Hawker centre

Subclass of	food court
Country of origin	Singapore
Intangible cultural heritage status	Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
Described at URL	https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01568, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/01568, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/01568

A Hawker Centre yaa zĩig sẽn be yaang sẽn be Hong Kong, Maleisi la Singapor. B ra me-b lame n na n sõng nebã tɩ b tõog n zã b mens sõma, bala b ra tara mobill-dãmb sẽn tõe n dɩkd teed n teesdẽ, la b ra tara kibs-dãmb wʋsg sẽn koosd rɩɩb buud toor-toor sẽn pa toogo. Naoor wʋsgo, b segenda taabl-dãmb la goeels sẽn yaa toor-toore, sẽn na yɩl n kõ neb nins sẽn na n dɩ wã.

Tʋʋm-kãens taoor soab sẽn get tʋʋm-kãens yell la sẽn zãad tʋʋm-kãens la a rɩkd teedã n dɩkd n koosd n teendã.

Sã n yaa ne tẽns bɩ zĩis

Hong Kong

Ges-y-yã: Bõn-naandse sẽn be Hong Kong

Hong Kong, rɩɩb-rɩk-rãmb wʋsg (熟食中心; bɩ rɩɩb-rɩk-rɩk-rɩk-rãmb zĩisi, 熟食市場) be-b-la rezõnsil-district rãmb zĩisẽ, bɩ b yaa b toorẽ zĩisi (a woto yaa sẽn yaa to-to ne tʋʋm zĩis wʋsg pʋsẽ), sã n pa be neb a wãn bala (sẽn yaa wa A Mong Kok sẽn yaa rɩɩb b sẽn koosd n koosd zĩiga bee Langham Place Hotel tẽngre. B sẽn boond tɩ ko-rɩtbã tʋʋm zĩisẽ wã yaa rɩɩb la zĩ-gãaga yel-gɛtb sull n get b yelle.

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b toeema rɩɩb zĩis nins b sẽn da mi n boond tɩ dai pai dong (rɩɩb b sẽn da mi n segendẽ) ne noy sẽn yaa kãn-kãe la b zãabo. Hong Kong goosneema wã gesa rɩɩb zĩis nins b sẽn da mi n segendẽ wã wa sor sẽn na n kɩt tɩ b menes daar fãa rɩɩb zĩis nins b sẽn da mi n segendẽ wã. Sẽn kẽed ne tʋʋm-noor ning sẽn zĩnd yʋʋm 1960 la 1970 wã, goosneerã me maana rɩɩb b sẽn segl zĩis sẽn be tʋʋm-noor zĩisẽ sẽn na yɩl n sõng tʋʋma tʋʋm-noor sẽn be tʋʋm-noor zĩis sẽn yaa kãsems wala Kwun Tong, Tsuen Wan la Fo Tan.

B sẽn nong n koosd rɩɩb sẽn pa rɩtg zĩisẽ wã yaa b sẽn koosd tẽn-gãongã rɩɩb bala, tɩ neb nins sẽn koosd rɩɩb sẽn pa rɩtgã pa waoog ye.

Malaysia

Yʋʋmd 1950 soabã pʋgẽ, Burkĩna nebã ra maanda yɩɩr ne tẽn-kɩremsã neb sẽn da tõe n tall pãn-tusdg b ligdã wɛɛngẽ wã, n da gũusd-b n getẽ. Sẽn na n yɩlẽ n leok goosneerã sẽn da rat n gɩdg Kuala Lumpur Hawkers la Petty Traders Association tʋʋma, a nin-buiidã maana rabeem n na n dɩk zab-teed n kẽes b toog Malaysian tẽn-kɩremsã pʋgẽ sẽn na n zab ne goosneerã, n kɩt tɩ goosneerã wa bas-a.^[1]

Yʋʋm piigã sẽn pʋglã pʋgẽ, sullã lebga siglgã babg a ye, la a ra modgdame n teend koosdbã sẽn dat bũmb ningã. La yʋʋmd 1960 soabã sẽnese, goosneema wã sɩnga tʋʋm-wẽnsã la neb nins sẽn da koosd teedã tɩ b pa tar sor n na n maan rẽ wã. Bãagã la bãanã yell me lebga bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne goosneema rãmbã, bala so-toakdbã ra pa get tɩ bãanã yaa sõma ye, la b ra nong n kẽeda soayã ne b teedã, baa b sẽn da wa n ning-b lampo wã.^[2]

Yʋʋmd 1967 wã, b me-a-la Kuala Lumpur sẽn na yɩl n paas nebã yĩns laafɩ wã, la b lak soayã ne teedã sẽn be sorã noore. Baa ne b sẽn da pa rat sɩngrã, b wa n kẽnga zĩ-kãensã.^[3] Baasg zãnga, wʋsg ket n tʋmda zĩis a taab pʋsẽ, tɩ tʋʋm-noy nins sẽn be tẽn-kɩremsã pʋsẽ wã yaa ned a yopoe sẽn tar sor n tõe n paam lisens sẽn yit Kuala Lumpur.^[4]

Penang soolmẽ wã, b kɩtame tɩ neb wʋsg sẽn da koosd teedã kẽng zĩis sẽn pa vaandẽ, tɩ rẽ kɩt tɩ b ra pa tõe n yɩ yɩlem b mens sõma, la b ra pa tõe n paam so-toak ye. Sẽn nan yɩll tɩ b tõog n maan woto wã yaa b sẽn na n lebs n kõ-b sor tɩ b tõog n maan woto wã bala, la b pa na n kõ-b sor tɩ b tõog n maan woto ye.^[5] Ned sã n dɩk a teed n kẽng zĩig sẽn pa toeemdẽ, pa nong-a ye, bala a sã n wa kẽng zĩig sẽn pa toeemdẽ, a tõe n wa kongda a kɛlgdbã, tɩ rẽ na n wa kɩt t'a yao ligd wʋsgo.^[6] Tʋʋmd kaalem sẽn zĩnd yʋʋm 1980 wã la 1990 wã kɩtame tɩ sãambã paam tʋʋm zĩis wʋsg pʋsẽ. Yʋʋmd 2014 soabã pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ b yãa neb 119 sẽn yaa tẽn-zẽms rɩɩb-mitb zĩis 68 pʋsẽ, tɩ b yãk noor n na n gɩdg tẽn-zẽms rɩɩb-mitb tɩ b ra wa rɩ ye. B yeelame tɩ yaa sẽn na yɩl n kogl Penang rog-n-migsã, la goosneema wã wilgame tɩ rɩɩb 13 yaa rog-n-migs rɩɩb bala; 10 ra yaa Sɩn-dãmba, 2 yaa Tamiil-dãmba, la 1 yaa Malaayi-dãmba. Zĩ-zẽms neb ra ket n tõe n tʋma wa sõngdba, bɩ wa rɩ-noodba.^[7]

Sẽn dɩt-b rɩɩbã sẽn tʋmd ko-bɛɛbã rotẽ wã yaa neb sẽn kʋʋle, tɩ rẽ kɩt tɩ b pa tõe n maan b tʋʋmdã tɩ yɩ sõma ye. B getame t'a Hawking yaa ned sẽn pa tar naam la sẽn pa yaood wʋsg ye.^[8] A COVID-19 bãagã kɩtame tɩ zu-loees a taab wa be.^[9] Penang goosneerã pʋlmame tɩ b na n lebs n lugla Gurney Drive wã sẽn yaa zĩig ning b sẽn boond tɩ "hawker centre" wã, sẽn da yaa zĩig ning b sẽn da mi n yɩɩd nebã fãa, la sẽn da teegd tẽn-zẽms la tẽn-zẽms tẽn-kɩtbã.^[10] Sẽn kẽed ne tʋʋm nins sẽn be Penang tẽmsã pʋɩtba pʋɩtb zĩisẽ wã, b sõor boogame ne 50%, bala tẽnga noy n da gɩdg b tʋʋm wakatã.^[11]

Singapore

Tʋʋmdã sẽn yɩ tao-tao wã kɩtame tɩ tẽn-bõonesã pʋsẽ, sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋmd 1950 wã n tɩ tãag yʋʋmd 1960 wã, neb wʋsg n da be be. Naoor wʋsgo, b ra me-b-la sẽn na yɩl n welg rɩɩb sẽn pa yɩ sõma wã yelle^[12] Sẽn nan pa kaoose, b ka le be zĩig fãa ye, b sẽn paam n tar neb wʋsg n paasd Malaisi la Singapor tẽn-tẽnsẽ wã yĩnga. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Singaporẽ, b lebgd-b-la rɩɩb zĩisi, sẽn yaa roog pʋgẽ, sẽn tar sɩlgdem, sẽn yaa wa rog-n-mik zĩisi sẽn be ra-bɛd zĩisẽ la zĩis a taab b sẽn maand leebgã pʋsẽ.

Yʋʋmd 1950 wã la 1960 wã, b ra getame tɩ b sẽn da boond tɩ "hawker centres" wã yaa neb nins sẽn pa tar ligd wʋsgã zĩisi. B ra miime tɩ b rɩɩbã ra pa sõma, bala, b ra wae n yãta rũms la bõn-wẽns sẽn da wat n sãamd tẽngã. B sẽn da zãad rotã to-to wã ra pa sõma ye. Sẽn nan pa kaoose, tẽngã taoor dãmb kɩtame tɩ b maneg tɩ nebã yɩ yɩlma. Yaa sẽn kẽed ne lisg ning sẽn segd n paamã, sẽn kẽed ne sẽn segd n yɩll tɩ logtoɛɛmbã paam tɩ logtoɛɛmbã tʋm sõma wã, la sẽn na yɩl tɩ logtoɛɛmbã paam tɩ logtoɛɛmbã tʋm sõma.^[13]^[14] B sã n paam karẽn-biis 85% bɩ sẽn yɩɩd rẽ, b paamda A, la karẽn-biis nins sẽn pa ta wã yaa D, sẽn yaa 40 n tɩ ta 49% sẽn tõog n paam karẽn-biisa. Yaa tɩlae tɩ b wilg bõn-kãensã b sẽn maand to-to wã. B sɩngame n na n maneg wall b lebs n me rotã sẽn da yaa to-to wã yʋʋm 1990 soabã pʋgẽ, Singapor tẽngã pʋgẽ.

Yʋʋmd 1987 wã, b sɩngame n na n ningd bõn-vɩɩl b sẽn yãkd rɩɩbã la b sẽn zãad rɩɩbã to-to wã zug n ningd bõn-vɩɩl b sẽn yãkd rɩɩbã pʋgẽ wã. B sã n kõ-a demerit points a yoobe, a na n paama yaood sẽn ta US$400 (HK$2470). B na n kosa ned kam fãa ligdi, a sã n maan yel-wẽn-kãsemse, wala makre, a sã n ning teed sẽn yaa rẽgd rɩɩbã pʋgẽ. Ned sã n pa wilg tɩ b kõ-a-la lisensã, a na n paama ligdi, sẽn zems US$200.^[15]

Yaa goosneerã sull a tãab n so kamb nins sẽn be Singapore wã. Yaa National Environment Agency (NEA) sẽn be b ba wã sẽn yaa Ministɛɛr ning sẽn get b sẽn tõe n zã b mens sõma wã la b sẽn tõe n zã b mens sõma wã (MSE), Housing and Development Board (HDB) la JTC Corporation. Sẽn paase, HDB la NEA sẽn so wã fãa yaa NEA n get b yelle, tɩ tẽn-bõn-bãmb sigl-b n get b yelle. JTC siglsã yaa b mens soog-m-menga.^[16]

Yʋʋmd 2011 wã, a Singapɛɛr wilgame tɩ b na n lugla rot 10 sẽn na yɩl tɩ b ra koosd teed sẽn pa nana, tɩ rẽ na n kɩt tɩ b paam rot 600 yʋʋm piigã sẽn watã pʋgẽ. Rẽ na n kɩtame tɩ rɩɩbã ligd yɩ sõma, la kɩt me tɩ ligd ning b sẽn dɩkd n yaood teedã paoogdẽ.^[17]

Yʋʋmd 2016 soabã pʋgẽ, Singapor rɩɩb zĩis a yiib sẽn be tẽn-kɩremsẽ wã lebga pipi soayã rɩɩb koosdb sẽn paam Michelin Star rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma wã yĩnga. Zĩig a yiibã yaa Hong Kong Soya Sauce Chicken Rice and Noodle la Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle.^[18]^[19] Yʋʋmd 2019 soabã pʋgẽ, b kõ-a-la Michelin Star la Bib Gourmand sẽn yɩɩd rot 40 sẽn be Singapore. Yʋʋmd 2023, b ra zoe n yaa sõor sẽn yɩɩd fãa.^[20]

Yʋʋmd 2019 soabã pʋgẽ, a Singapɛɛr yãka yam n na n kẽes a tẽn-gãongã pʋgẽ laog a taab n kẽes UNESCO ninsabls tẽn-kɩremsã pʋgẽ.^[21] B sẽn wilg b sẽn na n yãk b sẽn na n maan bũmb ning yʋʋmd 2020 yʋʋm-sar kiuug rasem 16 daare, a Unesco wilgame t'a na n yɩɩ "tẽn-tẽng rɩɩb roogo, zĩig ning neb sẽn yit zĩis toor-toore sẽn tigimd taab n dɩt rɩɩb ne taab n dɩt b sẽn datã".^[22]

Sẽn sɩng ne sigr kiuug rasem a 1 yʋʋm 2021 soabã, yaa yel-wẽnd n na n wa kɩt tɩ b bas rɩɩb-rãmb, teed sẽn yaa wa ko-bɛɛg la teed a taab sẽn yaa wa fu-rɩt-n-bõoneg la teed a taab sẽn yaa fu-rɩt-n-bõoneg la teed a taaba. B na n gʋlsa saglg n kõ neb nins sẽn na n yɩ pipi n maan woto wã. B na n sɩbg-b-la ligdã sẽn zems $300 wã, la b tõe n sɩbg-b-la ligdã sẽn zems ne 'Environmental Public Health Act' wã.^[23]

Urban Hawker (New York City)

Sigr kiuug rasem 21 yʋʋm 2022 soabã, b paka kamb sẽn be Singapore, Manhattan, New York tẽnga pʋgẽ. A Anthony Bourdain sẽn yaa Amerik tẽnga nin-naandã sẽn wa n kẽng Singapor n tɩ naag ne a K.F. Seetoh. A Seetoh rɩka naam a Bourdain kũum poore, yʋʋmd 2018.^[24] B sẽn boond tɩ Urban Hawker wã, b rɩta Singapore wã rɩɩb buud toor-toore, tɩ b koos-b wʋsg sẽn yit Singapore wã.^[25]^[26]^[27]

Ges-y me

Cha chaan teng Hong Kong Dinerã

Dhaba Ẽnd tẽnsã sorã noor rɩɩb zĩig

Diner Amerik sorã noor rɩɩbo

So-toak soab (tʋʋm)

Kopi tiam, Malaya kafe

Pasar malam, Malaas yʋng koosgo

Rɩk-y n ges-y

B sẽn boond tɩ "sẽn tar kaam" Etazĩni la Bertayn soolmẽ wã

Mamak stall Malayan road stall

Tʋʋmd sẽn na yɩl n kogl koom-koglgã

Zĩ-sobd yʋngo

Sebtiise

[[Sulli:Wp/mos]

Zems-n-taase

Zĩis nins b sẽn maand rɩɩb n koosdẽ wã Hong Kong Archived 27 June 2016 a la 'Wayback Machine - fehd.gov.hk

[1] ttps://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2019/03/470008/tracing-our-hawker-roots

[2] ttps://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2019/03/470008/tracing-our-hawker-roots

[3] ttps://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2019/03/470008/tracing-our-hawker-roots

[4] ttps://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/293.pdf

[5] ttps://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2019/03/470008/tracing-our-hawker-rootshttps://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2019/03/470008/tracing-our-hawker-roots

[6] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20231115185319/http://triggered.stanford.clockss.org/ServeContent?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fbaywood.stanford.clockss.org%2FBWWR%2FBAWOOD_BWWR_15_1%2F66576V5177215662.pdf

[7] ttps://www.jstor.org/stable/44668400

[8] ttps://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/feb_1_2019_NIC_download.pdf

[9] ttps://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2021/05/20/two-food-centres-close-due-to-virus

[10] ttps://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/11/24/facelift-for-famous-hawker-centre

[11] ttps://www.buletinmutiara.com/mbpp-appeals-to-mkn-to-consider-allowing-35-hawker-centres-in-or-near-markets-on-penang-island-to-operate-from-6am/

[12] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20190715142807/https://gcfs.ucpress.edu/content/17/1/44

[13] ttps://www.kcet.org/socal-focus/the-singapore-solution-to-las-illegal-street-food-vending-problem

[14] ttps://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1314fs10-hawker-policy-in-singapore-20140526-e.pdf

[15] ttps://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1314fs10-hawker-policy-in-singapore-20140526-e.pdf

[16] ttps://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1314fs10-hawker-policy-in-singapore-20140526-e.pdf

[17] ttps://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1314fs10-hawker-policy-in-singapore-20140526-e.pdf

[18] ttps://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/singapore/articles/singapore-street-food-stalls-get-michelin-star/

[19] ttps://www.pri.org/stories/2016-07-22/singapore-gets-worlds-first-michelin-star-food-stall

[20] ttps://www.michelin.com/en/documents/michelin-guide-2023-singapore-five-restaurants-are-newly-awarded-with-one-michelin-star/

[21] ttps://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-submits-unesco-bid-to-recognise-hawker-culture

[22] ttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/hawker-culture-in-singapore-community-dining-and-culinary-practices-in-a-multicultural-urban-context-01568

[23] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20210705182141/https://www.nea.gov.sg/media/news/news/index/mandatory-for-diners-to-return-dirty-trays-crockery-and-clean-table-litter-at-hawker-centres-coffeeshops-and-food-courts

[24] ttps://nypost.com/2022/09/20/anthony-bourdains-unrealized-dream-comes-to-life/

[25] ttps://ny.eater.com/2022/9/23/23365517/urban-hawker-singapore-midtown-nyc-review

[26] ttps://www.6sqft.com/urban-hawker-singapore-street-food-opens-in-midtown/

[27] ttps://www.thrillist.com/news/new-york/urban-hawker-singaporean-food-hall-opens-nyc

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