Kawεnna: Wɛligir dinɛ bɛ tiɛnr-pala ni

ingredient
Subclass of	grain, food
Has use	nutrition
Natural product of taxon	maize
Related category	Category:Maize products, Category:Maize production, Category:Maize dishes

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Lɛm gɔs nwɛnnɛ 07:38, 28 Sɛnlʋŋ/Nwadispiigin 2024

Kawεnna anε diib buudi kani zuoe duniya nwa ni. Ba kuod di zin’ig wʋsa ase Antarcia tεŋin ma'a ka ba pʋ kuoda. Kawεnna mʋr buudi kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb pinu (50) ka mɔr sin’em nam, nwanim, bεllim, nε ban zεnm siem buudi bεdigʋ. Piel, donbuulim, nε wiiʋg buudi la tita’am ka ba taa kuod.^[1] Tεŋ sieba mε nɔŋ pielug nε donbuulim buudi la ka li bεnε tεŋ la nidib nε bamm bɔɔd siel. Ba da dεŋi sin’iŋ Kawεnna kuob nε Mexico tεŋin nε 1500 BC, mɔri paae Africa nwεni 1500 AD, ka ba naam baŋi li ka li pʋ yʋʋgε ka paae Africa na ka yʋ’ʋm an Africa dim dikpan.^[1]

Sʋ’ʋm

Kawεnna anε kief kani an yεlkpani bε Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA) ka mε lεm an kief kani an yelkpan diib ka nidib gad wʋʋ 1.2 million m bε SSA nε Lati America nidib gat wʋʋ 300 million kpεn tia nε kawεnna mɔri dit. Kief kaŋa zin’ig sieba na tɔn’ɔm nɔki mal diib nε bɔmbani ka’a diibɔ. Africa Kɔbiga pʋʋgin di anε pistan’ kεŋi paae pisnu ka kawenna ligidi εnti siei (30%-50%).^[1] Di gat wʋʋ pistan’, kɔbiga pʋʋgiŋ ka Sub-Saharan Africa nidib diib yit kawεnna ni na. Nε’εŋa zugɔɔ Africa tεm bibis la wʋsa ditnε kawεnna ka li aan ba di kpεʋŋ. Diŋzuk ka kpaadib yʋ’ʋm nɔk suosieba dinε na nyaŋi kε ka ba paamid diib bεdigʋ yi kawεnna ni. Fʋ mε tɔn’ɔm lεm di bεε ɔnb Kawεm ma’asa la ka li an dinε na tɔn’ɔm sʋŋ niŋgbin la.^[1]

Kawɛnna (zea mays) ka North American English buon nɛ li corn la, anɛ mɔɔg kanɛ mɔr wa'alim ka an gbimiri ka wɛn bielim. Southern Mexico teŋ dimi da keŋ ka o lieb diib bʋnbʋtir, wʋʋ yʋʋma 9,000 babɛ da gaad la sa, yi mɔɔgin teosinte mɔɔg buudi ni. America dim da bʋdi linɛ la'as nɛ bɛŋa nɛ squashes pu'asada atan' pɔɔg kanɛ ka ba kuod sʋʋd kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb la ni. Li til la mɔr vaand bɛdegʋ la ni ka inflorescences daʋg naamid bɛɛ tassels linɛ tisid puum, nɛ inflorescences nya'aŋi buon tʋba. Tʋba la wɛn bielim la buon kernels bɛɛ biili. Dʋnbama nwa ni, li buudi kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb la ɛɛnti anɛ dɔnbʋʋlʋm bɛɛ pielig; li buudi sieba tun'e mɔri si'im bɛdegʋ.

Kawɛnna sʋm ye nidib zaŋi li kuob. Sankanɛ ni sa ka Columbia dim da ti'as sa, li lieb nɛ dunia la zin'is bɛdegʋ dikpɛŋ, ka li zʋʋd zɛmisim zu'oe gaad wbeat nɛ mwi. Kawɛnna tita'am mɔri maan bʋnkɔnbid diib, li zʋʋd la bɛɛ bʋnbʋtir la mɛŋ wʋsa, kanɛ ka ba tun'e kie bɔbig bɛɛ ba kie li vi

ka li paasi li malisim. Ba kuodɛ buudi kanɛ mɔr sikir bɛdegʋ la buon kawɛnna malisiŋ la nɛ nidib diib yɛla, ka lɛɛ kuod mɔɔgin din la bʋnkɔnbid diib yɛla, nɛ tʋʋm sieba wʋʋ commeal bɛɛ mass,corn starch,corn syrup nwiaki yis corn oil, daam wʋʋ bourbon whiskey, nɛ mɔri maan bʋnkɔbid diib la'am nɛ ethanol nɛ biofuel sieba.

Ba kuod kawɛnna dunia nwa ni zin'is wʋsa; yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin, kawɛnna zʋʋd zuodi gat zʋʋd banɛ wʋsa bɛ. 2020 yʋʋm la ni, dunia nwa kawɛnna zʋʋd da anɛ billion tonnes nam 1.1. Bʋnvʋya nɛ ban'as bɛdegʋ daamidi li; bʋnvʋya buudi ayi, Europe bʋnvʋr kanɛ vʋt kawɛnna vɔnya nɛ kawɛnna nya'ar bʋnvʋya, kɛ ka ba nwɛn'ɛd samm US dollars billion yinne yʋʋm wʋsa. Dʋnna nwa bʋnbʋt sʋma sʋŋi kɛ ka zʋʋd paas ka malisim mɛ paas, buudbanɛ pʋ zɔt sawak, nɛ banɛ pʋ zɔt bʋnvʋya bɛ ban'asɛ. Ba yʋʋn naalimɛ kawɛnna tita'am ka ba lieb buudbanɛ sʋŋid.

Lin an diib la, ba mɔr kawɛnna maan diib buudi bɛdegʋ, diban sieba anɛ, Mexican tortalis nɛ tamales, Italian polenta, nɛ American hominy grits. Essential amino acid sieba ni kawɛnna malisim pɔɔdnɛ, ka niacin kanɛ ka li mɔr la ye bɛnɛ ba ya' maali li nɛ alkali. Mesoamerica teŋin, kawɛnna anɛ wʋʋ win nɛ ka ba kpi'a li zanbina.

Lin sin'iŋ si'em

Columbia da dɛŋi tʋm si'em

Kawɛnna bɔɔd ninsaal sʋŋir ye li vʋ'ʋg. Biilif la tansidnɛ li mɛŋ ka bʋnbʋtir la bul na, ka pak la yii li, li mɛŋ, ka yin kawɛnna lɛɛ pʋ aan ala.^[2] Kawɛnna wʋsa yinɛ kawɛnnir yinne ni man ka Mexico ya-dagɔbʋg dim da zaŋ o lieb yin bʋnbʋttir lin zaŋ wʋʋ yʋʋma 9,000 kanɛ gaad la sa. Kawɛnna buudi kanɛ yuug hali ka nan bɛi anɛ Mexican highlands. Kawɛnna da naam nɛ ani widigi kpɛn lowlands ti paae America ka widig dɔlis nɛ suoya ayi.^[3] Zin'ig kanɛ kimm ka ba da mɔr kawɛnna yi mɔɔgini keŋ ka li kpɛlim yin da anɛ Balsas River, South Central Mexico bɔn'ɔgin.^[4] Kawɛnna da ti paae highland Ecuador nɛ wʋʋ yʋʋma 8,000 kanɛ da gaad la sa.^[5] Li da paae lower Central America nɛ yʋʋma 7,600 kanɛ da gaad la, ka paae Columbia Andes bɔn'ɔdin nɛ yʋʋma 7,000 nɛ 6,000 banɛ da gaad la tensʋk.^[4]

Yiiga kawɛnna la da yinɛ tʋbbil yinne bʋnbʋttir yinne wʋsa ni.^[6] Olmec nɛ Maya dim da bʋd Kawɛnna buudi bɛdegʋ Mesoamerica teŋ la wʋsa ni; ba da dʋgʋd, nɛ'ɛm, ka mɔr nixtamalization maanɛ li.^[7] Yʋʋma 3,000 kanɛ da gaada ni, Kawɛnna da an Olmec malima, la'am nɛ ba saansa nam, pian'ad nɛ ba sɔlima.^[8]

Mapuche nidib la bɛ South-Central Chile da kuodi Kawɛnna la'am nɛ quinoa nɛ dankala ka pre-Hispanic saŋa nyaan paae.^[9] Ka Inca Sʋ'ʋlim ma'am la nyaan da ti yalig la, ba da kpiŋid kawɛnna ka da mɔri lɔ'ɔmsid lateens hali, da paad ya-dagɔbʋg 40 S Melinquina teŋin, Lacar Department, Argentina, da na tun'e da'adi paad Andes yi Chile la.^[10]

Columbia dim tia'sik

Labaar kanɛ lɛn bɛ; Columbian exchange

Europe dimi da ti kena, 1492 yʋʋm la ni la, Spanish dim banɛ da zin'in ani la da dit Kawɛnna nɛ, ka banɛ gɔɔndi vɛɛnsid nɛ kpikpinib da zii li lɛb Europe. Spanish dim banɛ da bɛɛ ani la da bɔɔdɛ wheat diibi gat Kawɛnna diib. Kawɛnna zɔ'ɔm da pʋ tun'e mɔri maan siis diib, wheat ya'a kae, Kristo biis yadda zin'igin sankan la, wheat ma'aa da na nyaŋi zaŋi dɔlis transubstantiation ka tiaki lieb Kristo niŋgbin la.^[11]

Kawɛnna da widigi kpɛn' dunia nwa zin'is banɛ kpɛlim la ni, ka li anɛ lin nyaŋi zi'en zin'ig kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ni la zug.^[11]

Gbanmvεεnsa

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Contreras, A.; Ruíz Corral, J. A.; Menjívar, J.; Aragón Cuevas, F.; González Ledesma, M.; Sánchez, J. J. (2019). "Zea mays". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: E.T77726273A77726310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77726273A77726310.en.
↑ Benz, B. F. (2001). "Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (4): 2104–2106. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.2104B. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 29389. PMID 11172083.
↑ Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M. M.; et al. (2002). "A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (9): 6080–4. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.6080M. doi :10.1073/pnas.052125199. PMC 122905. PMID 11983901.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Piperno, Dolores R. (October 2011). "The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments". Current Anthropology. 52 (S4): S453–S470. doi:10.1086/659998. S2CID 83061925. Recent studies in the Central Balsas River Valley of Mexico, maize's postulated cradle of origin, document the presence of maize phytoliths and starch grains at 8700 BP, the earliest date recorded for the crop (Piperno et al. 2009; Ranere et al. 2009). A large corpus of data indicates that it was dispersed into lower Central America by 7600 BP and had moved into the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia between 7000 and 6000 BP. Given the number of Cauca Valley, Colombia, sites that demonstrate early maize, it is likely that the inter-Andean valleys were a major dispersal route for the crop after it entered South America
↑ Pagán-Jiménez, Jaime R.; Guachamín-Tello, Ana M.; Romero-Bastidas, Martha E.; Constantine-Castro, Angelo R. (June 2016). "Late ninth millennium B.P. use of Zea mays L. at Cubilán area, highland Ecuador, revealed by ancient starches". Quaternary International. 404: 137–155. Bibcode:2016QuInt.404..137P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.025.
↑ Davidson, Alan (2014). "Maize". The Oxford Companion to Food (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 484–486. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7.
↑ Roney, John (Winter 2009). "The Beginnings of Maize Agriculture". Archaeology Southwest. 23 (1): 4.
↑ Fussell, Betty (1999). "Translating Maize into Corn: The Transformation of America's Native Grain". Social Research. 66 (1): 41–65. JSTOR 40971301. Gale A54668866 ProQuest 209670587. To say the word "corn" is to plunge into the tragi-farcical mistranslations of language and history. If only the British had followed Columbus in phoneticizing the Taino word mahiz, which the Arawaks named their staple grain, we wouldn't be in the same linguistic pickle we're in today, where I have to explain to someone every year that when Biblical Ruth "stood in tears amid the alien corn" she was standing in a wheat field. But it was a near thing even with the Spaniards, when we read in Columbus' Journals that the grain "which the Indians called maiz... the Spanish called panizo.' The Spanish term was generic for the cereal grains they knew - wheat, millet, barley, oats - as was the Italian term polenta, from Latin pub. As was the English term "corn", which covered grains of all kinds, including grains of salt, as in "corned beef". French linguistic imperialism, by way of a Parisian botanist in 1536, provided the term Turcicum frumentum, which the British quickly translated into "Turkey wheat", "Turkey corn", and "Indian corn". By Turkey or Indian, they meant not a place but a condition, a savage rather than a civilized grain, with which the Turks concurred, calling it kukuruz, meaning barbaric.
↑ Dillehay, Tom D.; Pino Quivira, Mario; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007). "Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change" (PDF). Antiquity. 81 (314): 949–960. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00096034. S2CID 59480757.
↑ Pérez, Alberto E.; Erra, Georgina (2011). "Identificación de maiz de vasijas recuperadas de la Patagonia noroccidental argentina" [Identifying maize residues in pottery vessels in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina]. Magallania (in Spanish). 39 (2): 309–316. doi:10.4067/S0718-22442011000200022. hdl:11336/42613.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Earle, Rebecca (2012). The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race, and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492–1700. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17, 144, 151.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Contreras, A.; Ruíz Corral, J. A.; Menjívar, J.; Aragón Cuevas, F.; González Ledesma, M.; Sánchez, J. J. (2019). "Zea mays". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: E.T77726273A77726310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77726273A77726310.en.

[2] Benz, B. F. (2001). "Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (4): 2104–2106. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.2104B. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 29389. PMID 11172083.

[3] Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M. M.; et al. (2002). "A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (9): 6080–4. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.6080M. doi :10.1073/pnas.052125199. PMC 122905. PMID 11983901.

[:1-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Piperno, Dolores R. (October 2011). "The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments". Current Anthropology. 52 (S4): S453–S470. doi:10.1086/659998. S2CID 83061925. Recent studies in the Central Balsas River Valley of Mexico, maize's postulated cradle of origin, document the presence of maize phytoliths and starch grains at 8700 BP, the earliest date recorded for the crop (Piperno et al. 2009; Ranere et al. 2009). A large corpus of data indicates that it was dispersed into lower Central America by 7600 BP and had moved into the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia between 7000 and 6000 BP. Given the number of Cauca Valley, Colombia, sites that demonstrate early maize, it is likely that the inter-Andean valleys were a major dispersal route for the crop after it entered South America

[5] Pagán-Jiménez, Jaime R.; Guachamín-Tello, Ana M.; Romero-Bastidas, Martha E.; Constantine-Castro, Angelo R. (June 2016). "Late ninth millennium B.P. use of Zea mays L. at Cubilán area, highland Ecuador, revealed by ancient starches". Quaternary International. 404: 137–155. Bibcode:2016QuInt.404..137P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.025.

[6] Davidson, Alan (2014). "Maize". The Oxford Companion to Food (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 484–486. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7.

[7] Roney, John (Winter 2009). "The Beginnings of Maize Agriculture". Archaeology Southwest. 23 (1): 4.

[8] Fussell, Betty (1999). "Translating Maize into Corn: The Transformation of America's Native Grain". Social Research. 66 (1): 41–65. JSTOR 40971301. Gale A54668866 ProQuest 209670587. To say the word "corn" is to plunge into the tragi-farcical mistranslations of language and history. If only the British had followed Columbus in phoneticizing the Taino word mahiz, which the Arawaks named their staple grain, we wouldn't be in the same linguistic pickle we're in today, where I have to explain to someone every year that when Biblical Ruth "stood in tears amid the alien corn" she was standing in a wheat field. But it was a near thing even with the Spaniards, when we read in Columbus' Journals that the grain "which the Indians called maiz... the Spanish called panizo.' The Spanish term was generic for the cereal grains they knew - wheat, millet, barley, oats - as was the Italian term polenta, from Latin pub. As was the English term "corn", which covered grains of all kinds, including grains of salt, as in "corned beef". French linguistic imperialism, by way of a Parisian botanist in 1536, provided the term Turcicum frumentum, which the British quickly translated into "Turkey wheat", "Turkey corn", and "Indian corn". By Turkey or Indian, they meant not a place but a condition, a savage rather than a civilized grain, with which the Turks concurred, calling it kukuruz, meaning barbaric.

[9] Dillehay, Tom D.; Pino Quivira, Mario; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007). "Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change" (PDF). Antiquity. 81 (314): 949–960. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00096034. S2CID 59480757.

[10] Pérez, Alberto E.; Erra, Georgina (2011). "Identificación de maiz de vasijas recuperadas de la Patagonia noroccidental argentina" [Identifying maize residues in pottery vessels in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina]. Magallania (in Spanish). 39 (2): 309–316. doi:10.4067/S0718-22442011000200022. hdl:11336/42613.

[:2-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Earle, Rebecca (2012). The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race, and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492–1700. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17, 144, 151.

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@@ Bɔɔnlʋm 1: / Bɔɔnlʋm 1: @@
 {{Databox |item=Q25618328}}
-'''Kawεnna''' anε diib buudi kani  zuoe [[Dunia Lu'as|duniya]] nwa ni. Ba kuod di zin’ig wʋsa ase [[Antarcia|Antarcia]] tεŋin ma'a ka ba pʋ kuoda. [[Kawεnna|Kawεnna]] mʋr buudi kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb pinu (50) ka mɔr sin’em nam, nwanim, bεllim, nε ban zεnm siem buudi bεdigʋ. Piel, donbuulim, nε wiiʋg buudi la tita’am ka ba taa [[Kuod|kuod]].<ref name=":0">https://www.iita.org/cropsnew/maize/</ref> Tεŋ sieba mε nɔŋ [[Pielug|pielug]] nε [[Donbuulim|donbuulim]] buudi la ka li bεnε tεŋ la nidib nε bamm bɔɔd siel. Ba da dεŋi sin’iŋ Kawεnna kuob nε Mexico tεŋin nε 1500 BC, mɔri paae [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] nwεni 1500 AD, ka ba naam baŋi li ka li pʋ yʋʋgε ka paae Africa na ka yʋ’ʋm an [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] dim dikpan.<ref name=":0" />
+'''Kawεnna''' anε diib buudi kani  zuoe [[Dunia Lu'as|duniya]] nwa ni. Ba kuod di zin’ig wʋsa ase [[Antarcia|Antarcia]] tεŋin ma'a ka ba pʋ kuoda. [[Kawεnna|Kawεnna]] mʋr buudi kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb pinu (50) ka mɔr sin’em nam, nwanim, bεllim, nε ban zεnm siem buudi bεdigʋ. Piel, donbuulim, nε wiiʋg buudi la tita’am ka ba taa [[Kuod|kuod]].<ref name=":0">Contreras, A.; Ruíz Corral, J. A.; Menjívar, J.; Aragón Cuevas, F.; González Ledesma, M.; Sánchez, J. J. (2019). [[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77726273A77726310.en|"Zea mays"]]. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: E.T77726273A77726310''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77726273A77726310.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77726273A77726310.en.]]</ref> Tεŋ sieba mε nɔŋ [[Pielug|pielug]] nε [[Donbuulim|donbuulim]] buudi la ka li bεnε tεŋ la nidib nε bamm bɔɔd siel. Ba da dεŋi sin’iŋ Kawεnna kuob nε Mexico tεŋin nε 1500 BC, mɔri paae [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] nwεni 1500 AD, ka ba naam baŋi li ka li pʋ yʋʋgε ka paae Africa na ka yʋ’ʋm an [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] dim dikpan.<ref name=":0" />
 == Sʋ’ʋm ==
@@ Bɔɔnlʋm 16: / Bɔɔnlʋm 16: @@
 Lin an diib la, ba mɔr kawɛnna maan diib buudi bɛdegʋ, diban sieba anɛ, Mexican tortalis nɛ tamales, Italian polenta, nɛ American hominy grits. Essential amino acid sieba ni kawɛnna malisim pɔɔdnɛ, ka niacin kanɛ ka li mɔr la ye bɛnɛ ba ya' maali li nɛ alkali. Mesoamerica teŋin, kawɛnna anɛ wʋʋ win nɛ ka ba kpi'a li zanbina.
-== Lin si'iŋ si'em ==
+== Lin sin'iŋ si'em ==
 === Columbia da dɛŋi tʋm si'em ===
-Kawɛnna bɔɔd ninsaal sʋŋir ye li vʋ'ʋg. Biilif la tansidnɛ li mɛŋ ka bʋnbʋtir la bul na, ka pak la yii li, li mɛŋ, ka yin kawɛnna lɛɛ pʋ aan ala. Kawɛnna wʋsa yinɛ kawɛnnir yinne ni man ka Mexico ya-dagɔbʋg dim da zaŋ o lieb yin bʋnbʋttir lin zaŋ wʋʋ yʋʋma 9,000  kanɛ gaad la sa. Kawɛnna buudi kanɛ yuug hali ka nan bɛi anɛ Mexican highlands. Kawɛnna da naam nɛ ani widigi kpɛn lowlands ti paae  America ka widig dɔlis nɛ suoya ayi. Zin'ig kanɛ kimm ka ba da mɔr kawɛnna yi mɔɔgini keŋ ka li kpɛlim yin da anɛ Balsas River, South Central Mexico bɔn'ɔgin. Kawɛnna da ti paae highland Ecuador nɛ wʋʋ yʋʋma 8,000 kanɛ da gaad la sa. Li da paae lower Central America nɛ yʋʋma 7,600 kanɛ da gaad la, ka paae Columbia Andes bɔn'ɔdin nɛ yʋʋma 7,000 nɛ 6,000 banɛ da gaad la tensʋk.
+Kawɛnna bɔɔd ninsaal sʋŋir ye li vʋ'ʋg. Biilif la tansidnɛ li mɛŋ ka bʋnbʋtir la bul na, ka pak la yii li, li mɛŋ, ka yin kawɛnna lɛɛ pʋ aan ala.<ref>Benz, B. F. (2001). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC29389 "Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca"]. ''[[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]''. '''98''' (4): 2104–2106. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...98.2104B 2001PNAS...98.2104B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104|10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 0027-8424]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC29389 29389]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [[11172083]].</ref> Kawɛnna wʋsa yinɛ kawɛnnir yinne ni man ka Mexico ya-dagɔbʋg dim da zaŋ o lieb yin bʋnbʋttir lin zaŋ wʋʋ yʋʋma 9,000  kanɛ gaad la sa. Kawɛnna buudi kanɛ yuug hali ka nan bɛi anɛ Mexican highlands. Kawɛnna da naam nɛ ani widigi kpɛn lowlands ti paae  America ka widig dɔlis nɛ suoya ayi.<ref>Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M. M.; et al. (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905 "A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping"]. ''[[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]''. '''99''' (9): 6080–4. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99.6080M 2002PNAS...99.6080M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.1073/pnas.052125199|:10.1073/pnas.052125199]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905 122905]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11983901 11983901].</ref> Zin'ig kanɛ kimm ka ba da mɔr kawɛnna yi mɔɔgini keŋ ka li kpɛlim yin da anɛ [[Balsas River]], South Central Mexico bɔn'ɔgin.<ref name=":1">Piperno, Dolores R. (October 2011). "The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments". ''Current Anthropology''. '''52''' (S4): S453–S470. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/659998|10.1086/659998.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83061925 83061925]. <q>Recent studies in the Central Balsas River Valley of Mexico, maize's postulated cradle of origin, document the presence of maize phytoliths and starch grains at 8700 BP, the earliest date recorded for the crop (Piperno et al. 2009; Ranere et al. 2009). A large corpus of data indicates that it was dispersed into lower Central America by 7600 BP and had moved into the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia between 7000 and 6000 BP. Given the number of Cauca Valley, Colombia, sites that demonstrate early maize, it is likely that the inter-Andean valleys were a major dispersal route for the crop after it entered South America</q></ref> Kawɛnna da ti paae highland Ecuador nɛ wʋʋ yʋʋma 8,000 kanɛ da gaad la sa.<ref>Pagán-Jiménez, Jaime R.; Guachamín-Tello, Ana M.; Romero-Bastidas, Martha E.; Constantine-Castro, Angelo R. (June 2016). "Late ninth millennium B.P. use of ''Zea mays'' L. at Cubilán area, highland Ecuador, revealed by ancient starches". ''[[:en:Quaternary_International|Quaternary International]]''. '''404''': 137–155. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.404..137P 2016QuInt.404..137P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.025|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.025]].</ref> Li da paae lower Central America nɛ yʋʋma 7,600 kanɛ da gaad la, ka paae Columbia [[:en:Andes|Andes]] bɔn'ɔdin nɛ yʋʋma 7,000 nɛ 6,000 banɛ da gaad la tensʋk.<ref name=":1" />
+Yiiga kawɛnna la da yinɛ tʋbbil yinne bʋnbʋttir yinne wʋsa ni.<ref>Davidson, Alan (2014). "Maize". ''The Oxford Companion to Food'' (3rd ed.). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. pp. 484–486. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7|<bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi>.]]</ref> Olmec nɛ Maya dim da bʋd Kawɛnna buudi bɛdegʋ [[:en:Mesoamerica|Mesoamerica]] teŋ la wʋsa ni; ba da dʋgʋd, nɛ'ɛm, ka mɔr [[:en:Nixtamalization|nixtamalization]] maanɛ li.<ref>Roney, John (Winter 2009). "The Beginnings of Maize Agriculture". ''Archaeology Southwest''. '''23''' (1): 4.</ref> Yʋʋma 3,000 kanɛ da gaada ni, Kawɛnna da an Olmec malima, la'am nɛ ba saansa nam, pian'ad nɛ ba sɔlima.<ref>Fussell, Betty (1999). "Translating Maize into Corn: The Transformation of America's Native Grain". ''Social Research''. '''66''' (1): 41–65. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971301 40971301]. [[:en:Gale_(identifier)|Gale]] [https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA54668866 A54668866] [[:en:ProQuest_(identifier)|ProQuest]] [https://search.proquest.com/docview/209670587 209670587]. <q>To say the word "corn" is to plunge into the tragi-farcical mistranslations of language and history. If only the British had followed Columbus in phoneticizing the Taino word mahiz, which the Arawaks named their staple grain, we wouldn't be in the same linguistic pickle we're in today, where I have to explain to someone every year that when Biblical Ruth "stood in tears amid the alien corn" she was standing in a wheat field. But it was a near thing even with the Spaniards, when we read in Columbus' Journals that the grain "which the Indians called maiz... the Spanish called panizo.' The Spanish term was generic for the cereal grains they knew - wheat, millet, barley, oats - as was the Italian term polenta, from Latin pub. As was the English term "corn", which covered grains of all kinds, including grains of salt, as in "corned beef".</q>
-Yiiga kawɛnna la da yinɛ tʋbbil yinne bʋnbʋttir yinne wʋsa ni. Olmec nɛ Maya dim da bʋd Kawɛnna buudi bɛdegʋ Mesoamerica teŋ la wʋsa ni; ba da dʋgʋd, nɛ'ɛm, ka mɔr nixtamalization maanɛ li. Yʋʋma 3,000 kanɛ da gaada ni, Kawɛnna da an Olmec malima, la'am nɛ ba saansa nam, pian'ad nɛ ba sɔlima.
+<q>French linguistic imperialism, by way of a Parisian botanist in 1536, provided the term Turcicum frumentum, which the British quickly translated into "Turkey wheat", "Turkey corn", and "Indian corn". By Turkey or Indian, they meant not a place but a condition, a savage rather than a civilized grain, with which the Turks concurred, calling it kukuruz, meaning barbaric.</q></ref>
-Mapuche nidib la bɛ South-Central Chile da kuodi Kawɛnna la'am nɛ quinoa nɛ dankala ka pre-Hispanic saŋa nyaan paae. Ka Inca Sʋ'ʋlim ma'am la nyaan da ti yalig la, ba da kpiŋid kawɛnna ka da mɔri lɔ'ɔmsid lateens hali, da paad ya-dagɔbʋg 40 S Melinquina teŋin, Lacar Department,  Argentina, da na tun'e da'adi paad Andes yi Chile la.
+[[:en:Mapuche|Mapuche]] nidib la bɛ South-Central Chile da kuodi Kawɛnna la'am nɛ [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]] nɛ dankala ka [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Hispanic]] saŋa nyaan paae.<ref>[[:en:Tom_Dillehay|Dillehay, Tom D]].; [[:en:Mario_Pino_Quivira|Pino Quivira, Mario]]; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007). [http://www.dendrocronologia.cl/pubs/2007_Dillehay(AncientCultivatedWetlands).pdf "Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change"] (PDF). ''Antiquity''. '''81''' (314): 949–960. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/s0003598x00096034|10.1017/s0003598x00096034]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59480757 59480757].</ref> Ka Inca Sʋ'ʋlim ma'am la nyaan da ti yalig la, ba da kpiŋid kawɛnna ka da mɔri lɔ'ɔmsid lateens hali, da paad ya-dagɔbʋg 40 S Melinquina teŋin, [[:en:Lácar_Department|Lacar Department,]]  Argentina, da na tun'e da'adi paad Andes yi Chile la.<ref>Pérez, Alberto E.; Erra, Georgina (2011). [[doi:10.4067/S0718-22442011000200022|"Identificación de maiz de vasijas recuperadas de la Patagonia noroccidental argentina"]] [Identifying maize residues in pottery vessels in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina]. ''[[:en:Magallania|Magallania]]'' (in Spanish). '''39''' (2): 309–316. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4067/S0718-22442011000200022|10.4067/S0718-22442011000200022]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11336/42613|11336/42613]].</ref>
 === Columbia dim tia'sik ===
 ''Labaar kanɛ lɛn bɛ;'' [[Columbian exchange]]
-Europe dimi da ti kena, 1492 yʋʋm la ni la, Spanish dim banɛ da zin'in ani la da dit Kawɛnna nɛ, ka banɛ gɔɔndi vɛɛnsid nɛ kpikpinib da zii li lɛb Europe. Spanish dim banɛ da bɛɛ ani la da bɔɔdɛ wheat diibi gat Kawɛnna  diib. Kawɛnna zɔ'ɔm da pʋ tun'e mɔri maan siis diib, wheat ya'a kae, Krista biis yadda zin'igin sankan la, wheat ma'aa da na nyaŋi zaŋi dɔlis transubstantiation ka tiaki lieb Krista niŋgbin la.
+Europe dimi da ti kena, 1492 yʋʋm la ni la, Spanish dim banɛ da zin'in ani la da dit Kawɛnna nɛ, ka banɛ gɔɔndi vɛɛnsid nɛ kpikpinib da zii li lɛb Europe. Spanish dim banɛ da bɛɛ ani la da bɔɔdɛ wheat diibi gat Kawɛnna  diib. Kawɛnna zɔ'ɔm da pʋ tun'e mɔri maan siis diib, wheat ya'a kae, [[Kristo Biis Pʋ'ʋsʋm|Kristo biis]] yadda zin'igin sankan la, wheat ma'aa da na nyaŋi zaŋi dɔlis [[:en:Transubstantiation|transubstantiation]] ka tiaki lieb Kristo niŋgbin la.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Rebecca_Earle|Earle, Rebecca]] (2012). ''The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race, and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492–1700''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]]. pp. 17, 144, 151.</ref>
-Kawɛnna da widigi kpɛn' dunia nwa zin'is banɛ kpɛlim la ni, ka li anɛ lin nyaŋi zi'en zin'ig kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ni la zug.
+Kawɛnna da widigi kpɛn' dunia nwa zin'is banɛ kpɛlim la ni, ka li anɛ lin nyaŋi zi'en zin'ig kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ni la zug.<ref name=":2" />
 == Gbanmvεεnsa ==