticas, impressas e digitais das leis dos monarcas portugueses conhecidas, desde D. Afonso Henriques até à edição definitiva das Ordenações Manuelinas (1521). A partir desse momento fica aberta a possibilidade de os investigadores efetuarem os seus próprios comentários a essas leis, enviados a uma comissão revisora.
Pouco a pouco serão disponibilizados os textos das fontes inventariadas. Só o conhecimento desses textos na íntegra nos permite avançar, paulatinamente, na pirâmide do conhecimento da Juris-História. Sendo certo que uma mesma lei ao surgir nos mais dispares contextos, para além do seu conteúdo normativizador, fornece inestimáveis indícios para futuras ilações e teorias científicas.