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[[File:Chicago meat inspection swift co 1906.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9| Chicago meat inspectors in early 1906]]
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Sinclair pubblica inizialmente il libro a puntate, tra il 25 febbraio 1905 e il 4 novembre 1905, all'interno della rivista ''Appeal to Reason'', the [[socialist]] newspaper that had supported Sinclair's undercover investigation the previous year. This investigation had inspired Sinclair to write the novel, but his efforts to publish the series as a book met with resistance. An employee at [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan]] wrote,
Sinclair pubblica inizialmente il libro a puntate, tra il 25 febbraio 1905 e il 4 novembre 1905, all'interno della rivista ''Appeal to Reason'', il giornale socialista che aveva supportato l'inchiesta sotto copertura dello stesso Sinclair l'anno prima. Tale inchiesta aveva ispirato Sinclair a scrivere il romanzo, ma i suoi sforzi per pubblicare la serie non furono subito recepiti. Un impiegato della casa editrice statunitense Macmillan scrisse infatti,
{{Blockquote | I advise without hesitation and unreservedly against the publication of this book which is gloom and horror unrelieved. One feels that what is at the bottom of his fierceness is not nearly so much desire to help the poor as hatred of the rich.<ref name="Spartacus">{{Citation | publisher= [[Spartacus Educational]]| url = http://spartacus-educational.com/Jupton.htm | title = Upton Sinclair}}.</ref>}}
{{Citazione | Sconsiglio vivamente e senza esitazione la pubblicazione di questo testo, opera di cupezza e orrore senza rimedio. Si ha la sensazione che alla base della sua ferocia non ci sia tanto il desiderio di aiutare i poveri, quanto l'odio per i ricchi.<ref name="Spartacus">{{Citation | publisher= [[Spartacus Educational]]| url = http://spartacus-educational.com/Jupton.htm | title = Upton Sinclair}}.</ref>}}


Five publishers rejected the work, deeming it too shocking for mainstream audiences.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gottesman, Ronald|title= Introduction |work=The Jungle|publisher= [[Penguin Classics]] }}</ref> Sinclair was about to self-publish a shortened version of the novel in a "Sustainer's Edition" for subscribers when [[Doubleday, Page]] came on board; on February 28, 1906, the Doubleday edition was published simultaneously with Sinclair's of 5,000 which appeared under the imprint of "The Jungle Publishing Company" with the [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party]]’s symbol embossed on the cover, both using the same plates.<ref name="The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle"/> In the first six weeks, the book sold 25,000 copies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/politics-reform/essays/jungle-and-progressive-era|title=The Jungle and the Progressive Era {{!}} The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History|date=2012-08-28|website=www.gilderlehrman.org|language=en|access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref> It has been in print ever since, including four more self-published editions (1920, 1935, 1942, 1945).<ref name="The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle"/> Sinclair dedicated the book "To the Workingmen of America".<ref>{{Citation | editor-last = Bloom | editor-first = Harold | editor-link = Harold Bloom| title = Upton Sinclair's The Jungle |url=http://www.infobasepublishing.com/Bookdetail.aspx?ISBN=1604138874| pages = 50–51 | publisher = Infohouse | year = 2002|isbn=1604138874}}.</ref>
Cinque editori rifiutarono il manoscritto, ritenuto troppo scioccante per il grande pubblico.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gottesman, Ronald|title= Introduction |work=The Jungle|publisher= [[Penguin Classics]] }}</ref> Sinclair stava per scegliere di auto-pubblicare una versione ridotta del romanzo per un piccolo gruppo di abbonati alla rivista. Il libro venne poi pubblicato il 28 febbraio 1906 dall'editore Doubleday, in contemporanea con un'edizione di 5000 copie prodotta da Sinclair, la quale apparve sotto l'editore "The Jungle Publishing Company" e con il simbolo del [[Partito Socialista d'America]] in copertina. Per entrambe le edizioni furono usate le medesime matrici.<ref name="The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle"/> Il libro vendette 25000 copie nelle prime sei settimane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/politics-reform/essays/jungle-and-progressive-era|title=The Jungle and the Progressive Era {{!}} The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History|date=2012-08-28|website=www.gilderlehrman.org|language=en|access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref> Da allora il libro ha visto numerose edizioni, di cui quattro (1920, 1935, 1942, 1945) come auto-pubblicazioni da parte dello stesso Sinclair.<ref name="The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle"/> Sinclair ha dedicato il libro "ai lavoratori d'America".<ref>{{Citation | editor-last = Bloom | editor-first = Harold | editor-link = Harold Bloom| title = Upton Sinclair's The Jungle |url=http://www.infobasepublishing.com/Bookdetail.aspx?ISBN=1604138874| pages = 50–51 | publisher = Infohouse | year = 2002|isbn=1604138874}}.</ref>


All works published in the United States before 1924 are in the public domain,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-27|title=Copyright Basics FAQ|url=https://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/faqs/copyright-basics/|access-date=2020-07-08|website=Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center|language=en-US}}</ref> so there are free copies of the book available on websites such as [[Project Gutenberg]]<ref>{{cite book| url= http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/140 | title= The Jungle | author = Sinclair, Upton |publisher = [[Project Gutenberg]] <!-- | Copyright Status = Public domain in the USA. -->| access-date = May 8, 2017 }}</ref> and [[Wikisource]].<ref>{{Cite wikisource|title=The Jungle}}</ref>
All works published in the United States before 1924 are in the public domain,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-27|title=Copyright Basics FAQ|url=https://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/faqs/copyright-basics/|access-date=2020-07-08|website=Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center|language=en-US}}</ref> so there are free copies of the book available on websites such as [[Project Gutenberg]]<ref>{{cite book| url= http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/140 | title= The Jungle | author = Sinclair, Upton |publisher = [[Project Gutenberg]] <!-- | Copyright Status = Public domain in the USA. -->| access-date = May 8, 2017 }}</ref> and [[Wikisource]].<ref>{{Cite wikisource|title=The Jungle}}</ref>

Versione delle 21:49, 27 giu 2024


La giungla
Titolo originaleThe Jungle
AutoreUpton Sinclair
1ª ed. originale1906
1ª ed. italiana2003
Genereromanzo


La giungla è un romanzo dello scrittore americano Upton Sinclair, noto per il suo impegno nel denunciare la corruzione del governo e dell'economia all'inizio del XX secolo.[1] Nel 1904 Sinclair trascorse sette settimane a raccogliere informazioni lavorando sotto copertura negli impianti di lavorazione della carne dei macelli di Chicago per il settimanale socialista Appeal to Reason, che pubblicò il romanzo a puntate nel 1905. Il romanzo venne in seguito pubblicato per intero dalla casa editrice Doubleday in 1906.[2]

Il libro ritrae la miseria della classe operaia, la mancanza di forme di sostegno sociale, le condizioni di vita e di lavoro brutali e sgradevoli e la disperazione di molti lavoratori. A questi elementi viene fa da contrapporre la ben radicata corruzione di coloro che sono al potere. In una sua recesione lo scrittore Jack London, contemporaneo di Sinclair, definisce il libro "La capanna dello zio Tom della schiavitù salariata."[3] Lo scopo principale di Sinclair nel descrivere l'industria della carne e le condizioni di chi ci lavorava era quello di promuovere il socialismo negli Stati Uniti.[4] Tuttavia, l'impatto più rilevante del romanzo all'epoca fu quello di suscitare l'indignazione dell'opinione pubblica per i passaggi che denunciavano le violazioni sanitarie e le pratiche insalubri dell'industria di produzione della carne negli Stati Uniti all'inizio del XX secolo, portanto a diverse riforme sanitarie.

Trama

Il libro si apre col matrimonio del protagonista, Jurgis Rudkus, e della sua fidanzata, Ona Lukoszaite, accompagnato da un tradizionale banchetto lituano. I due sono recentemente immigrati a Chicago insieme alle rispettive famiglie a causa delle difficoltà economiche presenti in Lituania, all'epoca parte dell'Impero russo. Avendo sentito che gli Stati Uniti una maggiore libertà e salari migliori hanno deciso di emigrare per inseguire il sogno americano.

Pur avendo perso gran parte dei risparmi a causa di una truffa durante il viaggio a Chicago e dovendo poi pagare il matrimonio, e nonostante la delusione di dover vivere in una baracca affollata, Jurgis è inizialmente ottimista sulle sue prospettive a Chicago. Giovane e forte, crede di essere immune dalle disgrazie che hanno colpito altri della sua gente. Viene prontamente assunto in una ditta di confezioni di carne; è meravigliato dall'efficienza di questa fabbrica, pur assistendo al brutale trattamento riservato agli animali.

The women of the family answer an ad for a four-room house; Ona, who came from an educated background, figures that they could easily afford it with the jobs that Jurgis, proud Marija, and ambitious Jonas have gotten. While they discover at the showing that the neighborhood is unkempt and the house doesn't live up to the advertisement, they are taken in by the slickness and fluent Lithuanian of the real estate agent and sign a contract for the house.

However, with the help of an old Lithuanian neighbor, they discover several unexpected expenses in the contract that they must pay every month on time, or else face eviction—the fate of most home buyers in the neighborhood. To meet these costs, Ona and thirteen-year-old Stanislovas (whom the family had wished to send to school) must take up work as well.

While sickness befalls them often, they cannot afford not to work. That winter, Jurgis's father, weakened by exposure to chemicals and the elements at his job, dies of illness.

Some levity is brought to their lives by the arrival of a musician, named Tamoszius, who courts Marija, and the birth of Jurgis and Ona's first child. However, this happiness is tempered when Ona must return to work one week after giving birth, and Marija is laid off in a seasonal cutback. Jurgis attends union meetings passionately; he realizes that he had been taken in by a vote-buying scheme when he was new to Chicago, learns that the meat factories deliberately use diseased meat, and furthermore that workers frequently come down with ailments related to their dangerous and unsanitary work.

Work becomes more demanding as wages fall; the working members of the family suffer a series of injuries. Amid this hardship, Jonas deserts the family, leaving them no choice but to send two children to work as newspaper boys. The youngest child, a handicapped toddler, dies of food poisoning; only his mother grieves his death.

After recovering from his injury, Jurgis takes the least desirable job at a fertilizer mill. In misery, he begins drinking alcohol. He becomes suspicious of his pregnant wife's failure to return home on several nights. Ona eventually confesses that her boss, Phil Connor raped her, after which, by threatening to fire and blacklist everyone in her family, he managed to coerce her into a continuing sexual relationship.

Jurgis furiously attacks Connor at his factory, but half a dozen men tear him away. While in prison awaiting trial, he realizes it is Christmas Eve. The next day, his cellmate, Jack Duane, tells him about his criminal ventures and gives him his address. At trial, Connor testifies that he had fired Ona for "impudence" and easily denies Jurgis's account; the judge dismissively sentences Jurgis to thirty days in prison plus court fees.

Stanislovas visits Jurgis in prison and tells him of the family's increasing destitution. After Jurgis serves his term (plus three days for his inability to pay the fees), he walks through the slush for an entire day to get home, only to find that the house had been remodeled and sold to another family. He learns from their old neighbor that, despite all of the sacrifices they had made, his family had been evicted and had returned to the boarding house.

Upon arriving at the boarding house, Jurgis hears Ona screaming. She is in premature labor, and Marija explains that the family had no money for a doctor. Jurgis convinces a midwife to assist, but it is too little too late; the infant is dead, and with one last look at Jurgis, Ona dies shortly afterward. The children return with a day's wages; Jurgis spends all of it to get drunk for the night.

The next morning, Ona's stepmother begs Jurgis to think of his surviving child. With his son in mind, he endeavors again to gain employment despite his blacklisting. For a time, the family gets by and Jurgis delights in his son's first attempts at speech. One day, Jurgis arrives home to discover that his son had drowned after falling off a rotting boardwalk into the muddy streets. Without shedding a tear, he walks away from Chicago.

Jurgis wanders the countryside while the weather is warm, working, foraging, and stealing for food, shelter, and drink. In the fall, he returns to Chicago, sometimes employed, sometimes a tramp. While begging, he chances upon an eccentric rich drunk—the son of the owner of the first factory where Jurgis had worked—who entertains him for the night in his luxurious mansion and gives him a one-hundred-dollar bill (worth about $3000 today). Afterward, when Jurgis spends the bill at a bar, the bartender cheats him. Jurgis attacks the bartender and is sentenced to prison again, where he once again meets Jack Duane. This time, without a family to anchor him, Jurgis decides to fall in with him.

Jurgis helps Duane mug a well-off man; his split of the loot is worth over twenty times a day's wages from his first job. Though his conscience is pricked by learning of the man's injuries in the next day's papers, he justifies it to himself as necessary in a "dog-eat-dog" world. Jurgis then navigates the world of crime; he learns that this includes a substantial corruption of the police department. He becomes a vote fixer for a wealthy political powerhouse, Mike Scully, and arranges for many new Slavic immigrants to vote according to Scully's wishes—as Jurgis once had. To influence those men, he had taken a job at a factory, which he continues as a strikebreaker. One night, by chance, he runs into Connor, whom he attacks again. Afterward, he discovers that his buddies cannot fix the trial as Connor is an important figure under Scully. With the help of a friend, he posts and skips bail.

With no other options, Jurgis returns to begging and chances upon a woman who had been a guest to his wedding. She tells him where to find Marija, and Jurgis heads to the address to find that it is a brothel being raided by the police. Marija tells him that she was forced to prostitute herself to feed the children after they had gotten sick, and Stanislovas—who had drunk too much and passed out at work—had been eaten by rats. After their speedy trial and release, Marija tells Jurgis that she cannot leave the brothel as she cannot save money and has become addicted to heroin, as is typical in the brothel's human trafficking.

Marija has a customer, so Jurgis leaves and finds a political meeting for a warm place to stay. He begins to nod off. A refined lady gently rouses him, saying, "If you would try to listen, comrade, perhaps you would be interested." Startled by her kindness and fascinated by her passion, he listens to the thundering speaker. Enraptured by his speech, Jurgis seeks out the orator afterward. The orator asks if he is interested in socialism.

A Polish socialist takes him into his home, conversing with him about his life and socialism. Jurgis returns home to Ona's stepmother and passionately converts her to socialism; she placatingly goes along with it only because it seems to motivate him to find work. He finds work in a small hotel that turns out to be run by a state organizer of the Socialist Party. Jurgis passionately dedicates his life to the cause of socialism.

Panorama of the beef industry in 1900 by a Chicago-based photographer

Characters

Men walking on wooden rails between cattle pens in the Chicago stockyard (1909)
Workers in the union stockyards
  • Jurgis Rudkus, un giovane immigrato lituano che fatica a supportare economicamente la propria famiglia.
  • Ona Lukoszaite Rudkus, la moglie adolescente di Jurgis.
  • Marija Berczynskas, la cugina di Ona, aspira a sposare un musicista. Dopo la morte di Ona e l'abbandono della famiglia da parte di Jurgis comincia a prostituirsi per sfamare i bambini.
  • Teta Elzbieta Lukoszaite, la matrigna di Ona. Si prende cura dei bambini e finisce per diventare una mendicante.
  • Nonna Swan, un'altra immigrata lituana.
  • Dede Antanas, il padre di Jurgis. Continua a lavorare nonostante l'età e la cattiva salute; muore per un'infezione ai polmoni.
  • Jokubas Szedvilas, un immigrato lituano proprietario di una gastronomia a Chicago.
  • Edward Marcinkus, un immigrato lituano amico della famiglia di Jurgis.
  • Fisher, un miliorio di Chicago che cerca di aiutare i poveri che abitano nelle baraccopoli della città.
  • Tamoszius Kuszleika, un fiddler che si fidanza con Marija'.
  • Jonas Lukoszas, il fratello di Teta Elzbieta. Abbandona la famiglia e non si fa più vivo.
  • Stanislovas Lukoszas, il figlio maggiore di Elzibeta; inizia a lavorare a 14 anni grazie a dei documenti falsi in cui risulta averne 16.
  • Mike Scully (originariamente Tom Cassidy), il capo del mattatoio; fa parte del Partito democratico.
  • Phil Connor, uno dei capi della fabbrica in cui lavora Ona. Connor stupra Ona e la costringe a prostituirsi.
  • Miss Henderson, la caposquadra di Ona nel reparto imballaggi.
  • Antanas, il figlio di Jurgis e Ona.
  • Vilimas and Nikalojus, rispettivamente il secondo e terzo figlio di Elzbieta.
  • Kristoforas, uno dei figli disabili di Elzbieta.
  • Juozapas, l'altro figlio disabile di Elzbieta.
  • Kotrina, la figlia di Elzbieta e sorellastra di Ona.
  • Judge Pat Callahan, un giudice corrotto.
  • Jack Duane, un ladro che Rudkus incontra in prigione.
  • Madame Haupt, una levatrice assunta come aiuto per Ona.
  • Freddie Jones, il figlio di un ricco industriale della carne.
  • Buck Halloran, un lavoratore irlandese che supervisiona le transazioni per l'acquisto di voti.
  • Bush Harper, un uomo che lavora per Mike Scully come spia all'interno del sindacato.
  • Ostrinski, un immigrato polacco che ha aderito al socialismo.
  • Tommy Hinds, il proprietario socialista dell'Hinds's Hotel.
  • Mr. Lucas, un pastore socialista e predicatore itinerante.
  • Nicholas Schliemann, un filosofo e socialista svedese.
  • Durham, un uomo d'affari e il secondo datore di lavoro di Jurgis.

Storia editoriale

Chicago meat inspectors in early 1906

Sinclair pubblica inizialmente il libro a puntate, tra il 25 febbraio 1905 e il 4 novembre 1905, all'interno della rivista Appeal to Reason, il giornale socialista che aveva supportato l'inchiesta sotto copertura dello stesso Sinclair l'anno prima. Tale inchiesta aveva ispirato Sinclair a scrivere il romanzo, ma i suoi sforzi per pubblicare la serie non furono subito recepiti. Un impiegato della casa editrice statunitense Macmillan scrisse infatti,

«Sconsiglio vivamente e senza esitazione la pubblicazione di questo testo, opera di cupezza e orrore senza rimedio. Si ha la sensazione che alla base della sua ferocia non ci sia tanto il desiderio di aiutare i poveri, quanto l'odio per i ricchi.[5]»

Cinque editori rifiutarono il manoscritto, ritenuto troppo scioccante per il grande pubblico.[6] Sinclair stava per scegliere di auto-pubblicare una versione ridotta del romanzo per un piccolo gruppo di abbonati alla rivista. Il libro venne poi pubblicato il 28 febbraio 1906 dall'editore Doubleday, in contemporanea con un'edizione di 5000 copie prodotta da Sinclair, la quale apparve sotto l'editore "The Jungle Publishing Company" e con il simbolo del Partito Socialista d'America in copertina. Per entrambe le edizioni furono usate le medesime matrici.[7] Il libro vendette 25000 copie nelle prime sei settimane.[8] Da allora il libro ha visto numerose edizioni, di cui quattro (1920, 1935, 1942, 1945) come auto-pubblicazioni da parte dello stesso Sinclair.[7] Sinclair ha dedicato il libro "ai lavoratori d'America".[9]

All works published in the United States before 1924 are in the public domain,[10] so there are free copies of the book available on websites such as Project Gutenberg[11] and Wikisource.[12]

Uncensored editions

In 1988, St. Lukes Press, a division of Peachtree Publishers Ltd, published an edition titled "The Lost First Edition of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle" based on the original serialized version of "The Jungle" as seen in "Appeal to Reason". This version was edited by Gene Degruson of Pittsburg State University, based on a correspondence regarding the novel found in the basement of a farm in Girard, Kansas. The book included an introductory essay by DeGruson detailing the process of how he "restored" the text.[13]

In 2003, See Sharp Press published an edition based on the original serialization of The Jungle in Appeal to Reason, which they described as the "Uncensored Original Edition" as Sinclair intended it. The foreword and introduction say that the commercial editions were censored to make their political message acceptable to capitalist publishers.[14] Others argue that Sinclair had made the revisions himself to make the novel more accurate and engaging for the reader, corrected the Lithuanian references, and streamlined to eliminate boring parts, as Sinclair himself said in letters and his memoir American Outpost (1932).[7]

Reception

Upton Sinclair intended to expose "the inferno of exploitation [of the typical American factory worker at the turn of the 20th Century]",[15] but the reading public fixated on food safety as the novel's most pressing issue. Sinclair admitted his celebrity arose "not because the public cared anything about the workers, but simply because the public did not want to eat tubercular beef".[15]

Sinclair's account of workers falling into rendering tanks and being ground along with animal parts into "Durham's Pure Leaf Lard" gripped the public. The poor working conditions, and exploitation of children and women along with men, were taken to expose the corruption in meat packing factories.

The British politician Winston Churchill praised the book in a review.[16]

Bertolt Brecht took up the theme of terrible working conditions at the Chicago Stockyards in his play Saint Joan of the Stockyards (Template:Lang-de), transporting Joan of Arc to that environment.

In 1933, the book became a target of the Nazi book burnings due to Sinclair's endorsement of socialism.[17]

Federal response

President Theodore Roosevelt had described Sinclair as a "crackpot" because of the writer's socialist positions.[18] He wrote privately to journalist William Allen White, expressing doubts about the accuracy of Sinclair's claims: "I have an utter contempt for him. He is hysterical, unbalanced, and untruthful. Three-fourths of the things he said were absolute falsehoods. For some of the remainder there was only a basis of truth."[19] After reading The Jungle, Roosevelt agreed with some of Sinclair's conclusions. The president wrote "radical action must be taken to do away with the efforts of arrogant and selfish greed on the part of the capitalist."[20] He assigned the Labor Commissioner Charles P. Neill and social worker James Bronson Reynolds to go to Chicago to investigate some meat packing facilities.

Learning about the visit, owners had their workers thoroughly clean the factories prior to the inspection, but Neill and Reynolds were still revolted by the conditions. Their oral report to Roosevelt supported much of what Sinclair portrayed in the novel, excepting the claim of workers falling into rendering vats.[21] Neill testified before Congress that the men had reported only "such things as showed the necessity for legislation."[22] That year, the Bureau of Animal Industry issued a report rejecting Sinclair's most severe allegations, characterizing them as "intentionally misleading and false", "willful and deliberate misrepresentations of fact", and "utter absurdity".[23]

Roosevelt did not release the Neill–Reynolds Report for publication. His administration submitted it directly to Congress on June 4, 1906.[24] Public pressure led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act; the latter established the Bureau of Chemistry (in 1930 renamed as the Food and Drug Administration).

Sinclair rejected the legislation, which he considered an unjustified boon to large meatpackers. The government (and taxpayers) would bear the costs of inspection, estimated at $30,000,000 annually.[25][26] He complained about the public's misunderstanding of the point of his book in Cosmopolitan Magazine in October 1906 by saying, "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach."[27]

Adaptations

The first film version of the novel was made in 1914, but it has since been lost.[28] The Graeae Theatre Company created a musical devised from the book, which was performed at the Oval House Theatre from 1992 to 1993. Devised, directed, and written by Fiona Branson, its cast included Katherine Araniello, Suzanne Bull, Mik Scarlet, Freddie Stabb, Tom Tomalin, and Sam Frears.[29]

Saint Joan of the Stockyards is a play set in Chicago written by the German modernist playwright Bertolt Brecht between 1929 and 1931, after the success of his musical The Threepenny Opera and during the period of his radical experimental work with the Lehrstücke. It is based on the musical that he co-authored with Elisabeth Hauptmann, Happy End (1929).[30][31] The environment of the Chicago stockyards was well-known to left-wing activists worldwide due to Sinclair's 1906 novel. Sinclair had spent about six months investigating the Chicago meatpacking industry for the paper Appeal to Reason, the work which inspired his novel and he intended to "set forth the breaking of human hearts by a system which exploits the labor of men and women for profit".[32]

In July 2019, Penguin Random House's Ten Speed Graphic imprint published a version of the story, adapted and illustrated by Kristina Gehrmann and translated by Ivanka Hahnenberger.[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ Upton Sinclair, 'The Jungle, Dover Thrift, pp. viii–x.
  2. ^ Alan Brinkley, 17: Industrial Supremacy, in The Unfinished Nation, McGraw Hill, 2010, ISBN 978-0-07-338552-5.
  3. ^ Social History..
  4. ^ Van Wienen, Mark W., American socialist triptych: the literary-political work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Upton Sinclair, and W.E.B. Du Bois. n.p., in Book Review Digest Plus (H.W. Wilson), University of Michigan Press, 2012.
  5. ^ Upton Sinclair, Spartacus Educational..
  6. ^ Gottesman, Ronald, Introduction, in The Jungle, Penguin Classics.
  7. ^ a b c Christopher Phelps, The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, in History News Network, George Mason University.
  8. ^ (EN) The Jungle and the Progressive Era | The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, su gilderlehrman.org, 28 agosto 2012.
  9. ^ Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, Infohouse, 2002, pp. 50–51..
  10. ^ (EN) Copyright Basics FAQ, su fairuse.stanford.edu, 27 marzo 2013.
  11. ^ Sinclair, Upton, The Jungle, Project Gutenberg.
  12. ^ Template:Cite wikisource
  13. ^ Upton Sinclair, The Lost First Edition of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, Atlanta, GA, St. Lukes Press, 1988, ISBN 0918518660.
  14. ^ Upton Sinclair, The Jungle: The Uncensored Original Edition, Tucson, AZ, See Sharp Press, 1905, vi, ISBN 1884365302.
  15. ^ a b Mark Sullivan, Our Times, New York, Scribner, 1996, 222, ISBN 0-684-81573-7.
  16. ^ Anthony Arthur, Radical Innocent: Upton Sinclair, Random House, 2006, pp. 84–85..
  17. ^ Banned and/or Challenged Books from the Radcliffe Publishing Course Top 100 Novels of the 20th Century, su ala.org, American Library Association, March 26, 2013.
  18. ^ Fulton Oursler, Behold This Dreamer!, Little, Brown, 1964..
  19. ^ Theodore Roosevelt, The Letters, vol. 5, Harvard University Press, 1951–54..
  20. ^ Sinclair, Upton (1878–1968), su blackwellreference.com, Blackwell Reference Online.
  21. ^ Jane Jacobs, The Jungle, Random House Publishing, 2006..
  22. ^ Hearings Before the Committee on Agriculture... on the So-called "Beveridge Amendment" to the Agricultural Appropriation Bill, U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Agriculture, 1906, 59th Congress, 1st Session..
  23. ^ Hearings Before the Committee on Agriculture... on the So-called "Beveridge Amendment" to the Agricultural Appropriation Bill, U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Agriculture, 1906, pp. 346–50, 59th Congress, 1st Session..
  24. ^ Theodore Roosevelt, Conditions in Chicago Stockyards (PDF), 1906.
  25. ^ Young, The Pig That Fell into the Privy..
  26. ^ Upton Sinclair, The Condemned-Meat Industry: A Reply to Mr. M. Cohn Armour, XIV, 1906, pp. 612–13..
  27. ^ Bloom, Harold. editor, Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, Infobase Publishing, 2002, p. 11
  28. ^ The Jungle, su silentera.com.
  29. ^ FIONA BRANSON
  30. ^ John Willett, The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects, London, Methuen, 1959, pp. 36–37, ISBN 0-413-34360-X.
  31. ^ Anthony Squiers, An Introduction to the Social and Political Philosophy of Bertolt Brecht: Revolution and Aesthetics, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 2014, p. 41, ISBN 9789042038998.
  32. ^ Upton Sinclair, Joslyn T Pine Note, in The Jungle, Dover Thrift, vii–viii.
  33. ^ Kristina Gehrmann, The Jungle, Ten Speed Graphic, 2019.

Further reading

  • Bachelder, Chris, The Jungle at 100: Why the reputation of Upton Sinclair's good book has gone bad, in Mother Jones Magazine, January–February 2006.
  • Lee, Earl, Defense of The Jungle: The Uncensored Original Edition, su seesharppress.com.
  • Øverland, Orm, The Jungle: From Lithuanian Peasant to American Socialist, in American Literary Realism, vol. 37, Fall 2004, pp. 1–24.
  • Phelps, Christopher, The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, su hnn.us.
  • Young, James Harvey, The Pig That Fell into the Privy: Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and Meat Inspection Amendments of 1906, in Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 59, 1985, pp. 467–480.

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