PRE TEST

Crimping Tools- used in locking Rj45 into UTP Cables

Computers made during 19th Century
1. Atanasoff-Berry Computer
2. Analytical Engine
3. MS-Dos
The computer is a device that accepts information in the form of Digitalized Data, and
manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is
to be processed.
Storage Devices
1.Solid State Drive
2.Hard Disk Drive
3.Flash Drive
Power Supply
serves as the source for electricity to the computer. Attached are vital hardware
cables and buses for transferring power to various components in the computer. 
Gb requirement
 Basic application software such as Office Suite |  at least 1GB . 
 Programs and multimedia  |  at least 4 GB. 
 Modern games and editing software | at least   8 GB. 
Central Processing Unit
A fan and a heat sink is usually installed to regulate its temperature.
It is the brain of the computer. It interprets and carries out the basic instructions to operate a
computer. 
It is also called the processor.
types of computers depending on its purpose. 
1. Super Computer
2. Mainframe Computer
3. Micro Computer
Antistatic Mat and Wrist Wrap
is important to make sure that there is no static electricity to avoid damage of computer parts
HDMI- a kind of port that is used in modern monitors and home theaters. It also
transmits digital audio and video.
LESSON 1: CSS in the Electronics Industry

TOPIC 1: Why is CSS relevant?

Repair
Monitoring
Maintenance
Demand for service provider
TOPIC 2: What jobs can I land on?
Computer Assembler
Computer Service Technician
Network Technician
Technical Support Staff
Computer Maintenance Technician
Computer Repairman
TOPIC 3: What are my job functions in the future?
Computer Assembler- Responsible for producing components and assembling computer parts.
Computer Service Technician- Setting up hardware and configuring software and drivers.
Maintaining and repairing technological equipment as well as computer peripheral devices.
Network Technician- Information Technology Professional responsible in building and
troubleshooting computer networks.
Technical Support Staff- in charge maintenance of computer systems, installation of devices and
software, and configuration.
Computer Maintenance Technician- maintaining and providing technical support to overall
daily computer performance.
Computer Repairman- Repair and maintenance services. Diagnosing and repairing different
devices that will be brought to them.
TOPIC 4: What does the Qualification require?
must be updated with the current trends, technology, and developments related to the computer
industry.
need to work with various people that will require their expertise. Thus, the ability to work in
groups and the ability to translate technical information to non-technical users may be required
when working in this field.
require you to travel to see clients or be at an office and workplaces as a member of the IT
support team.
must possess the interests and skills that the job demands. 
TOPIC 5: What knowledge and skills do I need?
Knowledge- Hardware. Including old and up-to- date system and essential software.
Electrical Safety and hazard
Operating Systems
Skills- Costumer Service and communication skills
-Systematic approach in solving problem
Ability to meet deadlines
Ability to squat, bend and reach to repair equipment
Able to lift at least 50 pounds of computer components
Able to stand for a long period of time.

LESSON 2: OHS (Occupational Health & Safety) Policies and Procedures

concerned with health, safety, and welfare issues in the workplace.
aims to make the workplace safer and better
concerned with many factors such as removal of hazards and reducing accidents in the
workplace.
it is your responsibility to know these standard protocols especially since you will be
assembling and repairing expensive and sensitive equipment that need care and proper handling
TOPIC 1: Occupational Health and Safety
set of policies and procedures that is followed in a workplace in order to prevent
accidents, illnesses, and injuries. 
involves knowing the risks that can be encountered in a workplace and figuring out
how it can be prevented.
important when dealing with electronics since it would protect not only the personnel
dealing with the components, but also the unit itself.  
Three steps may be done to facilitate OHS procedures in a CSS work space:

 Hazard identification
 Risk assessment
 Risk control

OHS Procedures that must be observed in computer servicing:

1. Do not remove computer parts while it is plugged on its power source.

2. Remove all jewelries and accessories while working.
3. Avoid bringing liquids in workplace.
4. Wear anti-static device to avoid electrostatic discharge.
5. Use shoes with non conductive rubber soles to reduce risk of shocked.

TOPIC 2: Hazard Identification

hazards examples that can be encountered when conducting computer systems
servicing:
 Tangled electrical cords

 Unsecured or unevenly stacked boxes

 Noise

Hazard identification involves observing the workplace’s surroundings to recognize

potential risks.

Common hazard in electronic Industry

Physical- Occupational/Environmental hazard. (e.g. cable tangled across the floor).
These can be addressed by maintaining the workplace clean and in proper condition.
Mechanical- results from manual used of tools or powered equipment (e.g. getting
entangled with tools and equipment that can cause injuries.
Chemical- caused by exposure of chemicals. It should be prevented because it can
cause long-term harmful health issues. (e.g. cleaning chemicals, dust removers,
cleaning solvents, oils, etc.
Electric Shock- cause by direct electrical contact from an active equipment or
electrical conductor.
TOPIC 3: Risk Assessment
How a hazard would harm a person.
Hazard- what can harm the person.
Risk- possibility of the hazard harming someone.
2 question in assessing risk

1. How likely does the hazard harm me and someone else?

2. How damaging will the risk be?

TOPIC 4: Risk Control

Once the hazard has been identified and its risks have been evaluated, it is time to
address these issues:

 Ask your supervisor for instruction and training before using or repairing an
equipment.

 Do not carry or move heavy objects by yourself.

 Physical- Use gaffers tape to manage and organize cables. Beside this, cable
ties, wires, wraps and cable raceways can be used for long term cable routing.
 Mechanical- ensure all equipment are well maintained. A person must be well
trained and supervised when using an unfamiliar equipment.
 Chemical- make sure to check proper labels of chemicals. Lookout for
flammable substances. Follow procedures indicated on product labels.
 Electric Shock- check for faulty wiring before use.
LESSON 3: Applying Quality Standards
Standards are sets of rules that outline specification of dimensions, design of
operation, materials, and performance. basis for good quality and protocol.
serves as comparison for computer performance
Maintaining quality is important to manage customer satisfaction
TOPIC 1: Assessing Quality
some standard protocols in checking the materials and goods you will be receiving in
work:
•The packing slip is received.
•purchase order matches the specific device and quantity.
•The device is in good condition
•the terms for installation and set up of the equipment. Is met.
•There is documentation.
TOPIC 2: Documentation
Log report to be completed by quality checker
TOPIC 3: Inventory Form
•encountered after disassembling computers.
•Listing down computer’s specification in the form.
•You can write the general description of what the item is under Items while you can write
the specifications or necessary description below Description/Specification.
•Anything else that you think are important notes should be written on the Remarks column.

LESSON 1: Understanding the Computer

•essential pieces of technology that we use to make life easier and perform jobs faster.
•increases our productivity, connects us to the internet, lets us talk with people across
the world, helps us store a lot of information, and even make money.
TOPIC 1: The Computer
 a device that accepts information in the form of digitalized data, and manipulates it
for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to
be processed.
BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Made in 19th century by an English mathematics professor named Charles
Babbage.
1st. Analytical Engine where the basic framework of computer are based on.
2nd. The Basic digital computer in 1937 was the Atanasoff-Berry Computer or ABC.
In 1994, it is called Collosus built for the military.
3rd. In 1963, the computer becomes smaller and powerful. PC or Personal Computer
is introduced in 1980 from the MS-DOS.
The improvement were made, It gives as Windows Operating System and the
Mcintosh computer from Apple.
TOPIC 2: Types of Computers
1. Supercomputer
•Most powerful and most advance in terms of performance and data processing
•commonly used by large organizations to conduct specific tasks such as weather
forecasting, research, and exploration.
Example:  Ex. IBM’s Mira in United States. IBM’s Sequoia in United States
2.Mainframe Computer
•Large and expensive computer capable of handling thousands of users and
programs simultaneously.
•can handle, process, and store large amount of data.
•commonly stored in large air-conditioned rooms because of its big size.  
Ex. Fujitsu’s ICL VME, Hitachi’s Z800
3.Minicomputer
• midrange computers.
•features all the functions of a large size computer, but has a smaller size.
•support many users because of its multi-processing system. 
Ex. K-202, IBM Midrange computers, SDS-92
4..Microcomputer
• widely used and fastest growing type of computer.
• Desktop computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones are types of
microcomputers.
TOPIC 3: Fundamental Elements of a Computer
3 Fundamental Element of Computer
System unit- center or core, processing the data and information it receives from
input devices.
Input devices- Any hardware that sends data in the computer that allows you to
interact and control the computer.
Output devices- received the system units’ processed info. Ex. Printer.
LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer Systems
computer system- consist of hardware and software components. 
hardware - physical equipment such as the case, storage drives, keyboards,
monitors, cables, speakers, and printers that builds up and let the software run. 
TOPIC 1: Computer Systems
Computer- CPU, memory and related electronics (main cabinet), all the peripheral
devices connected to it and its operating system.
2 broad division of computer:
1. Clients- 3 categories: laptop, desktop, workstation
2. Servers- low-end, midrange, mainstream
TOPIC 1: Computer Systems
Processing Devices
Processing devices - computer’s circuitry in the system unit.
• Motherboard – circuit board housing the memory and the central processing unit
(CPU)
•Central Processing Unit (CPU) – manipulates input data into the information
needed by the users
•Memory – also known as Random Access Memory or RAM. act as temporary
storage of data and program instructions while the instructions are being processed by
the CPU.
•Chips –contain many microscopic pathways designed to carry electrical currents.
TOPIC 1: Computer Systems
Storage Devices
Storage devices store and hold data, information and programs permanently.
 Solid State Drive (SSD) – mass storage device that stores data in a
permanent state even without power. do not have moving parts but store data
on magnetic platters making use of flash memory.
 Hard Disk Drive (HHD) –  hard drive or hard disk. most common storage
device that do not need power to maintain data; these store data through
spinning platters or magnetic disks, recording individual bits written into the
disk.
 Flash Drive – highly portable small data storage use of flash memory and a
Universal Serial Bus (USB) port connection
  CD – “compact disc”, can hold up to 700 MB; it is read by an optical drive
through a laser
TOPIC 1: Computer Systems Input Devices
Input devices  communicate with the computer by entering data or commands.
 Keyboard – input alphanumeric data and commands to the computer
 Mouse – navigate and interact with the monitor output
 Scanner – scans documents and converts them digitally, can be edited
 Webcam – record or broadcast video
 Joystick – used to control video games
TOPIC 1: Computer Systems
Output Devices
Output devices  to show the processed data and information understandably to the
user.
 Printer – prints paper documents, photographs, and other outputs called
hard copies which are physical versions of the documents.
 Monitor – primary display of the unit where the user interface and programs
are reflected.
 Speakers – sound system that produce audio output from the computer
TOPIC 2: The System Unit
System Unit 
• overall structure that houses the processor, memory, and electronic components
•All input and output devices are connected into the system unit. •housed by what is
known as system case or computer case.
Computer case- holds and protects most components of a computer.
•contains the framework to support and enclose internal components of the computer. 
•helps to prevent damage from static electricity.
•plastic, steel, and aluminum
•The size and layout of a case is called a form factor. 
• to keep internal components cool by using airflow vents and cooling fans.   
Sometimes referred as computer chassis,  Cabinet, Tower, Box and Housing.
Types:
  Tower (Full, Mid, Mini)
 Desktop (Standard, Slim line)
TOPIC 2: The System Unit
Power Supply
Power supplies- source for electricity to the computer. Attached are vital hardware
cables and buses for transferring power to various components. 
basic connector you can see in a power supply:
 ATX 24 pin main power connector is the standard motherboard power
connector used in nearly every computer.
 SATA 15 pin power supply connector one of several standard peripheral
power connectors. only connect to SATA drives like hard drives and optical
drives. do not work with older PATA devices.
 Molex 4 pin power supply connector - standard peripheral power
connector. connect to many different kinds of internal peripherals including
PATA hard drives and optical drives, some video cards, and even some
other devices.
 Floppy drive 4 pin power supply connector is the standard floppy drive
power connector. also called a Berg connector or Mini-Molex connector, is
included in even the newest power supplies even though floppy drives are
becoming obsolete.
 ATX 4 pin power supply connector is a standard motherboard power
connector used to provide +12 VDC to the processor voltage regulator. Small.
attaches to the motherboard near the CPU.
 ATX 6 pin power supply connector is a motherboard power connector used
to provide +12 VDC to the processor voltage regulator but the 4-pin variety is
the more commonly used connector. Small. attaches to the motherboard near
the CPU.
TOPIC 2: The System Unit
Motherboard
 motherboard -known as mainboard, system board, logic board, or MOBO.
 holds and allows communication between the crucial components of the
computer such as the CPU and memory.
 provides connection for other peripherals.
 This provides the path which the processor (CPU) communicates with all the
components.
Components attached in the mother board.
1.     Chip – small piece of semiconducting material, where more integrated circuits
are embedded. They have standard-sized pin connectors that allows them to be
attached to the motherboard.

2.     Bus - an electrical path that enables data flow between various system
components.

3.     Integrated Circuit (IC) – contains microscopic pathways that carry electric

current. The IC contains millions of elements such as resistors, capacitors, and
transistors. Many different kinds of chips are located in the motherboard

4.     Microprocessor- also known as CPU.

DIFFERENT VARIETY OF CHIP PACKAGES

1.     Dual Inline Package (DIP) – two parallel rows of pints that attach the chip
package to the circuit board

2.     Pin Grid Array (PGA) – holds a larger number of pins.

3.     Flip Chip-PGA (CF-PGA) Package – higher performance PGA packaging

that places the chip on the opposite sides of the pins.

4.     Single Edge Contact (SEC) Cartridge – does not use pins but connects to one
of the edges in the motherboard.

Various form factors exist for motherboards:

 ATX – Advanced Technology Extended

 Mini-ATX – Smaller footprint of ATX

 Micro-ATX – Smaller footprint of ATX

 LPX – Low-profile Extended

 NLX – New Low-profile Extended

 BTX – Balanced Technology Extended

Northbridge is primarily a fast path between the CPU and the video bus and
system RAM.
Southbridge connects with the slow hardware/components of the system. 

TOPIC 2: The System Unit

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- CPU or processor, the brain of the computer. It interprets and carries out the basic
instructions to operate a computer. 

-does most of the processing of data and instructions for the entire system.

-On top of the CPU is an installed fan and heat sink to keep it cool because CPU
generates heat.

-Have multi core called multi core processor (a single chips that has two or more
separate processors).

TWO KINDS OF MULTI-CORE PROCESSOR

1. Dual core- chip with 2 separate processor.

2. Quad core- chip with 4 separate processor.

AMD & INTEL -2 most popular brand of processor.

Processor cooler- called for a heat sink and fan together.

TOPIC 2: The System Unit

Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Random Access Memory or RAM -temporary storage as long as the computer is
running. 

-chips that are placed directly on the motherboard.

-consists of switches which are triggered by changes in electric current. 

Three basic types of RAM:

1. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – needs to be recharged by the CPU. If not, it loses

its contents.

Variation of RAM

o Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) – faster than DRAM because it is synchronized to

the system clock
o Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM – faster than SDRAM because they transfer data
twice for each clock cycle

o DDR2 and DDR3 SDRAM – faster than DDR SDRAM

o  ambus DRAM (RDRAM) – type of DRAM faster than SDRAM that uses
pipelining techniques

2.     Static RAM (SRAM) – faster and more reliable than any form of DRAM. does
not need to be re-energized. However, it is much more expensive and it used for
special purposes.

3.     Magneto resistive RAM (MRAM) – stores data using magnetic charges instead
of electrical charges. It has greater storage capacity, consume less power, and faster
access times.

The RAM chips are housed in a small circuit board called the memory
module, which is inserted into the motherboard.

Three types of memory modules:

1.     Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) – has pins on opposite sides of the
circuit board which connect together to form a single set of contacts. This houses
SDRAM chips along with DIMMs.

2.     Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) – the pins on the opposite sides of the
circuit board do not connect and form two sets of contacts. This houses SDRAM chips
along with SIMMs.

3.     Rambus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) – this houses RDRAM chips

 To be able to use basic application software such as Office Suite , one needs at
least 1GB of RAM. 

 Using programs and multimedia should have at least 4GB. 

 Playing modern games or using editing software will require at least 8GB. 
Today the RAM ranges up to 64GB depending on the programs that will be used for
the computer.

TOPIC 2: The System Unit

Cooling Technology
Cooling technologies- essential in avoiding the computer from overheating
and maintaining a good, well-ventilated system.

Several cooling technologies in system unit:

 o    Fans  present in several components such as the power supply, ports, processor,
hard disk etc.

o    Heat sink- small metal or ceramic component with fins on the surface which
absorbs and distributes heat produced by electrical components.

o    Heat pipe is used on smaller devices like notebook computers since this is smaller
in size.

TOPIC 2: The System Unit

Expansion Cards
A motherboard has expansion slots to be used by expansion cards.

expansion card, also called an adapter card, is a circuit board that provides more
ports than those provided by the motherboard. 

other variants of expansion cards are network cards, sound cards, video capture cards,
interface cards, and other expansion cards that cater to whatever the computer user for
his/her needs and improvements for the system

TOPIC 2: The System Unit

Storage
hard drives - optical drive, a tape drive, or, for really old systems, a floppy drive.  

A hard drive, also called a hard disk drive (HDD), is permanent storage used to
hold data and programs.  

Solid State Drive or SSDs use of flash memory, which does not use physical disks to
write memory/data.
Each drive has two connections for cables: the power cable connects to the power
supply and another cable, used for data and instructions, connects to the motherboard.

TOPIC 3: Ports, Sockets, Slots, & Connectors

The motherboard has several ports, sockets, slots, and connectors that link the
computers' components, input, and output devices among each other.

port serves as an interface between the computer and other computers or peripheral
devices. 

A port generally refers to the female part of connection. Computer ports have many
uses, to connect a monitor, webcam, speakers, or other peripheral devices.  

TOPIC 3: Ports, Sockets, Slots, & Connectors

Ports
port is a specialized outlet on a piece of equipment to which a plug or cable connects.
Electronically, the several conductors where the port and cable contacts connect,
provide a method to transfer signals between devices.

ports usually found with computer systems:

•VGA port-15 pin female port that transmits analog video.

•S-video port- 4/7 pin round video port used to connect to television.

•DVI (Digital Video Interface)- transmit digital or analog video

•HDMI- Transmit digital video and audio. Used in home theater and modern
monitors.

•Display port- digital video and audio. Replace VGA and DVI port nowadays.

•Thunderbolt- transmit both video and data on the same ports. Compatible with
devices with the display port.

•Audio port (Sound)- has 3 ports. for mic, audio in/out, and stereo audio out.

•S/PDIF Sound port- connects to external home theater audio system.

•USB- Universal I/O ports used by diff devices like printers, mice, scanner, keyboard,
flash drive. etc.

•Fire wire port- for high speed multimedia devices (e.g. camcorders).

•External SATA- used by external hard drive using the eSATA interface. Faster than
fire wire.

•PS/2 port- round 6 pin port for keyboard and mouse. purple for keyboard, green for
mouse. Now, usb ports are used for these.

•Serial ports- a 9 pin male port used by older computer.

TOPIC 3: Ports, Sockets, Slots, & Connectors

Slots
SLOTS

Industrial Standard Architecture- Video card, Sound Card, LAN card

Peripheral Component interconnect- Parallel card, Audio card, lan card

Accelerated Graphic port- Video card

Peripheral Component interconnect expressx16- Video card

Peripheral Component interconnect x1- Parallel card, usb 3.0 card, video
card

Communication & network riser- Sound card, LAN card

Audio & modem riser- LAN Card, Modem card

Single in-line memory module- 30, 72 pins RAM

Dual in-line memory module- DDR 1-4 SDRAM 184, 240 288 pins, SDR
SDRAM 168 pins

CPU slot type- CPU

TOPIC 3: Ports, Sockets, Slots, & Connectors
Sockets
CPU socket- where the CPU itself is inserted

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) slot- where the CMOS battery
(which lets the motherboard remember the date and time of the computer) that is
replaced after it has worn out.

TOPIC 3: Ports, Sockets, Slots, & Connectors

Connectors

Power Supply Connectors

20/24 pins ATX Power Connectors

4pins 12 volts auxiliary power connector

8 pins 12 volts auxiliary power connector

Integrated Device Electronic(IDE)- IDE connector for FDD 32,33 or 34

pins, Floppy disk drive, PATA cable

Parallel Advance Technology attachment - IDE PATA connector 40 or 39

pins, Hard disk drive, PATA Cable, Optical Disk Drive

Serial Advance Technology Attachment- SATA connectors, SATA cable,

Hard disk drive, Solid state drive, Optical disk drive

Front Panel connectors

USB front panel connectors

Audio front panel connectors

Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format- S/PDIF Connectors

Chassis fan connector

CPU fan connector

 CMOS Jumper settings Connector

MASTER and SLAVE jumper settings

LESSON 3: Hand Tools and Equipment

TOPIC 1: Electrostatic Discharge Tools
it is important to make sure that there is no static electricity to avoid damage of
computer parts. 

Static electricity generated by friction on carpets, clothing, hair, fabric, flooring, etc.  

ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE TOOLS

Anti-static wrist wrap 

Worn to prevent ESD damage to computer hardware

Anti-static mat 

Used to stand on or place tools to prevent buildup of static electricity

TOPIC 2: Hand Tools

pliers- firmly holding small parts.

Torx screwdriver- loosening or tightening screws that have a star-like head.

Precision tools- for removing screw of various sizes

LAN tester- for testing connectivity of LAN cables.

Crimping tool- For locking RJ45 into UTP cables

Flat head screw driver- loosening or tightening slotted screws.

Philips screwdriver- loosening or tightening Philips-head screws (cross- headed).

Desoldering tool- removing solder from a circuit board.

Wire stripper- stripping or cutting wires.

Brush- removing dust from components

Magnifying glass- aids visually looking at small screws/components.

TOPIC 3: Cleaning Tools

Lint-free cloth For cleaning computer parts without leaving marks or scratches.

Compressed air For clearing or blowing away dust from computer parts.

Cable ties- to organize and bundle cable together.

parts organizer- holding and organizing screw and other small computer parts.

TOPIC 4: Diagnostic Tools

Digital Multimeter - used to measure amps, volts, and ohms. test the integrity of
circuits and the quality of electricity in computer components. Information is flashed
on the screen.

Loopback Adapter  - loopback plug. tests the basic functionality of computer ports.
The adapter is specific to the port that you want to test.

Toner Probe -two-part tool that generates a tone that travels the length of the cable.
The toner part is attached to a cable at one end using specific adapters, such as RJ-45,
coaxial, or metal clips. When the probe is near to the cable where the toner is
attached, a tone can be heard from the speaker.