Robert Robinson

Sir Robert Robinson
OM PRS FRSE
Sir Robert Robinson OM PRS FRSE
Presiden Royal Society
	Dalam jawatan; 1945–1950
Didahului oleh	Sir Henry Harrett Dale
Digantikan oleh	Edgar Adrian
Maklumat peribadi
Lahir	13 September 1886; Derbyshire, England
Mati	8 Februari 1975 (umur 88); Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire, England
Kerakyatan	United Kingdom
Pusat pendidikan	Universiti Manchester
Terkenal kerana	Pembangunan sintesis organik
Pasangan	Gertrude Maud Robinson
Anugerah	Davy Medal (1930); Royal Medal (1932); Copley Medal (1942); Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1947); Franklin Medal (1947); Albert Medal (1947); Faraday Lectureship Prize (1947)
	Kerjaya saintifik
Bidang	Kimia organik
Institusi	Universiti Sydney; Universiti Liverpool; British Dyestuffs Corporation; Universiti Manchester; Kolej Universiti London; Universiti Oxford
Penasihat kedoktoran	William Henry Perkin, Jr.
Pelajar kedoktoran	Sir Edward Abraham; Arthur John Birch; William Sage Rapson; John Cornforth; Rita Harradence; K. Venkataraman

Sir Robert Robinson OM PRS FRSE ^[4] (13 September 1886 - 8 Februari 1975) adalah seorang ahli kimia organik British dan pemenang Nobel diiktiraf pada tahun 1947 untuk kajian beliau pada zat warna tumbuhan (antosianin) dan alkaloid. Pada tahun 1947, beliau juga menerima Medal of Freedom bersama Silver Palm.

Penyelidikan

Sintesisnya terhadap tropinon, pendahulu kokain, pada tahun 1917 bukan sahaja merupakan langkah utama dalam kimia alkaloid tetapi juga menunjukkan bahawa tindak balas tandem dalam sintesis satu pot dapat membentuk molekul bisiklik. ^[5]^[6]

Beliau mencipta simbol untuk benzen yang mempunyai bulatan di tengah-tengah ketika bekerja di Universiti St Andrews pada tahun 1923. Beliau terkenal kerana mencipta penggunaan anak panah keriting untuk mewakili gerakan elektron, dan ia juga dikenali untuk menemui struktur molekul morfin dan penisilin.^[7] Anulasi Robinson mempunyai aplikasi dalam sintesis total steroid.

Pada tahun 1957, Robinson mengasaskan jurnal Tetrahedron dengan lima puluh penyunting lain untuk Pergamon Press.

Penerbitan

The Structural Relationship of Natural Products (1955)

Keluarga

Beliau berkahwin dua kali. Pada tahun 1912, beliau berkahwin dengan Gertrude Maud Walsh. Berikutan kematiannya pada 1954, pada tahun 1957, beliau berkahwin dengan seorang janda, Puan Stern Sylvia Hillstrom (nee Hershey). ^[8]

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b Saltzman, M. D. (1987). "The development of Sir Robert Robinson's contributions to theoretical organic chemistry". Natural Product Reports. 4: 53. doi:10.1039/NP9870400053.
^ "Some substituted peptides and Experiments with lysozyme". University of Oxford. Dicapai pada 3 June 2017.
^ Anand, Nitya (2018-05-22). "Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901–1981)" (PDF). Indian National Science Academy. Dicapai pada 2018-05-22.
^ Todd, L.; Cornforth, J. W. (1976). "Robert Robinson. 13 September 1886 – 8 February 1975". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 22: 414–527. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1976.0018. JSTOR 769748.
^ Robinson, R. (1917). "LXIII. A Synthesis of Tropinone". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions. 111: 762–768. doi:10.1039/CT9171100762.
^ Birch, A. J. (1993). "Investigating a Scientific Legend: The Tropinone Synthesis of Sir Robert Robinson, F.R.S". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 47 (2): 277–296. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1993.0034. JSTOR 531792.
^ Abraham, E. P. (1987). "Sir Robert Robinson and the early history of penicillin". Natural Product Reports. 4 (1): 41–46. doi:10.1039/np9870400041. PMID 3302773.
^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0 902 198 84 X. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2016-03-04. Dicapai pada 2019-03-07.

Pautan luar

Nobel Lecture Some Polycyclic Natural Products from Nobelprize.org website
Biography Biography from Nobelprize.org website
ABC Online Forum
[1]

[organic-1] Saltzman, M. D. (1987). "The development of Sir Robert Robinson's contributions to theoretical organic chemistry". Natural Product Reports. 4: 53. doi:10.1039/NP9870400053.

[2] "Some substituted peptides and Experiments with lysozyme". University of Oxford. Dicapai pada 3 June 2017.

[Krishnaswami_Venkataraman_(1901–1981)-3] Anand, Nitya (2018-05-22). "Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901–1981)" (PDF). Indian National Science Academy. Dicapai pada 2018-05-22.

[frs-4] Todd, L.; Cornforth, J. W. (1976). "Robert Robinson. 13 September 1886 – 8 February 1975". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 22: 414–527. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1976.0018. JSTOR 769748.

[5] Robinson, R. (1917). "LXIII. A Synthesis of Tropinone". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions. 111: 762–768. doi:10.1039/CT9171100762.

[6] Birch, A. J. (1993). "Investigating a Scientific Legend: The Tropinone Synthesis of Sir Robert Robinson, F.R.S". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 47 (2): 277–296. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1993.0034. JSTOR 531792.

[7] Abraham, E. P. (1987). "Sir Robert Robinson and the early history of penicillin". Natural Product Reports. 4 (1): 41–46. doi:10.1039/np9870400041. PMID 3302773.

[8] Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0 902 198 84 X. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2016-03-04. Dicapai pada 2019-03-07.

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l b s Penerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Kimia
1901–1925	1901 Jacobus van 't Hoff 1902 Emil Fischer 1903 Svante Arrhenius 1904 William Ramsay 1905 Adolf von Baeyer 1906 Henri Moissan 1907 Eduard Buchner 1908 Ernest Rutherford 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald 1910 Otto Wallach 1911 Marie Curie 1912 Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913 Alfred Werner 1914 Theodore Richards 1915 Richard Willstätter 1916 1917 1918 Fritz Haber 1919 1920 Walther Nernst 1921 Frederick Soddy 1922 Francis Aston 1923 Fritz Pregl 1924 1925 Richard Zsigmondy
1926–1950	1926 Theodor Svedberg 1927 Heinrich Wieland 1928 Adolf Windaus 1929 Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin 1930 Hans Fischer 1931 Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932 Irving Langmuir 1933 1934 Harold Urey 1935 Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie 1936 Peter Debye 1937 Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938 Richard Kuhn 1939 Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička 1940 1941 1942 1943 George de Hevesy 1944 Otto Hahn 1945 Artturi Virtanen 1946 James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947 Robert Robinson 1948 Arne Tiselius 1949 William Giauque 1950 Otto Diels / Kurt Alder
1951–1975	1951 Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952 Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953 Hermann Staudinger 1954 Linus Pauling 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud 1956 Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957 Alexander Todd 1958 Frederick Sanger 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský 1960 Willard Libby 1961 Melvin Calvin 1962 Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963 Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964 Dorothy Hodgkin 1965 Robert Woodward 1966 Robert S. Mulliken 1967 Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter 1968 Lars Onsager 1969 Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970 Luis Federico Leloir 1971 Gerhard Herzberg 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973 Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974 Paul Flory 1975 John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976–2000	1976 William Lipscomb 1977 Ilya Prigogine 1978 Peter D. Mitchell 1979 Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig 1980 Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981 Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann 1982 Aaron Klug 1983 Henry Taube 1984 Robert Merrifield 1985 Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986 Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi 1987 Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988 Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989 Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech 1990 Elias Corey 1991 Richard R. Ernst 1992 Rudolph A. Marcus 1993 Kary Mullis / Michael Smith 1994 George Olah 1995 Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland 1996 Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997 Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998 Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999 Ahmed Zewail 2000 Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001–kini	2001 William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002 John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich 2003 Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon 2004 Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005 Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin 2006 Roger D. Kornberg 2007 Gerhard Ertl 2008 Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien 2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath 2010 Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi 2011 Dan Shechtman 2012 Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka 2013 Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel 2014 Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner 2015 Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar 2016 Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa 2017 Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson 2018 Frances Arnold / Greg Winter / George Smith 2019 John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino 2020 Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna 2021 Benjamin List / David MacMillan 2022 Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten P. Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless

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