Despite a huge body of published research, understanding the basic pathology that leads to pre-ec... more Despite a huge body of published research, understanding the basic pathology that leads to pre-eclampsia is still incomplete. This study was conducted among women in north Jordan to determine factors associated with pre-eclampsia and to determine if dental caries was involved. A case-control study was carried out among women who delivered at Princess Badea Teaching Hospital, Irbid, North Jordan, between September 1, 2004 and January 1, 2005. 115 women with pre-eclampsia and 230 normotensive controls were included in the study. Information regarding participants' demographics, antenatal history and family history were collected through personal interviews. Several oral parameters were measured for each participant. In multivariate analysis, factors found to be associated with increased odds of pre-eclampsia were age > or =35 years (adjusted OR 2.20; 95% CI 1.08, 4.48), nulliparity (adjusted OR 2.73; 95% CI 1.38, 5.39), emotional stress during pregnancy (adjusted OR 4.22; 95% CI 1.79, 9.90), maternal history of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 16.04; 95% CI 5.82, 44.22), family history of cardiovascular diseases (adjusted OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.22, 6.51), family history of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 23.26; 95% CI 5.07, 106.78), twin births (adjusted OR 37.79; 95% CI 4.22, 338.51), and Body Mass Index (BMI). In comparison with women with pre-pregnancy BMI <25, adjusted OR were 1.97, 95% CI 1.02, 3.81 for women with BMI from 25 to 29.9, and 3.31, 95% CI 1.36, 8.03 for women with BMI > or =30. Mean decayed teeth surface was found to be associated with increased odds of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03, 1.27). This study demonstrated no difference to reported risk indicators of pre-eclampsia in other populations, but adds that dental caries may have an association with increased odds of pre-eclampsia.
Neural tube defects are serious birth defects of the brain and the spinal cord due to interferenc... more Neural tube defects are serious birth defects of the brain and the spinal cord due to interference with neural tube closure about the 28th day after fertilization. Seasonal variation in the development of neural tube defects has been reported. The objective of this study was to demonstrate ...
1. Saudi Med J. 2007 Apr;28(4):647-9. A high rate of caesarean section at a newly opened universi... more 1. Saudi Med J. 2007 Apr;28(4):647-9. A high rate of caesarean section at a newly opened university hospital. Amarin ZO, Khader YS, Qublan HS. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan. ...
Job stress is common in health care professionals in the west. Less is known about its prevalence... more Job stress is common in health care professionals in the west. Less is known about its prevalence in Middle Eastern countries. To determine job stress, its sources and its effect on health care professionals in northern Jordan. A simple random sample of 101 physician specialists, 126 dentists, 52 general practitioners and 123 pharmacists in northern Jordan completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire, and addressed structured questions about job stress. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses were used to describe and compare participants, and a binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with stress and reported health problems. Of the 402 health care professionals, 27% reported high levels of stress. Prevalence was highest among general practitioners (33%), then dentists (30%) and pharmacists (25%). The lowest stress was among physician specialists (12%). Factors associated with the highest stress were being a general practitioner, being a woman and having long working hours. Dealing with uncooperative patients and heavy workloads were additional stressors. The most frequent problems associated with high stress were irritability (58%), consuming more arousal drinks (e.g. coffee, cola) (56%), difficulty concentrating (51%), headaches (63%), chronic back pain (48%) and common colds (47%). Compared to physician specialists, general practitioners, dentists and pharmacists were significantly more stressed. Reported stress was associated with job title, being a woman and long working hours. Also uncooperative patients and heavy workloads were significant problems. Being irritable and having headaches and common colds were the most frequent health issues.
This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the association between consanguineous marri... more This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the association between consanguineous marriages and adverse pregnancy outcome in the north of Jordan. Women delivered in four major hospitals in the north of Jordan between April 2007 and May 2007 were included in the study. Non-Jordanian women and women with multiple pregnancies were excluded. Mothers answered a pilot-tested structured questionnaire administered by trained personnel in the maternity ward. Data regarding pregnancy outcomes were obtained from the patients' individual records. A total of 3,269 women with a mean age of 27.2 (SD 6.6) years were included. About 49% of women had consanguineous marriages. Consanguineous marriages were significantly associated with low birth weight delivery (13.9% vs. 10.1%), preterm delivery (19.9% vs. 12.3%), and births with congenital anomalies (4.1% vs. 0.8%) compared with non-consanguineous marriages. In the multivariate analysis, consanguinity was significantly associated with preterm delivery (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.2, 1.9), and congenital malformations (OR = 6.5, 95% CI 2.8, 15.3). In conclusions, this study supports the association between consanguinity and some adverse pregnancy outcomes.
The objective of the survey was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of Jordanian gynaecolo... more The objective of the survey was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of Jordanian gynaecologists toward screening for cervical cancer. A pre-tested postal questionnaire was mailed to all 462 licensed gynaecologists in Jordan. Three questions were designed to assess knowledge and two questions to assess attitudes to screening for cervical cancer. A total of 392 obstetricians and gynaecologists completed the survey with a response rate of 84.4%. Although the majority of Jordanian obstetricians and gynaecologists were able to correctly identify all the important aetiological factors associated with cervical cancer and recognised the importance of cervical cancer screening, many of them were not confident that the Pap smear was the most cost-effective screening test, or that human papillomavirus testing improved the sensitivity of detection of pre-invasive and invasive cervical disease.
The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the indications, interventions and c... more The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the indications, interventions and clinical outcome of pregnant and newly delivered women admitted to the multidisciplinary intensive care unit at the King Abdullah University Hospital in Jordan over a 7-year period from January 2002 to December 2008. The collected data included demographic characteristics of the patients, mode of delivery, pre-existing medical conditions, reason for admission, specific intervention, length of stay and maternal outcome. A total of 43 women required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), which represented 0.37% of all deliveries. The majority (95.3%) of patients were admitted to the ICU postpartum. The most common reasons for admissions were (pre)eclampsia (48.8%) and obstetric haemorrhage (37.2). The remainder included adult respiratory distress syndrome (6.9%), pulmonary embolism (2.3%) and neurological disorders (4.6%). Mechanical ventilation was required to support 18.6% of patients and transfusion of red blood cells was needed for 48.8% of patients. There were three maternal deaths (6.9%). A multidisciplinary team approach is essential to improve the management of hypertensive disorders and postpartum haemorrhage to achieve significant improvements in maternal outcome. A large, prospective study to know which women are at high risk of admission to the intensive care units and to prevent serious maternal morbidity and mortality is warranted.
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2010
To estimate the number of maternal deaths per 100000 live births during 2007-2008 among Jordanian... more To estimate the number of maternal deaths per 100000 live births during 2007-2008 among Jordanian women; to identify the causes of maternal mortality; and to compare the results with those of the last report for 1995-1996. Reproductive-age mortality study of maternal deaths among women aged 15-49 years in Jordan in 2007-2008. Among 1406 identified deaths of reproductive-aged women, 76 maternal deaths were identified out of 397588 live births, for a maternal mortality ratio of 19.1 deaths per 100000 live births. Forty-three (56.6%) deaths were attributable to hemorrhage, thrombosis and thromboembolism, and sepsis. Avoidable factors were present in 53.9% of women, 52.6% had substandard care, and 31.5% had 3 or fewer antenatal visits. Of those with available information on family planning, only 29.4% had ever used any form of contraception. Maternal deaths in Jordan are declining. The maternal mortality ratio of 19.1 deaths per 100000 live births reported for 2007-2008 showed a remarkable reduction of 53.9% achieved in the 12 years since the 1995-1996 report (a 4.5% annual reduction), which is approaching the 75% reduction recommended by Millennium Development Goal 5.
Despite a huge body of published research, understanding the basic pathology that leads to pre-ec... more Despite a huge body of published research, understanding the basic pathology that leads to pre-eclampsia is still incomplete. This study was conducted among women in north Jordan to determine factors associated with pre-eclampsia and to determine if dental caries was involved. A case-control study was carried out among women who delivered at Princess Badea Teaching Hospital, Irbid, North Jordan, between September 1, 2004 and January 1, 2005. 115 women with pre-eclampsia and 230 normotensive controls were included in the study. Information regarding participants' demographics, antenatal history and family history were collected through personal interviews. Several oral parameters were measured for each participant. In multivariate analysis, factors found to be associated with increased odds of pre-eclampsia were age > or =35 years (adjusted OR 2.20; 95% CI 1.08, 4.48), nulliparity (adjusted OR 2.73; 95% CI 1.38, 5.39), emotional stress during pregnancy (adjusted OR 4.22; 95% CI 1.79, 9.90), maternal history of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 16.04; 95% CI 5.82, 44.22), family history of cardiovascular diseases (adjusted OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.22, 6.51), family history of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 23.26; 95% CI 5.07, 106.78), twin births (adjusted OR 37.79; 95% CI 4.22, 338.51), and Body Mass Index (BMI). In comparison with women with pre-pregnancy BMI <25, adjusted OR were 1.97, 95% CI 1.02, 3.81 for women with BMI from 25 to 29.9, and 3.31, 95% CI 1.36, 8.03 for women with BMI > or =30. Mean decayed teeth surface was found to be associated with increased odds of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03, 1.27). This study demonstrated no difference to reported risk indicators of pre-eclampsia in other populations, but adds that dental caries may have an association with increased odds of pre-eclampsia.
The formation of functional ovarian cysts has been recognized as one of the side effects of GnRH ... more The formation of functional ovarian cysts has been recognized as one of the side effects of GnRH agonist administration. The formation of cysts during IVF treatment may be of no clinical significance or may negatively influence its outcome. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of ovarian cyst formation following GnRH agonist administration and to examine their effect on IVF outcome. A prospective study of 1317 IVF patients who developed one or more functional ovarian cysts of >or=15 mm following GnRH agonist treatment was performed. Transvaginal ultrasonographic-guided cyst aspiration was carried out in 76 randomly allocated patients out of 122 patients who were found to have functional ovarian cysts before starting ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins. The incidence of follicular cyst formation was 9.3%. Cyst cycles in comparison with non-cyst cycles had significantly elevated day 3 basal FSH (mean+/-SD of 8.3+/-3.2 versus 5.3+/-2.6 mIU/ml, P<0.05) and...
The objective of this study was to examine the use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (Gn... more The objective of this study was to examine the use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) for luteal phase in a group of patients with thin endometrium (&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;or=7 mm) after IVF treatment. One-hundred-and-twenty women were eligible for this study. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: group A (n = 60) received triptorelin 0.1 mg on the day of ovum pickup (OPU), on the day of embryo transfer (ET) and three days thereafter, and group B (n = 60) received placebo. The primary outcomes were implantation and pregnancy rates. Although there was no significant difference in the number of good quality embryos transferred in both groups, the implantation and pregnancy rate were significantly higher in the GnRH-a - treated group compared with placebo controls. Furthermore, Estradiol (E(2)), progesterone (P) levels and endometrial thickness were significantly more elevated in patients who received GnRH-a for luteal phase support. The administration of GnRH-a at the time of OPU significantly improves the implantation and pregnancy rates in patients with thin endometrium (&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;or=7 mm).
Despite a huge body of published research, understanding the basic pathology that leads to pre-ec... more Despite a huge body of published research, understanding the basic pathology that leads to pre-eclampsia is still incomplete. This study was conducted among women in north Jordan to determine factors associated with pre-eclampsia and to determine if dental caries was involved. A case-control study was carried out among women who delivered at Princess Badea Teaching Hospital, Irbid, North Jordan, between September 1, 2004 and January 1, 2005. 115 women with pre-eclampsia and 230 normotensive controls were included in the study. Information regarding participants&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; demographics, antenatal history and family history were collected through personal interviews. Several oral parameters were measured for each participant. In multivariate analysis, factors found to be associated with increased odds of pre-eclampsia were age &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; or =35 years (adjusted OR 2.20; 95% CI 1.08, 4.48), nulliparity (adjusted OR 2.73; 95% CI 1.38, 5.39), emotional stress during pregnancy (adjusted OR 4.22; 95% CI 1.79, 9.90), maternal history of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 16.04; 95% CI 5.82, 44.22), family history of cardiovascular diseases (adjusted OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.22, 6.51), family history of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 23.26; 95% CI 5.07, 106.78), twin births (adjusted OR 37.79; 95% CI 4.22, 338.51), and Body Mass Index (BMI). In comparison with women with pre-pregnancy BMI &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;25, adjusted OR were 1.97, 95% CI 1.02, 3.81 for women with BMI from 25 to 29.9, and 3.31, 95% CI 1.36, 8.03 for women with BMI &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; or =30. Mean decayed teeth surface was found to be associated with increased odds of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03, 1.27). This study demonstrated no difference to reported risk indicators of pre-eclampsia in other populations, but adds that dental caries may have an association with increased odds of pre-eclampsia.
Neural tube defects are serious birth defects of the brain and the spinal cord due to interferenc... more Neural tube defects are serious birth defects of the brain and the spinal cord due to interference with neural tube closure about the 28th day after fertilization. Seasonal variation in the development of neural tube defects has been reported. The objective of this study was to demonstrate ...
1. Saudi Med J. 2007 Apr;28(4):647-9. A high rate of caesarean section at a newly opened universi... more 1. Saudi Med J. 2007 Apr;28(4):647-9. A high rate of caesarean section at a newly opened university hospital. Amarin ZO, Khader YS, Qublan HS. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan. ...
Job stress is common in health care professionals in the west. Less is known about its prevalence... more Job stress is common in health care professionals in the west. Less is known about its prevalence in Middle Eastern countries. To determine job stress, its sources and its effect on health care professionals in northern Jordan. A simple random sample of 101 physician specialists, 126 dentists, 52 general practitioners and 123 pharmacists in northern Jordan completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire, and addressed structured questions about job stress. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses were used to describe and compare participants, and a binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with stress and reported health problems. Of the 402 health care professionals, 27% reported high levels of stress. Prevalence was highest among general practitioners (33%), then dentists (30%) and pharmacists (25%). The lowest stress was among physician specialists (12%). Factors associated with the highest stress were being a general practitioner, being a woman and having long working hours. Dealing with uncooperative patients and heavy workloads were additional stressors. The most frequent problems associated with high stress were irritability (58%), consuming more arousal drinks (e.g. coffee, cola) (56%), difficulty concentrating (51%), headaches (63%), chronic back pain (48%) and common colds (47%). Compared to physician specialists, general practitioners, dentists and pharmacists were significantly more stressed. Reported stress was associated with job title, being a woman and long working hours. Also uncooperative patients and heavy workloads were significant problems. Being irritable and having headaches and common colds were the most frequent health issues.
This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the association between consanguineous marri... more This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the association between consanguineous marriages and adverse pregnancy outcome in the north of Jordan. Women delivered in four major hospitals in the north of Jordan between April 2007 and May 2007 were included in the study. Non-Jordanian women and women with multiple pregnancies were excluded. Mothers answered a pilot-tested structured questionnaire administered by trained personnel in the maternity ward. Data regarding pregnancy outcomes were obtained from the patients&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; individual records. A total of 3,269 women with a mean age of 27.2 (SD 6.6) years were included. About 49% of women had consanguineous marriages. Consanguineous marriages were significantly associated with low birth weight delivery (13.9% vs. 10.1%), preterm delivery (19.9% vs. 12.3%), and births with congenital anomalies (4.1% vs. 0.8%) compared with non-consanguineous marriages. In the multivariate analysis, consanguinity was significantly associated with preterm delivery (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.2, 1.9), and congenital malformations (OR = 6.5, 95% CI 2.8, 15.3). In conclusions, this study supports the association between consanguinity and some adverse pregnancy outcomes.
The objective of the survey was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of Jordanian gynaecolo... more The objective of the survey was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of Jordanian gynaecologists toward screening for cervical cancer. A pre-tested postal questionnaire was mailed to all 462 licensed gynaecologists in Jordan. Three questions were designed to assess knowledge and two questions to assess attitudes to screening for cervical cancer. A total of 392 obstetricians and gynaecologists completed the survey with a response rate of 84.4%. Although the majority of Jordanian obstetricians and gynaecologists were able to correctly identify all the important aetiological factors associated with cervical cancer and recognised the importance of cervical cancer screening, many of them were not confident that the Pap smear was the most cost-effective screening test, or that human papillomavirus testing improved the sensitivity of detection of pre-invasive and invasive cervical disease.
The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the indications, interventions and c... more The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the indications, interventions and clinical outcome of pregnant and newly delivered women admitted to the multidisciplinary intensive care unit at the King Abdullah University Hospital in Jordan over a 7-year period from January 2002 to December 2008. The collected data included demographic characteristics of the patients, mode of delivery, pre-existing medical conditions, reason for admission, specific intervention, length of stay and maternal outcome. A total of 43 women required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), which represented 0.37% of all deliveries. The majority (95.3%) of patients were admitted to the ICU postpartum. The most common reasons for admissions were (pre)eclampsia (48.8%) and obstetric haemorrhage (37.2). The remainder included adult respiratory distress syndrome (6.9%), pulmonary embolism (2.3%) and neurological disorders (4.6%). Mechanical ventilation was required to support 18.6% of patients and transfusion of red blood cells was needed for 48.8% of patients. There were three maternal deaths (6.9%). A multidisciplinary team approach is essential to improve the management of hypertensive disorders and postpartum haemorrhage to achieve significant improvements in maternal outcome. A large, prospective study to know which women are at high risk of admission to the intensive care units and to prevent serious maternal morbidity and mortality is warranted.
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2010
To estimate the number of maternal deaths per 100000 live births during 2007-2008 among Jordanian... more To estimate the number of maternal deaths per 100000 live births during 2007-2008 among Jordanian women; to identify the causes of maternal mortality; and to compare the results with those of the last report for 1995-1996. Reproductive-age mortality study of maternal deaths among women aged 15-49 years in Jordan in 2007-2008. Among 1406 identified deaths of reproductive-aged women, 76 maternal deaths were identified out of 397588 live births, for a maternal mortality ratio of 19.1 deaths per 100000 live births. Forty-three (56.6%) deaths were attributable to hemorrhage, thrombosis and thromboembolism, and sepsis. Avoidable factors were present in 53.9% of women, 52.6% had substandard care, and 31.5% had 3 or fewer antenatal visits. Of those with available information on family planning, only 29.4% had ever used any form of contraception. Maternal deaths in Jordan are declining. The maternal mortality ratio of 19.1 deaths per 100000 live births reported for 2007-2008 showed a remarkable reduction of 53.9% achieved in the 12 years since the 1995-1996 report (a 4.5% annual reduction), which is approaching the 75% reduction recommended by Millennium Development Goal 5.
Despite a huge body of published research, understanding the basic pathology that leads to pre-ec... more Despite a huge body of published research, understanding the basic pathology that leads to pre-eclampsia is still incomplete. This study was conducted among women in north Jordan to determine factors associated with pre-eclampsia and to determine if dental caries was involved. A case-control study was carried out among women who delivered at Princess Badea Teaching Hospital, Irbid, North Jordan, between September 1, 2004 and January 1, 2005. 115 women with pre-eclampsia and 230 normotensive controls were included in the study. Information regarding participants&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; demographics, antenatal history and family history were collected through personal interviews. Several oral parameters were measured for each participant. In multivariate analysis, factors found to be associated with increased odds of pre-eclampsia were age &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; or =35 years (adjusted OR 2.20; 95% CI 1.08, 4.48), nulliparity (adjusted OR 2.73; 95% CI 1.38, 5.39), emotional stress during pregnancy (adjusted OR 4.22; 95% CI 1.79, 9.90), maternal history of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 16.04; 95% CI 5.82, 44.22), family history of cardiovascular diseases (adjusted OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.22, 6.51), family history of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 23.26; 95% CI 5.07, 106.78), twin births (adjusted OR 37.79; 95% CI 4.22, 338.51), and Body Mass Index (BMI). In comparison with women with pre-pregnancy BMI &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;25, adjusted OR were 1.97, 95% CI 1.02, 3.81 for women with BMI from 25 to 29.9, and 3.31, 95% CI 1.36, 8.03 for women with BMI &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; or =30. Mean decayed teeth surface was found to be associated with increased odds of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03, 1.27). This study demonstrated no difference to reported risk indicators of pre-eclampsia in other populations, but adds that dental caries may have an association with increased odds of pre-eclampsia.
The formation of functional ovarian cysts has been recognized as one of the side effects of GnRH ... more The formation of functional ovarian cysts has been recognized as one of the side effects of GnRH agonist administration. The formation of cysts during IVF treatment may be of no clinical significance or may negatively influence its outcome. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of ovarian cyst formation following GnRH agonist administration and to examine their effect on IVF outcome. A prospective study of 1317 IVF patients who developed one or more functional ovarian cysts of >or=15 mm following GnRH agonist treatment was performed. Transvaginal ultrasonographic-guided cyst aspiration was carried out in 76 randomly allocated patients out of 122 patients who were found to have functional ovarian cysts before starting ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins. The incidence of follicular cyst formation was 9.3%. Cyst cycles in comparison with non-cyst cycles had significantly elevated day 3 basal FSH (mean+/-SD of 8.3+/-3.2 versus 5.3+/-2.6 mIU/ml, P<0.05) and...
The objective of this study was to examine the use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (Gn... more The objective of this study was to examine the use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) for luteal phase in a group of patients with thin endometrium (&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;or=7 mm) after IVF treatment. One-hundred-and-twenty women were eligible for this study. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: group A (n = 60) received triptorelin 0.1 mg on the day of ovum pickup (OPU), on the day of embryo transfer (ET) and three days thereafter, and group B (n = 60) received placebo. The primary outcomes were implantation and pregnancy rates. Although there was no significant difference in the number of good quality embryos transferred in both groups, the implantation and pregnancy rate were significantly higher in the GnRH-a - treated group compared with placebo controls. Furthermore, Estradiol (E(2)), progesterone (P) levels and endometrial thickness were significantly more elevated in patients who received GnRH-a for luteal phase support. The administration of GnRH-a at the time of OPU significantly improves the implantation and pregnancy rates in patients with thin endometrium (&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;or=7 mm).
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