Islam
Islam | |
---|---|
الاسلام al-’Islām | |
Jinih | Agamo universal |
Klasifikasi | Abrahamik |
Kitab suci | Al-Qur'an |
Teologi | Monoteisme |
Bahaso | Arab Klasik |
Pambuek | Muhammad |
Dibuek | Jabal an-Nur, Makkah, Hijaz, Jazirah Arab |
Mamisahkan diri | Babisme,[1] Baháʼí,[2] Druze[3][4] |
Umat | 2,7 miliar (manuruik jumlah Muslim di tiok nagara) |
Bagian dari seri tantang |
Islam |
---|
Islam (Arab: الإسلام al-’islām, dikecekkan [ʔislæːm]) adolah agamo nan batuhan ka Allah SWT jo banabi ka Nabi Muhammad SAW. Kato Islam sacaro harafiah aratinyo "basarah diri (pado Tuhan)". Jo labiah dari satu saparampek miliar urang pangikuik di saluruah dunia,[5][6] manjadian Islam sabagai agamo tagadang kaduo di dunia sasudah agamo Kristen.[7] Islam punyo arati "panyarahan", yaitu panyarahan diri sapanuahnyo kapado Tuhan (Arab: الله, Allāh).[8] Panganuik agamo Islam disabuik Muslim nan baarati "surang nan tunduak kapado Tuhan"[9][10], atau labiah langkoknyo adolah Muslimin bagi laki-laki jo Muslimat bagi padusi. Islam dianuik jo mayoritas panduduak Indonesia, damikian pulo urang Minang kini ko baagamo Islam sajak masuaknyo agamo Islam ka Minangkabau. Falsafah urang Minangkabau nan tanamo manganai agamo Islam: Adaik basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah. Syarak mangato adaik mamakai.
Islam maajaan bahaso Allah manurunan firman-Nyo kapado manusia malalui para nabi jo rasul utusan-Nyo, jo mayakini sacaro sungguah-sungguah bahaso Muhammad adolah nabi jo rasul taakhia nan diutuih ka dunia dek Allah.
Etimologi
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Islam barasa dari kato Arab Aslama-Yuslimu-Islaman nan sacaro bahaso baarati 'Manyalamaikan' misal teks 'Assalamu Alaikum' nan baarati Semoga Kasalamaikan ateh kalian sadonyo. Islam/Islaman adolah Masdar/Kato benda sabagai bahaso panunjuak dari Fi'il/Kato karajo iyolah 'Aslama' = Alah Salamaik (Past Tense) jo 'Yuslimu' = Manyalamaikan (Past Continous Tense).
Kato triliteral semitik 'S-L-M' manurunan babarapo istilah utamo dalam pamahaman manganai kaislaman, iyolah Islam jo Muslim. Kasadonyo baaka dari kato Salam jo baarati kadamaian.[11] Kato Islam labiah spesifik lai didapek dari bahaso Arab Aslama, nan bamakna "untuak manarimo, manyarah atau tunduak" jo dalam pangaratian nan labiah jauah kapado Tuhan.[12]
Jo damikian, Islam baarati panarimoan diri jo panyarahan diri kapado Tuhan, jo panganuiknyo musti manunjuakan iko jo manyambah-Nyo, manuruiki parintah-Nyo, jo mahindari politheisme atau syirik. Panyatoan iko mambarikan babarapo makasuik dari al-Qur’an. Dalam babarapo ayat, kualitas Islam sabagai kapicayoan ditagehan: "Barangsiapo nan Allah mahandaki ka mambarikan kapadonyo patunjuak, niscayo Baliau malapangan dadonyo untuak (mamaluak agamo) Islam..."[13] Ayat lain mahubuangkan Islām jo dīn (lazimnyo ditajamahan sabagai "agamo"): "...Pado hari iko alah Den-sampurnakan untuak kalian agamo kalian, jo alah Den-cukuikan kapado kalian nikmaik-Den, jo alah Den-ridhoi Islam itu jadi agamo bagi kalian."[14] Namun masih ado nan lain nan manggambakan Islam itu sabagai tindakan baliak kapado Tuhan-labiah dari hanyo panyatoan pangesahan kaimanan.[15]
Kapicayoan jo Ajarannyo
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Kapicayoan dasa Islam dapek ditamukan pado kalimah shahādatāin ("duo kalimaik pasaksian"), iyolah "asyhadu an-laa ilaaha illallaah, wa asyhadu anna muhammadan rasuulullaah" - nan baarati "Ambo basaksi baso tiado sasambahan nan batua salain Allah, jo ambo basaksi baso Muhammad saw adolah utusan Allah". Esensinyo adolah prinsip kaasoan Tuhan dalam pabuatannyo dan paribadatan panganuiknyo, jo pangakuan tahadok kanabian Muhammad. Adopun bilo sasaurang mayakini jo kudian maucapkan duo kalimaik pasaksian iko, inyo dapek dianggap alah manjadi surang muslim dalam statuih sabagai mualaf (urang nan baru masuak Islam dari kapicayoan lamonyo).
Kaum Muslim picayo baso Allah mangutuih Muhammad sabagai Nabi taakhia salapeh diutuihnyo Nabi Isa 6 abaik sabalunnyo. Agamo Islam picayo baso al-Qur'an jo Sunnah (satiok kato jo tindakan Muhammad) sabagai sumber hukum jo paraturan hiduik nan fundamental.[16] Mareka indak maanggap Muhammad sabagai pangasas agamo baru, malainkan sabagai panaruih jo pambaharu kapicayoan monoteistik nan diturunkan kapado Musa, Isa, jo nabi dek Tuhan nan samo. Islam managehan baso agamo Yahudi jo Kristen balakangan sasudah painyo para nabinyo alah mambelokan wahyu nan Tuhan agiah kapado nabi-nabi iko jo mangubah teks dalam kitab suci, maagiah intepretasi palsu, ataupun kaduo-duonyo.[17]
Umaik Islam juo mayakini Al-Qur'an nan disampaikan dek Allah kapado Muhammad, malalui parantaro Malaikat Jibril adolah sempurna jo indak ado karaguan di dalamnyo. Di dalam al-Qur'an Allah juo alah bajanji ka manjago kaotentikan al-Qur'an hinggo akhia zaman.
Adopun sabagaimano dinyatokan dalam Al-Qur'an, umaik Islam juo diwajibkan untuak baiman jo mayakini kabanaran kitab suci jo firman-Nyo nan diturunkan sabalun Al-Qur'an (Zabur, Taurat, Injil jo suhuf para nabi-nabi nan lain) malalui nabi jo rasul tadahulu sabalun Muhammad.[18] Umaik Islam juo picayo baso salain Al-Qur'an, saluruah firman Allah tadahulu alah mangalami parubahan dek manusia. Mangacu pado kalimaik di ateh, mako umaik Islam mayakini baso Al-Qur'an adolah satu-satunyo kitab Allah nan sabana asli jo sabagai panyempurna kitab-kitab sabalunnyo.
Umaik Islam mayakini baso agamo nan dianuik dek saluruah nabi jo rasul utusan Allah sajak maso Adam adolah ciek agamo nan samo jo ciek Tuhan nan samo(tauhid), jo damikian tantu sajo Ibrahim juo manganuik katauhidan sacaro hanif (murni) nan manjadikannyo surang muslim.[19][20] Pandangan iko malatakan Islam basamo agamo Yahudi jo Kristen dalam rumpun agamo nan mampicayoi Nabi Ibrahim as. Di dalam al-Qur'an, panganuik Yahudi jo Kristen acok direferensikan sabagai Ahli Kitab atau urang-urang nan dibari kitab.
Rukun Iman
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Muslim picayo jo Rukun Iman nan tadiri dari 6 parkaro yaitu:
- Iman kapado Allah
- Iman kapado malaikat Allah
- Iman kapado Kitab Allāh (Al-Qur'an, Injil, Taurat, Zabur jo suhuf)
- Iman kapado nabi jo rasul Allah
- Iman kapado hari akhia
- Iman kapado qada jo qadar
Allah
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Konsep teologi dalam Islam iolah tauhid-picayo baso hanyo ado ciek Tuhan. Istilah Arab untuak Tuhan iolah Allāh; kabanyakan ilmuwan picayo inyo didapek dari panyingkekan kato al- (nan/itu) jo ʾilāh (tuhan), bamakasuik "Tuhan" (al-ilāh), namun nan lain manalusuri asa usuanyo dari kato bahaso Aram Alāhā.[21] Banso bukan Arab mungkin manggunokan namo lain untuak Allah, sarupo "Tanrı" dalam bahaso Turki atau "Khodā" dalam Persia. Tatapi kasahannyo bapulang pado Al-Qur'an dan Sunnah. Kapicayoan kapado Allah juo marupoan sabagian dari Rukun Islam, di mano tauhid diucapkan dalam syahadaik (pangakuan), jo mangisyaraikan baso:
"Tiado sasambahan nan batua salain Allah jo Muhammad iolah rasul Allah."
Dalam teologi tradisi Islam, Allah itu tak nampak dek manusia; Muslim indak paralu mambayangkan Allah karano indak ado nan sarupo jo-Nyo, hanyo mamuja jo sujuik padoNyo sabagai pancipta alam. Mareka picayo tujuan ado di dunia iolah untuak manyambah Tuhan.[22] Qur'an kadangkalo manyabuik Allah jo namo atau sipaik lain, umpamo al-Rahman, bamakno "Maha Pangasiah" jo al-Rahim, bamakno "Maha Panyayang" (lihat Asmaul Husna).[23] Allah dihuraikan dalam surah 112 al-Qur'an sebagai:[24]
"Baliaulah Allah Nan Maha Aso; Allah, Nan Kaka, Mutlak; Baliau tiado baanak jo Baliau pulo indak diparanakkan; Jo indak ado siapopun nan sarupo joNyo." (112:1-4)
Dek itulah Muslim manulak konsep Tritunggal Kristen, jo mambandiangkannyo kapado politeisme.[25]
Kitab
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Muslim picayo baso ado babarapo kitab suci nan diturunkan Allah pado nabi-nabinyo, jo al-Qur'an sabagai kitab taakhia. Mareka juo picayo kanduangan kitab-kitab sabalun al-Quran, Taurat jo Injil, alah diubah dari segi tafsiran, teks, atau kaduonyo.[17] Muslim manganggap al-Qur'an sabagai firman Allah nan bana; inyo adolah padoman Islam nan utamo nan baturunan dalam bahaso Arab.[26] Muslim picayo baso ayat Al-Qur'an alah diwahyukan kapado Nabi Muhammad SAW dek Allah malalui malaikat Jibril pado banyak paristiwa antaro 610 jo wafaiknyo bagindo pado 8 Juni 632. Al-Qur'an dikabakan alah ditulih dek sahabat Nabi samaso bagindo masih hiduik, namun caro utamo panyampaian iolah malalui lisan. Inyo alah disusun pado zaman khalifah partamo Abu Bakar as-Siddiq, jo alah distandarisasi di bawah pamarintahan khalifah katigo Usman bin Affan.
Al-Qur'an tabagi dalam 114 surah, atau bab, nan apobilo digabuangkan, tadiri dari 6,236 ayat. Surah labiah awal sacaro kronologinyo, diturunkan di Makkah, nan barisi bahasan etika jo karohanian. Surah Madaniyyah barikuiknyo kabanyakan mambicarokan isu sosial jo moral nan bakaitan jo masyarakaik Muslim.[27] Al-Qur'an labiah manakankan panduan moral daripado ajaran hukum, jo dianggap "buku sumber prinsip jo nilai Islam".[28] Pakar hukum Muslim marujuak hadith, atau catatan batulih kahidupan Nabi Muhammad SAW, sabagai tambahan kapado al-Qur'an jo untuak mambantu manafsirkannyo. Ulasan jo takwil al-Qur'an dikataui sabagai tafsir.[29]
Pakatoan Qur'an bamakasuik "pangucapan". Katiko Muslim babicara sacaro abstrak manganai al-Qur'an, mareka biasonyo marujuak kitab suci nan dibaco dalam bahaso Arab daripado karya nan dicetak atau apopun tajamahannyo. Bagi Muslim, al-Qur'an hanyo sempurna kok diturunkan dalam bahaso Arab asli; tajamahan dianggap kurang tapek dek sabab pabedoan bahaso, kasalahan dalma panajamahan jo suliknyo mamaliharo kanduangan nan asli. Dek itulah tajamahan hanyo dianggap sabagai ulasan tahadok al-Qur'an, bukan co al-Qur'an itu surang.[30]
Hari Akhia
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Takadia (Qada jo Qadar)
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Rukun Islam
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Limo Rukun Islam (bahaso Arab: اركان الدين) adolah limo amalan utamo dalam Islam Sunni (Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah), jo limo konsep dasa panarimoan agamo bagi Islam Syiah.[31]
Rukun Islam bagi Muslim Sunni iolah:
- Syahadaik (الشهادة), iyolah pamahaman asas ajaran Islam:
Pajanjian iko adolah asas untuak sado kapicayoan jo amalan lain dalam Islam. Muslim patuik mangulangi syahadaik iko dalam solat, jo non-Muslim nan nio masuak Islam paralu mangucap kalimaik iko.[32]اشهد ان لا اله الا الله اشهد ان محمدا رسول الله
Ambo basaksi tiado Tuhan salain Allah jo ambo basaksi baso Muhammad adolah rasul Allah - Salat (صلاة), atau amalan sumbahyang, wajib dilakukan limo kali sahari. Satiok solat paralu manghadok Ka'bah di Makkah. Di kabanyakan nagara Muslim, panando wakatu salat nan disabuik Azan disiarkan sacaro umum dari musajik satampek pado maso nan basasuaian.
- Puaso (صوم), iyolah bapuaso pado bulan Ramadan. Muslim indak buliah makan atau minum dari subuah hinggo sanjo pado bulan iko, jo musti manjago diri dari pabuatan doso.
- Zakaik (زكاة), atau pambarian sadakah. Zakaik iko wajib untuak sado Muslim nan mampu, badasakan pado kakayoan nan dipunyo. Bagian nan ditantukan digunokan untuak mambantu nan musikin jo nan mamaraluannyo, sarato untuak mambantu manyebarkan Islam.
- Haji (حج), iyolah ziarah samaso bulan Zulhijjah ka koto Makkah. Satiok Muslim nan mampu (dari segi badan jo harato) wajib manunaikan haji sakurang-kurangnyo sakali saumua hiduiknyo.
Manuruik Muslim Syiah, limo asas Islam iolah:[33]
- Tauhid, Tuhan itu aso jo unik.
- Kaadilan, konsep kabanaran moral balandehkan etika, kaadilan, jo kasamoan, basamo jo hukuman jiko dilangga.
- Hari Kiamaik, panilaian taakhia Tuhan tahadok manusia.
- Kanabian, caro Tuhan mangirim utusan, atau nabi, untuak mambimbiang manusia.
- Imamah, institusi nan mawarisi institusi kanabian.
Limo rukun asas iko diikuti jo sapuluah subrukun: 1.Salat; 2.Puaso; 3.Haji; 4.Zakaik; 5.Jihad; 6.Amar ma'ruf; 7.Nahi munkar; 8.Ciek Parlimo; 9.Tawalla; 10.Tabarra.
Sijarah
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Mazhab
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Demografi
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Hari Rayo dalam Islam
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Tampek Ibadah
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Tampek ibadat umaik Muslim disabuik musajik atau masajik. Ibadah nan biaso dilakukan di Masajik antaro lain salat bajama'ah, caramah agamo, parayaan hari gadang, diskusi agamo, baraja mangaji (mambaco Al-Qur'an) jo lain sabagainyo. Bantuak lain dari masajik adolah mushalla, langgar, atau surau, nan biasonyo punyo sabuah kaum.
Budayo Islam
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Caliak pulo
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Agamo & Din
- Ar-Rabb , Al-Malik , Ilah
- Asma'ul Husna
- Basuci dari hadas
- Cendekiawan Muslim
- Daftar topik agama Islam
- Hari Asyura
- Hidayatullah
- Isra' Mi'raj
- Jihad
- Kamurtadan
- Nabi Islam
- Perbankan syariah
- Puaso
- Rasulullah
- Salat
- Seni rupa Islam
- Shiratal Mustaqim
- Sunni & Syi'ah
- Ulama
- Waktu haram puasa
- Salafus Shalih
- Sijarah Islam di Indonesia
Rujuakan
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- ↑ Browne, Edward G. (1889). Bábism. http://bahai-library.com/browne_babism.
- ↑ "World's Baha'i connect with past in Israel". 20 Januari 2007 – via Reuters.
- ↑ Hunter, Shireen (2010). The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies. University of Michigan Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780253345493. "Druze - Cabang dari Syiah; penganutnya tidak diakui sebagai Muslim oleh kaum ortodoksi."
- ↑ Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014). The Oxford Handbook of American Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 142. ISBN 9780199862634. "Sementara kebanyakan mazhab serupa dengan Islam yang normatif, Druze lebih seperti agama mandiri dengan interpretasi kitab yang berbeda. Druze dianggap pula berbeda dari Ismaili dan kepercayaan Muslim lainnya... penganut Druze juga tidak mengaku sebagai Muslim..."
- ↑ Islam Basics: About Islam and American Muslim Archived 2013-08-28 di Wayback Machine., Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), Copyright © 2007.
- ↑ Religions & Ethics: Islam at a glance, BBC - homepage, © MMVII.
- ↑ "Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents". Diarsipkan dari versi asli (HTML) tanggal 2010-01-29. Diakses tanggal 2007-07-03.
- ↑ "USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-09-14. Diakses tanggal 2013-04-28.
- ↑ L. Gardet. "Islam". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
- ↑ "Lane's lexicon" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2007-07-03.
- ↑ Mirror of realization: God is a percept, the universe is a concept. Mashhad Al-ʻAllāf.
- ↑ Studies in Semitic philology. M. M. Bravmann.
- ↑ Al-Qur'an 6:125, Al-Qur'an 61:7, Al-Qur'an 39:22
- ↑ Al-Qur'an 5:3, Al-Qur'an 3:19, Al-Qur'an 3:83
- ↑ Caliak:
- ↑ Caliak:
- Esposito (1996), p.41
- Ghamidi (2001): Sources of Islam
- ↑ a b Caliak:
- Accad (2003): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
- Esposito (1998), pp.6,12
- Esposito (2002b), pp.4-5
- F. E. Peters (2003), p.9
- F. Buhl. "Muhammad". Encyclopedia of Islam Online.
- Hava Lazarus-Yafeh. "Tahrif". Encyclopedia of Islam Online.
- ↑ Lihat:
- ↑ Caliak:
- ↑ Surah Yunus 10:72 "...dan aku disuruh supaya aku termasuk golongan orang-orang nan berserah diri (Muslim)."
- ↑ Caliak:
- "Islam and Christianity", Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Orang Yahudi dan Kristian berbahasa Arab juga merujuk kepada Tuhan dengan nama Allāh.
- L. Gardet. "Allah". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
- ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>
indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamopatheos1
- ↑ David Bentley (September 1999). The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book. William Carey Library. ISBN 0-87808-299-9.
- ↑ Caliak:
- ↑ David Thomas. "Tathlith, Trinity". Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online.
- ↑ "Qur'an". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
- ↑ caliak:
- "Islam". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
- "Qur'an". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
- ↑ Esposito (2004), m/s. 79
- ↑ Caliak:
- Esposito (2004), m/s. 79–81
- "Tafsir". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
- ↑ Caliak:
- Teece (2003), m/s. 12,13
- C. Turner (2006), m/s. 42
- "Qur'an". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.: Perkataan Qur'an dicipta dan mula digunakan oleh al-Quran sendiri. Terdapat dua teori berbeza mengenai istilah ini dan pembentukannya.
- ↑ Lihat:
- Momem (1987), m/s. 178
- "Pillars of Islam". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
- ↑ Caliak:
- Farah (1994), m/s. 135
- Momen (1987), m/s. 178
- "Islam", Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals(2004)
- ↑ Mulla Bashir Rahim, An Introduction to Islam, oleh Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project
Bacoan lanjuik
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Buku jo jurnal
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Accad, Martin (2003). "The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I)". Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. 14 (1). ISSN 0959-6410.
- Adil, Hajjah Amina (2002). Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam. Islamic Supreme Council of America. ISBN 978-1-930409-11-8.
- Ahmed, Akbar (1999). Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World (edisi ke-2.00). I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-257-9.
- Brockopp, Jonathan E. (2003). Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia. University of South Carolina press. ISBN 1-57003-471-0.
- Cohen-Mor, Dalya (2001). A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513398-6.
- Curtis, Patricia A. (2005). A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations. Blackwell Publishing Professional. ISBN 978-0-8138-1946-4.
- Eglash, Ron (1999). African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2614-0.
- Ernst, Carl (2004). Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-5577-4.
- Esposito, John (1996). Islam and Democracy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510816-7.
- Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (edisi ke-3rd). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4.
- Esposito, John (2000a). Muslims on the Americanization Path?. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513526-1.
- Esposito, John (2000b). Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. 978-0195107999.
- Esposito, John (2002a). Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516886-0.
- Esposito, John (2002b). What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515713-3.
- Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512558-4.
- Esposito, John (2004). Islam: The Straight Path (edisi ke-3rd Rev Upd). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518266-8.
- Farah, Caesar (1994). Islam: Beliefs and Observances (edisi ke-5th). Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-8120-1853-0.
- Farah, Caesar (2003). Islam: Beliefs and Observances (edisi ke-7th). Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-7641-2226-2.
- Firestone, Rueven (1999). Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512580-0.
- Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02699-4.
- Ghamidi, Javed (2001). Mizan. Dar al-Ishraq. OCLC 52901690.
- Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur (2005). A Concise History of the Middle East (edisi ke-8th). Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4275-7.
- Griffith, Ruth Marie (2006). Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8370-9.
- Hawting, G. R. (2000). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24073-5.
- Hedayetullah, Muhammad (2006). Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55369-842-5.
- Holt, P. M. (1977a). Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29136-4.
- Holt, P. M. (1977b). Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29137-2.
- Hourani, Albert (2003). A History of the Arab Peoples. Belknap Press; Revised edition. ISBN 978-0-674-01017-8.
- Humphreys, Stephen (2005). Between Memory and Desire. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24691-8.
- Kobeisy, Ahmed Nezar (2004). Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-313-32472-7.
- Koprulu, Mehmed Fuad (1992). The Origins of the Ottoman Empire. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-0819-1.
- Kramer, Martin (1987). Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-0453-3.
- Kugle, Scott Alan (2006). Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34711-4.
- Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (edisi ke-2nd). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
- Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7102-0462-0.
- Lewis, Bernard (1993). The Arabs in History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285258-2.
- Lewis, Bernard (1997). The Middle East. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-83280-7.
- Lewis, Bernard (2001). Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East (edisi ke-2nd). Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9518-2.
- Lewis, Bernard (2003). What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (edisi ke-Reprint). Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-051605-5.
- Lewis, Bernard (2004). The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. Random House, Inc., New York. ISBN 978-0-8129-6785-2.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1996). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64696-0.
- Malik, Jamal (2006). Sufism in the West. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-27408-7.
- Menski, Werner F. (2006). Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85859-3.
- Mohammad, Noor (1985). "The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction". Journal of Law and Religion. 3 (2).
- Momen, Moojan (1987). An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5.
- Nasr, Seyed Muhammad (1994). Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7). HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-067700-7.
- Novak, David (February 1999). "The Mind of Maimonides". First Things.
- Parrinder, Geoffrey (1971). World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present. Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. ISBN 0-87196-129-6.
- Patton, Walter M. (April 1900). "The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. Brill Academic Publishers. 16 (3). ISBN 90-04-10314-7.
- Peters, F. E. (1991). "The Quest for Historical Muhammad". International Journal of Middle East Studies.
- Peters, F. E. (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11553-2.
- Peters, Rudolph (1977). Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-04854-5.
- Ruthven, Malise (2005). Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280606-8.
- Sahas, Daniel J. (1997). John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-03495-2.
- Sachedina, Abdulaziz (1998). The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-511915-0.
- Seibert, Robert F. (1994). "Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)". Review of Religious Research. 36 (1).
- Sells, Michael Anthony (2003). The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12667-0.
- Smith, Jane I. (2006). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515649-2.
- Spencer, Robert (2005). The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-249-7.
- Stillman, Norman (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 1-82760-198-1.
- Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Suny press. ISBN 0-87395-272-3.
- Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (2002). Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam. Green Gold. ISBN 0-922817-00-6.
- Teece, Geoff (2003). Religion in Focus: Islam. Franklin Watts Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7496-4796-4.
- Trimingham, John Spencer (1998). The Sufi Orders in Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512058-2.
- Tritton, Arthur S. (1970) [1930]. The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar. London: Frank Cass Publisher. ISBN 0-7146-1996-5.
- Turner, Colin (2006). Islam: the Basics. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-34106-X.
- Turner, Bryan S. (1998). Weber and Islam. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-17458-9.
- Waines, David (2003). An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53906-4.
- Warraq, Ibn (2000). The Quest for Historical Muhammad. Prometheus. ISBN 978-1-57392-787-1.
- Warraq, Ibn (2003). Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out. Prometheus. ISBN 1-59102-068-9.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1973). The Formative Period of Islamic Thought. University Press Edinburgh. ISBN 0-85-224254-X.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1974). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman (edisi ke-New). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-881078-4.
- Weiss, Bernard G. (2002). Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Boston: Brill Academic publishers. ISBN 90-04-12066-1.
- Williams, John Alden (1994). The Word of Islam. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-79076-7.
- Williams, Mary E. (2000). The Middle East. Greenhaven Pr. ISBN 0-7377-0133-1.
Ensiklopedia
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian, ed (2005). Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History. Berkshire Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-9743091-0-1.
- Gabriel Oussani, ed (1910). Catholic Encyclopedia.
- Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton, ed (2000). The Columbia Encyclopedia (edisi ke-6th). Gale Group. ISBN 978-1-59339-236-9.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc..
- Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley, ed (2001). Encyclopedia of Christianity (edisi ke-1st). Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill. ISBN 0-8028-2414-5.
- John Bowden, ed (2005). Encyclopedia of Christianity (edisi ke-1st). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-522393-4.
- George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor, ed (1995). Encyclopedia of the Future. MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-897205-3.
- P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs, ed. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
- Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll, ed (2003). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865603-8.
- Jane Dammen McAuliffe, ed. Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online. Brill Academic Publishers.
- Lindsay Jones, ed (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion (edisi ke-2nd). MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865733-2.
- Salamone Frank, ed (2004). Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals (edisi ke-1st). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94180-8.
- Peter N. Stearns, ed (2000). The Encyclopedia of World History Online (edisi ke-6th). Bartleby.
- Josef W. Meri, ed (2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96690-6.
- Wendy Doniger, ed (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-044-2.
- Glasse Cyril, ed (2003). New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. ISSN 978-0759101906.
- Edward Craig, ed (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (edisi ke-1st). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3.
Bacoan labiah lanjuik
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Arberry, A. J. (1996). The Koran Interpreted: A Translation (edisi ke-1st). Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-684-82507-6.
- Hawting, Gerald R. (2000). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD 661–750. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24072-7.
- Khan, Muhammad Muhsin (1999). Noble Quran (edisi ke-1st). Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-9960-740-79-9.
- Kramer (ed.), Martin (1999). The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis. Syracuse University. ISBN 978-965-224-040-8.
- Kuban, Dogan (1974). Muslim Religious Architecture. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-03813-2.
- Lewis, Bernard (1993). Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9217-4.
- Lewis, Bernard (1994). Islam and the West. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509061-1.
- Lewis, Bernard (1996). Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510283-3.
- Mubarkpuri, Saifur-Rahman (2002). The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet. Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-1-59144-071-0.
- Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). History of Islam. Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-1-59144-034-5.
- Nigosian, S. A. (2004). Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices (edisi ke-New Edition). Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21627-4.
- Rahman, Fazlur (1979). Islam (edisi ke-2nd). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-70281-2.
- Walker, Benjamin (1998). Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith. Peter Owen Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7206-1038-3.
Pautan lua
[suntiang | suntiang sumber] Wikimedia Commons mampunyoi media nan bahubuangan jo Islam |
Buku Wiki mamiliki buku batajuik |
- (Indonesia) Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) Archived 2008-12-02 di Wayback Machine.
- (Indonesia) Portal Informasi Halal & Ekonomi Syariah MUI - Halal Guide
- (Indonesia) Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia (ICMI) Archived 2008-12-16 di Wayback Machine.
- (Indonesia) Pusat Kajian Islam Archived 2013-04-02 di Wayback Machine.
- (Indonesia) Studi Informasi Alam Islami (SINAI)
- (Indonesia) Badan Amil Zakat, Infak dan Sedekah (BAZIS) DKI Jakarta Archived 2008-12-16 di Wayback Machine.
- (Jerman) Islam di Eropa Barat[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- (Indonesia) Ensiklopedia Islam[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- (Indonesia) Media Islam Archived 2013-03-25 di Wayback Machine.