Bellum Patrium

Bellum Patrium anni 1812^[1] (Russice Отечественная война 1812 года; Francogallice Campagne de Russie, i.e. 'Expeditio Russica') fuit bellum a Napoleone Bonaparte motum ad Imperium Russicum iterum in Systema Continentale cogendum. Haec incursio in Russiam est una ex expeditionibus militaribus plenissime in historia Europae investigatis, atque inter maxime mortifera opera militaria in historia orbis terrarum numeratur.^[2] Post minus quam sex menses, paene millio militum mortui sunt.^[3]^[4]

Historia

Mense Iunio anno 1812 copiae Napoleonis Imperium Russicum sine declaratione belli invaserunt et initio prospere bellabant. Exercitus Russicus, Michaele Barclay de Tolly et Petro Bagration ducibus, cedebat. Pugnae prope vicum Kljasticy (quae ab 30 Iulii ad 1 Augusti durabat) gratia, finitus est incessus copiarum hostiarum ad Petropolim. A die 16 ad diem 18 Augusti accidit pugna Smolenscensis. Die 20 Augusti impositus est novus imperator copiarum Russicarum: Michael Kutuzov. 7 Septembris (26 Augusti Calendarii Iuliani) accidit Proelium Vorotunense, belli illius gravissimum. Initio Septembris Russi concesserunt de Moscua, quae urbs paulo post occupata est a copiis Napoleonis. Sed mense Octobri anno 1812 Napoleo cum suo exercitu, cuius conditio facta fuerat mala, de Moscua concessit. Dein copiae Francicae cedebant et mense Decembri anno 1812 e Russia eiectae sunt.

Nexus interni

Apertura 1812

Notae

↑ Etiam Francica incursio in Russiam, Expeditio Russica, Secundum Bellum Polonicum, et Exercitus Nationum Viginti a variis auctoribus appellatum.
↑ Grant 2009: 212–13.
↑ North, Jonathan (31 Decembris 1990). Napoleon's Army in Russia: The Illustrated Memoirs of Albrecht Adam, 1812. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473816589 .
↑ Zamoyski 2004: 536.

Bibliographia

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Mikaberidze, Alexander (2007). The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon versus Kutuzov. Londinii: Pen&Sword. ISBN 9781844156030 .
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Nafziger, George (1984). Napoleon's Invasion of Russia. ISBN 0-88254-681-3 .
Nafziger, George (2021). "Rear services and foraging in the 1812 campaign: Reasons of Napoleon's defeat" .
Napoleon-1812 (2021). "Napoleon-1812" .
Riehn, Richard K. (1990). 1812 : Napoleon's Russian campaign. New York : McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070527317 .
Ségur, Philippe Paul, comte de (1980). Napoleon's Russian campaign .
Stahel, David (2010). Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East (Third Printing ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76847-4 .
Tarle, Yevgeny Eugene (1942). Napoleon's Invasion of Russia 1812. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press .
Tufte, Edward R. (2001). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire Connecticutae : Graphics Press. ISBN 9780961392147 .
Volin, Lazar (1970). A century of Russian agriculture. From Alexander II to Khrushchev. Cantabrigiae in Massachusetta: Harvard University Press .
Wilson, Robert Thomas (1860). Narrative of events during the Invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Retreat of the French Army, 1812. Londinii: John Murray .
Zamoyski, Adam (2004). Moscow 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March. Londinii: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-712375-9 .

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Bellum Patrium spectant (Patriotic War 1812, French invasion of Russia).

[1] Etiam Francica incursio in Russiam, Expeditio Russica, Secundum Bellum Polonicum, et Exercitus Nationum Viginti a variis auctoribus appellatum.

[2] Grant 2009: 212–13.

[3] North, Jonathan (31 Decembris 1990). Napoleon's Army in Russia: The Illustrated Memoirs of Albrecht Adam, 1812. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473816589 .

[4] Zamoyski 2004: 536.

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