Pere eel ‘You leamed eartier that a von Neumann architecture computer uses the stored program concept. The instructions that the computer carries out, the program, are stored in memory just like any other kind of data. This means that [programs are also just binary numbers ~ that's all you can store in memory. So how can binary numbers represent a program? (One other thing you learned is that the CPU can only do a few simple things. It only ‘understands’ a few very simple instructions. Complex things like playing games are possible because a really large number of those simple things happen very fast. Those few simple instructions that a CPU knows how to do are called the instruction set for that type of CPU. Each instruction is given a binary code. I is these codes that make up your programs. The binary Tatrcogon aot ta lata pol Codes representing a program are called machine code. ‘commands a particular CPU knows how to A machine code program would look something like the diagram below. You carry out can probably see why programming in machine code would be completely machine code the binary codes impractical, representing each of the instructions inthe instrection set ‘translator a program that converts ee ee ae ‘a Figure 4.17 An example of a machine code rogram ‘source code the texto the program ‘hat a programmer wits Not only would it be incredibly cfficuit to work out the sequence of 1s and Os ‘assembler translates the mnemonics of you need, but also your program would only work on that kind of CPU. This ‘assembly language programs into machine _is because different CPUs have different instruction sets. Instead, you need Fanguage instructions for the a translator which converts your programs into the CPU's machine code ‘microprocessor to cary out language. assembly language a lowevel 7 = this i ae Cea arena ‘Translators are also programs. Their input is the text of your program ~ this is called your source code. Their output is machine code which the CPU can low-level programming language run (execute). a programming anguage tatis closely related tothe CPU's machine code ‘The simplest translators called an assembler. It converts assembly language to machine code. Assembly language is called a low-level programming language.mnemonic asfer inl actnyn et {oprecarts oat fhe rections 2 ‘GUS stucon set 20 DA Gras ‘agsin, STR(6o>) are CHP Earp) “omulstor Pox oor tat ‘lbs oe peo eonaut ast to teaver ‘reboot san dese agan etm fhe computer rt ton ain level of he CPU harsrare faa Each suction my assamoy langage is same asa mache code instruction, ‘Assembly language is a bit easier to work wih than machine code bacause foam retucton & writen asa shot, memorable kayword calea 2 mnemone For exaroe, the instruction fo the GPU to add numbers toaeher might ba Or1DI00" in machina cogs buts ust ln assert anguage. Tr assembler replaces oach mnemonic wih the aporoprite binary machine code snd daa Heros an enaiple of asiomsy cre: om Rs; f=) wav Re, 4 cur RS, 3 WOVOr BE, 42 ‘0 YoU KNOW? ‘The 180s spaos-radng gare Eta, wich featured 3D graphics anda gay of hundreds of lana to expo, was wnt ene in asemay language and ‘scupied jst 2 KB, To undestan how amazing that programming was, ok ate fe 80 of amocer 30 graphics gama ofeam more, you ee pay an utente vrsion ofthe game cn an emulator. Search onto fr BoobEn! ering programs in assem language is chatenging for tres reson. 18 Aver tried ange of instuctions is avatable, Every task even the ‘mplit. no te be bult up fom the males eps. Some our CPUS (ould not even multi numbers 1= Yourave to manage al your data. Ther ae no stings, intogers or ra ‘umbers, jst inary, s0 you have to dacide how to ecresert your Seta. ‘ou sso nave to ascide and manage where tls stared n meron. 18 Debuzoing 6 ver aifeut von the assembled program runs, ary bugs st make te machine ras and yau have to reboot 10 Wy aga. Nowadays alnost re prorans re wren in assembly language. The secaptens aro some haroare onvers an programs ees tO co embedded ayatoms that you leaned about eae nthe chapter. Ths is bbacatse writing the CPU's home langage canbe Useful f you wart your progam tobe very small and very fat ore rectly contol tho /O hardware.20 PROGRANMING LANGUAGES EID = re nore common to vite sotware in righieve programming languages suchas Python, Ci, Java o° Visual Base Fo tesa programs to run cn te CPU, he source code has to be transac nto machine code. This can ‘compiler arab comers ‘ig teveltrgage source cde to jet cate, ote mci. The snr cle ranted at ocean ‘ae te eect tar Intorproter a vnsar that cavers igh-ovellnguage source cx ito ‘hjet cat, tien meine cad. Tho ‘eared tnd rd ctedont Tost tine object cox ne arsed sou cate ‘en msl te nacre coe but mit ‘aso ween nba cox, wie 210 ‘eet before can cowcutne Table 4.3 Usin campers rete bbe done alla once, ana the tished machine cade program raved and run Inter, one ne at a ene, ‘COMPILERS AND INTERPRETERS ‘Aranslator thal translates the whole prograrn in one gos cated a compiler. A translator that ranslates aru your Erograrn one Ine at atime scaled an interpreter. ‘compiler converte hig lvel language to rachine code and eavee the cutput as amachine code program, comtimes calod abjest coda. Th ‘cual has tho exo fle oxtencion shot fr ‘executable, becaute the machine (cece can bs exaeutod crn ‘An nterpreter translates your source code one line ata ine then runs it There sno obiect cove fl, only your orignal source code. ona Coed Every computer that wilrun your The output from a comple lun program needs the inierreter on ts own on any simlar comput Software rstaled. Irtorproters find ners when they Accampiler cannot precuce any hhappenand.canofentellyou object code uniess the mbele vwrat has gone wrong. program is corect=they fend to fenorta tof ero inal, making ‘harder to debug your rogram. Programs tond to rua slower {canbe easier to protoct your code Using an interpreter because the from being aero or copies thas interpreter has to translate the beer compled because you only source cade whle the programs give peop the ctject code (machine running. ode), which shar to understand.