Artificial Intelligence

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted for

ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL EXAMINATION

2024-2025

TIC-TAC-TOE
A Python-Coded Game

Done By:

Bhavesh Prasad R.B

X-D

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

COMPUTER SCIENCE
 Bhavesh Prasad R.B

10403 X-D

2024 - 2025

05.09.2024
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

teacher Mrs. G R Kiruthika for her guidance, support throughout the

duration of the project. We completed the project successfully by her

motivation and her extended support for us.

As well as I would like to thank our Correspondent Dr. R.

Kishore Kumar, our Principal Mrs. Shanthi Samuel, and Vice

Principal Mr. Jai Kumar who gave me the golden opportunity to do

this project, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I

came to know about so many new things when I was doing the project.

Finally, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who

helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 Abstract 1

Software And Hardware

2 2
Requirements

3 Python & Why Python? 4

4 Python Coding 6

5 Output 10

6 Conclusion 12

7 Future Enhancements 14

8 Bibliography 16
 Abstract
This project report explores the development of a Tic-Tac-Toe game
using Python programming language. Tic-Tac-Toe, a classic and universally
recognized game, serves as an excellent project to demonstrate fundamental
concepts in software development and interactive game design. The objective was
to create a fully operational and user-friendly game that functions seamlessly on a
console interface.

The implementation leverages core Python constructs and standard

libraries, prioritizing clean, maintainable, and efficient code. The game features a
dynamically updating game board, robust input validation to ensure legitimate
moves, and comprehensive logic to detect win conditions or stalemates.
Furthermore, the game employs a straightforward yet effective algorithm to
ascertain the game’s result, thereby enhancing user engagement and satisfaction.

The development process encompassed meticulous planning, systematic

coding, and rigorous testing phases to ensure the game’s functionality and
resilience. This project provided an opportunity to reinforce essential
programming skills, such as control flow, modular function design, and exception
handling. The report provides a detailed overview of the game’s architecture, the
step-by-step implementation process, and the challenges encountered and
overcome during development. This project not only demonstrates the practical
application of Python in game development but also lays the groundwork for
tackling more sophisticated projects in the future.
 Software & Hardware Requirements
Software Requirements:-

1. Operating System: The game can be run on any operating system that
supports Python, including:

 Windows (7, 8, 10, 11)

 MacOs

 Linux distributions (Ubuntu, Fedora, etc.)

2. Python: The game is written in Python. The required version is:

 Python 3.6 or later

3. IDE/Text Editor: Any Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or text

editor that supports Python can be used, such as:

 PyCharm

 Visual Studio Code

 Sublime Text

 Atom

 Jupyter Notebook

4. Python Standard Library: No additional libraries are required beyond

 Python's standard library.

Hardware Requirements:-

1. Processor: A minimum of a 1 GHz processor is recommended for smooth

execution of the game.

2. RAM: At least 512 MB of RAM is sufficient for running this simple text-
based game.

3. Storage: Minimal storage space is required, around 1 MB, to store the

Python script and any related files.

4. Display: A basic display that supports text output, typically any monitor or
laptop screen.

5. Input Devices: Keyboard is required for player inputs.

Optional Requirements:-

1. Internet Connection: Not required for running the game but can be useful
for downloading Python and related tools or libraries.

2. Command Line Interface (CLI): Basic familiarity with using the

command line to run the Python script.
 Python & Why Python?
What is Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its

simplicity and readability. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including
procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming. Python's syntax allows
developers to express concepts in fewer lines of code compared to other languages
like C++ or Java, making it an ideal choice for both beginners and experienced
programmers.

Python was created by Guido van Rossum and was first released in
1991. Van Rossum began developing Python as a hobby project to keep busy
during the Christmas holidays. He aimed to create an easy-to-read and easy-to-use
language that could help overcome the limitations of the ABC language while
incorporating new features.

Why Choose Python?

 Simplicity and Readability: Python's clear and straightforward syntax

allows developers to focus on solving problems rather than dealing with complex
syntax rules. This makes it easier to write, read, and maintain code, which is
especially beneficial for beginners and educational projects.

 Rich Standard Library: Python comes with a comprehensive

standard library that provides modules and functions for various tasks, reducing
the need to write code from scratch. For a simple game like Tic-Tac-Toe, Python's
built-in libraries are more than sufficient.

 Rapid Development: Python's high-level nature and dynamic typing

enable rapid development and prototyping. This allows for quick iterations and
testing, making it easier to refine the game based on feedback.

 Cross-Platform Compatibility: Python is available on multiple

operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux. This ensures that the
Tic-Tac-Toe game can be easily shared and run on different systems without
modification.

 Community Support: Python has a large and active community that

provides extensive documentation, tutorials, and third-party libraries. This support
network can be invaluable when troubleshooting issues or seeking advice during
the development process.

 Educational Value: Learning Python provides a solid foundation for

understanding programming concepts that can be applied to other languages and
projects. Python's ease of use encourages experimentation and learning, making it
an excellent choice
 Program / Input

Step: 1
Initialize the Board

This line creates a list called board with 9 elements, each initialized to a
space character " ". This list represents the 3x3 Tic-Tac-Toe board, and
each element corresponds to a cell on the board.

Step: 2
Print the Board

This function, print_board(), prints the current state of the Tic-Tac-

Toe board. It formats the board into three rows, each containing three
cells, and then prints these rows to the console.
 Program / Input

Step: 3
Handle Player Move

The player_move(icon) function handles the input and move for a player. It:

 Determines which player's turn it is based on the icon ("X" or "O").

 Prompts the player to enter their move (a number from 1 to 9).
 Updates the board if the chosen cell is empty; otherwise, it informs the
player that the space is already taken.

Step: 4
Check for Victory
 Program / Input

The is_victory(icon) function checks if the specified player has won

the game. It returns True if the player has three of their icons in a row,
column, or diagonal; otherwise, it returns False.

Step: 5
Check for Victory

The is_draw() function checks if the game is a draw. It returns True if

there are no empty spaces left on the board, indicating that the game is a
tie; otherwise, it returns False.
 Program / Input

Step: 6
Main Game Loop

The main game loop runs continuously until there is a winner or the game
ends in a draw. It:

 Prints the current board.

 Prompts player "X" to make a move and updates the board.
 Checks if player "X" has won or if the game is a draw.
 Prompts player "O" to make a move and updates the board.
 Checks if player "O" has won or if the game is a draw.

The loop breaks if there is a winner or if the game is a draw, ending the
game.
 Output

Example: 1
“X” Wins
Input:

Output:
 Output

Example: 2
Draw
Input:

Output:
 Conclusion
The development of a Tic-Tac-Toe game using Python provided an excellent
opportunity to explore and apply fundamental programming concepts. This project
demonstrated the practicality and efficiency of Python in creating interactive,
console-based applications. By building a classic game like Tic-Tac-Toe, we were
able to delve into various aspects of software development, including planning,
coding, testing, and debugging.

Achievements:-

1. Implementation of Core Game Mechanics: The project successfully

implemented the core mechanics of Tic-Tac-Toe, including the game
board, player input handling, and victory and draw conditions. The use of
Python's straightforward syntax and dynamic typing facilitated rapid
development and iterative testing.

2. User Interaction: A key focus of the project was to ensure a smooth and
intuitive user experience. The game prompts players for input, validates
moves, and updates the game board dynamically, creating an engaging and
interactive session for both players.

3. Code Readability and Maintainability: Emphasis was placed on writing

clean, readable, and maintainable code. Functions were modularized to
handle specific tasks, such as printing the board, processing player moves,
and checking game conditions. This modular approach not only improved
readability but also made the code easier to debug and extend.
 4. Testing and Debugging: The development process included rigorous
testing to ensure the game's reliability. Edge cases, such as invalid inputs
and already occupied cells, were handled gracefully, ensuring that the game
runs smoothly under various conditions.

Learning Outcomes:-

1. Programming Skills: The project reinforced essential programming

skills, including control structures (loops and conditionals), function
design, and error handling. Working on a tangible project like Tic-Tac-
Toe provided a hands-on experience that deepened our understanding
of these concepts.

2. Problem-Solving: Building the game required problem-solving and

critical thinking to address challenges such as detecting win conditions
and ensuring fair play. This process honed our ability to approach and
solve problems systematically.

3. Python Proficiency: Through this project, we gained practical

experience with Python, one of the most versatile and widely-used
programming languages. This experience will serve as a strong
foundation for future projects and endeavors in software development.

In conclusion, the Tic-Tac-Toe project demonstrated the capabilities of

Python for developing simple yet engaging games. The project served as an effective
learning tool, reinforcing key programming concepts and providing practical
experience with Python. The skills and knowledge gained from this project lay a solid
foundation for tackling more complex software development projects in the future.
 Future Enhancements
To further develop and enhance the Tic-Tac-Toe game, several potential
improvements and features can be explored. These enhancements aim to enrich the
user experience, add complexity to the gameplay, and provide additional
functionalities. Here are some of the key areas for future development:

Graphical User Interface (GUI) :-

 Implement a graphical interface using libraries like Tkinter or Pygame.

 Provide a visually appealing and interactive experience.

 Replace console-based input with mouse clicks for easier gameplay.

Single-Player Mode with AI :-

 Develop an AI opponent for single-player mode.

 Implement basic AI strategies, such as random moves, to offer an easy level.

 Incorporate advanced AI algorithms like minimax for a challenging gameplay

experience.

Score Tracking and Game History :-

 Add a feature to track scores over multiple games with a history of games
played, showing results of past matches.
 Future Enhancements
 Display a leaderboard to encourage competitive play among users.

Difficulty Levels :-

 Introduce multiple difficulty levels for the AI opponent.

 Allow players to choose from easy, medium, and hard levels.

 Adjust AI strategies based on the selected difficulty.

Customizable Board With Sound Effects & Animations :-

 Enable players to customize the size of the game board (e.g., 4x4, 5x5).

 Provide options for different themes and colors for the game board.

 Add sound effects for moves, wins, and draws to enhance the gaming
experience.

 Include animations for moves and victory celebrations.

By incorporating these enhancements, the Tic-Tac-Toe game can offer a

more engaging and dynamic experience for players, catering to a wider audience and
providing additional features that make the game more enjoyable and replayable.
 Bibliography

1) Python.org - https://www.python.org

2) Tkinter Documentation - https://docs.python.org/3/library/tkinter.html

3) Pygame Documentation - https://www.pygame.org/docs/

4) GeeksforGeeks - https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/minimax-algorithm-in-game-theory-set-1-introduction/

5) Real Python - https://realpython.com/tutorials/game/

6) Programiz - https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/examples/tic-tac-toe

7) W3Schools Python Tutorial - https://www.w3schools.com/python/

8) Python Software Foundation - https://www.python.org/psf/

9) Stack Overflow Python Questions - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python

10) GitHub Repository for Python - https://github.com/python