Conventionally, ferroelectricity has been observed in materials that are insulating or semiconducting rather than metallic, because conduction electrons in metals screen-out the static internal fields arising from the
dipole moment.
However, all atoms and molecules can be induced to have a
dipole momentwhere [E.sup.(1).sub.i] ([r.sub.i]), [P.sup.(1).sub.i], and [E.sup.(1).sub.d] ([r.sub.i],r) are the modified electric field, the modified
dipole moment, and the modified dipole-induced electric field, respectively.
All heteronuclear diatomic molecules are polar, single or multiple bonds are formed between the A and B atoms, the
dipole moment of the AB molecule is related to the polar character of the bonding, the
dipole moment of the bond itself is the molecular
dipole moment.
DeMille et al., "Order of magnitude smaller limit on the electric
dipole moment of the electron," Science, vol.
The
dipole moment is calculated by the product of distance and the charge on the atoms; it indicates the polarity of the covalent bond of the molecule [27].
When Re {f([[epsilon].sup.*.sub.p], [[epsilon].sup.*.sub.m])} > 0 the effective
dipole moment is aligned with the electric field E.
However, scientists suspect that neutrons have a tiny electric
dipole moment. Unfortunately, past measurements were not sufficiently precise.
This can be attributed by the higher
dipole moment of PMMA (([micro]) = 1.6-1.97 D) [15] compared to the
dipole moment of styrene (([micro]) = 0.13 D) molecule in the grafted forms.
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