Oransjeordenen

Oransjeordenen (Orange Order) er et lovlig, protestantisk broderskap i Nord-Irland og det vestlige Skottland. Navnet kommer fra de nordirske protestantenes tradisjonelle farge. Den har også medlemmer bosatt i en rekke andre land. Ordenen ble grunnlagt i Loughgall, Armagh i 1796. Den betegner seg som en gudfryktig organisasjon som fremmer protestantisk kultur og identitet. Kritikere omtaler den som anti-katolsk og sekterisk.

Politisk var den frem til 12. mars 2005 formelt knyttet til Ulster Unionist Party. Mange av medlemmene foretrakk dog Democratic Unionist Party, og det er også mange som har vært eller er tilknyttet lojalistiske paramilitære grupper.

Ordenen har flere ganger blitt klandret for at det har brutt ut opptøyer, senest i september 2005 da lojalister avfyrte skudd mot politiet i flere nordirske byer. Bakgrunnen for slike opptøyer har i de fleste tilfeller vært tradisjonelle marsjer gjennom områder med overveiende katolsk befolkning.

Politisk sett har Oransje-ordenen vært nært knyttet til irsk unionisme. Kritikere har beskyldt ordenen for å være sekterisk, triumfalistisk^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] og supremalistisk.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Som en protestantisk organisasjon, nekter den katolikker medlemskap, samt også personer hvor nære familiemedlemmer er katolikker, er også nektet medlemskap.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Referanser

^ «Orangemen take part in Twelfth of July parades». BBC News. 12. juli 2010. Besøkt 29. september 2012. «Some marches have been a source of tension between nationalists who see the parades as triumphalist and intimidating, and Orangemen who believe it is their right to walk on public roads.»
^ «Protestant fraternity returns to spiritual home». Reuters. 30. mai 2009. Arkivert fra originalen 20. september 2020. Besøkt 29. september 2012. «The Orange Order's parades, with their distinctive soundtrack of thunderous drums and pipes, are seen by many Catholics in Northern Ireland as a triumphalist display.»
^ «Ormeau Road frustration». An Phoblacht. 2. april 2000. Besøkt 29. september 2012. «The overwhelming majority of nationalists view Orange parades as triumphalist coat trailing exercises.»
^ ^a ^b «Kinder, gentler or same old Orange?». Irish Central. 23. juli 2009. Besøkt 29. september 2012. «The annual Orange marches have passed relatively peacefully in Northern Ireland this year, and it seems a good faith effort is underway to try and reorient the day from one of triumphalism to one of community outreach and a potential tourist attraction ... The 12th may well have been a celebration of a long ago battle at the Boyne in 1690, but it came to symbolize for generations of Catholics the 'croppie lie down' mentality on the Orange side. The thunderous beat of the huge drums was just a small way of instilling fear into the Nationalist communities, while the insistence on marching wherever they liked through Nationalist neighborhoods was also a statement of supremacy and contempt for the feelings of the other community.»
^ Connolly, Sean J (2008). Divided kingdom: Ireland, 1630–1800. Oxford University Press. s. 432. «Modern Irish republicans may look back to the United Irishmen as the founders of their tradition. But the one present-day organisation that can trace an unbroken descent from the 1790s is the Protestant supremacist Orange Order.»
^ Roe, Paul (2005). Ethnic violence and the societal security dilemma. Routledge. s. 62. «Ignatieff explains how the victory of William of Orange over Catholic King James 'became a founding myth of ethnic superiority...The Ulstermen’s reward, as they saw it, was permanent ascendancy over the Catholic Irish'. Thus, Orange Order marches have come to symbolise the supremacy of Protestantism over Catholicism in Northern Ireland.»
^ Wilson, Ron (1976). «Is it a religious war?». A flower grows in Ireland. University Press of Mississippi. s. 127. «At the close of the eighteenth century, Protestants, again feeling the threat of the Catholic majority, began forming secret societies which coalesced into the Orange Order. Its main purpose has always been to maintain Protestant supremacy»
^ «... No catholic and no-one whose close relatives are catholic may be a member.» Northern Ireland The Orange State, Michael Farrell
^ McGarry, John & O'Leary, Brendan (1995). Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images. Blackwell Publishers. s. 180. ISBN 978-0-631-18349-5.
^ «The Orange marches».

[1] «Orangemen take part in Twelfth of July parades». BBC News. 12. juli 2010. Besøkt 29. september 2012. «Some marches have been a source of tension between nationalists who see the parades as triumphalist and intimidating, and Orangemen who believe it is their right to walk on public roads.»

[2] «Protestant fraternity returns to spiritual home». Reuters. 30. mai 2009. Arkivert fra originalen 20. september 2020. Besøkt 29. september 2012. «The Orange Order's parades, with their distinctive soundtrack of thunderous drums and pipes, are seen by many Catholics in Northern Ireland as a triumphalist display.»

[3] «Ormeau Road frustration». An Phoblacht. 2. april 2000. Besøkt 29. september 2012. «The overwhelming majority of nationalists view Orange parades as triumphalist coat trailing exercises.»

[irishcentral-4] «Kinder, gentler or same old Orange?». Irish Central. 23. juli 2009. Besøkt 29. september 2012. «The annual Orange marches have passed relatively peacefully in Northern Ireland this year, and it seems a good faith effort is underway to try and reorient the day from one of triumphalism to one of community outreach and a potential tourist attraction ... The 12th may well have been a celebration of a long ago battle at the Boyne in 1690, but it came to symbolize for generations of Catholics the 'croppie lie down' mentality on the Orange side. The thunderous beat of the huge drums was just a small way of instilling fear into the Nationalist communities, while the insistence on marching wherever they liked through Nationalist neighborhoods was also a statement of supremacy and contempt for the feelings of the other community.»

[Connolly-5] Connolly, Sean J (2008). Divided kingdom: Ireland, 1630–1800. Oxford University Press. s. 432. «Modern Irish republicans may look back to the United Irishmen as the founders of their tradition. But the one present-day organisation that can trace an unbroken descent from the 1790s is the Protestant supremacist Orange Order.»

[Roe-6] Roe, Paul (2005). Ethnic violence and the societal security dilemma. Routledge. s. 62. «Ignatieff explains how the victory of William of Orange over Catholic King James 'became a founding myth of ethnic superiority...The Ulstermen’s reward, as they saw it, was permanent ascendancy over the Catholic Irish'. Thus, Orange Order marches have come to symbolise the supremacy of Protestantism over Catholicism in Northern Ireland.»

[Wilson-7] Wilson, Ron (1976). «Is it a religious war?». A flower grows in Ireland. University Press of Mississippi. s. 127. «At the close of the eighteenth century, Protestants, again feeling the threat of the Catholic majority, began forming secret societies which coalesced into the Orange Order. Its main purpose has always been to maintain Protestant supremacy»

[8] «... No catholic and no-one whose close relatives are catholic may be a member.» Northern Ireland The Orange State, Michael Farrell

[ExplainingNI-9] McGarry, John & O'Leary, Brendan (1995). Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images. Blackwell Publishers. s. 180. ISBN 978-0-631-18349-5.

[TOM-10] «The Orange marches».

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