SEP2022 12 Eseguire Il Progetto
SEP2022 12 Eseguire Il Progetto
SEP2022 12 Eseguire Il Progetto
Management System
Initiation
Planning
Closing
Sono veri e propri processi in quanto necessitano specifici input, realizzano specifici
output, utilizzano particolari risorse e metodi di gestione
Qualità
Budget Tempo
Concept ed
Obiettivi obiettivi Piano di
strategici specifici azione Risultati
Decisori di
Committenza Progetto
progetto
Ambiente
Feed-forward
Obiettivi D
e Vincoli PM Progetto Risultati
Feed-back
Activities
Definition
Project
Cost
Cost/Control Project
Scope Definition Account Definition Baseline
Project
Schedule
Resource
Planning
Progetto
Project
Ingegneria Information Logistica Produzione
Management Testing (TST)
(ENG) Assurance (IA) (LOG) (PRD)
(PM)
Ruolo Definizione
Colui che lavora al pacchetto di lavoro, possono essere più di uno nel caso
Responsible
di lavoro in team
Colui che approva il lavoro completato e ne è pienamente responsabile
Accountable
(dovrebbe esservi un solo Accountable per ogni attività)
Chassis
Design A R S
Advertisement
design A S
Machinery
design A R R C
Style definition
A C R
…
§ Objective:
§ It represents a project schedule in a graphic and concise way
§ Logic:
§ Representation of the activities as bars on a horizontal temporal scale
§ Basic concepts:
§ Activity: work package
§ Event: project status at a specific point (i.e.: start or end)
§ Schedule:plan of scheduled activities with start and end events
§ Forward-Backward Planning
Bar charts (Gantt diagrams)
§ Advantages
§ Synthesis and readability (useful for the owner or high level actors
involved)
§ Simple tool to identify durations and dates of the project
§ Problems
§ Limited decisional support (it does not point out critical areas)
§ It doesn’t take into account cost/time trade-offs
§ It doesn’t take into account the resource availability/levelling
Gantt Diagram:
relazioni logiche
Attività
Pianificato
Effettivo
A
3 5 6 8 9 11 15 Tempo
(oggi)
Attività
Pianificato
Effettivo
A
3 5 6 8 9 11 15 Tempo
(oggi)
§ Critical Activity
§ Activity that, if it is delayed, impacts the project total time
E
G
H
2 2
11 14 16 24 26 30
Total Float and Free Float
H
2 2
11 14 1516 18 24 26 30
Total Float and Free Float
§ Total Float
§ maximum delay an activity can suffer without impacting on the project total
time
§ Free Float
§ maximum delay an activity can suffer without impacting on any other
activity (even a not critical one)
§ Total Float = Free Float + Free Float of the chain of not critical
activities
ORGANIZATIONAL FEASIBILITY OF A
SCHEDULE
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C
Mike, 50%
D
Mike, 100%
E
Mike, 50%
F
Mike, 100%
G
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B Let’s consider a Control Account
C
Mike, 50% completely managed and executed
by Mike (Control Account Manager).
Mike, 50%
D
Mike identified 7 Work Packages.
Mike, 100%
E After that he scheduled a 26-week
Mike, 50% long Control Account taking into
F consideration both the % of
Mike, 100% allocation and the logical
G
relationships among the activities.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B Let’s consider a Control Account
C
Mike, 50% completely managed and executed
by Mike (Control Account Manager).
Mike, 50%
D
Mike identified 7 Work Packages.
Mike, 100%
E After that he scheduled a 26-week
Mike, 50% long Control Account taking into
F consideration both the % of
Mike, 100% allocation and the logical
G
relationships among the activities.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
Mike
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100% In order to make the plan feasible
A
Mike, 50%
Mike started by addressing the
B overallocation between week 3 and
Mike, 50% 8.
C
Mike, 50% He noticed that activity C and D are
D
non-Critical so he decided to move
Mike, 100% one of them in the future (using
E
some of its float already in the
Mike, 50%
F planning phase).
Mike, 100%
G He decided to use the float of
activity D because he was more
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time confident about its execution and
could face the risk of reducing its
Mike
float.
150%
Help Mike to understand the effects
of his decision....
100%
+1
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100% In order to make the plan feasible
A
Mike, 50%
Mike started by addressing the
B overallocation between week 3 and
Mike, 50% 8.
C
Mike, 50% He noticed that activity C and D are
D
non-Critical so he decided to move
Mike, 100% one of them in the future (using
E
some of its float already in the
Mike, 50%
F planning phase).
Mike, 100%
G He decided to use the float of
activity D because he was more
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time confident about its execution and
could face the risk of reducing its
Mike
float.
150%
Help Mike to understand the effects
of his decision....
100%
-1 +1
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100% In order to make the plan feasible
A
Mike, 50%
Mike started by addressing the
B overallocation between week 3 and
Mike, 50% 8.
C
Mike, 50% He noticed that activity C and D are
D
non-Critical so he decided to move
Mike, 100% one of them in the future (using
E
some of its float already in the
Mike, 50%
F planning phase).
Mike, 100%
G He decided to use the float of
activity D because he was more
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time confident about its execution and
could face the risk of reducing its
Mike
float.
150%
Help Mike to understand the effects
of his decision....
100%
-1 +1
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100% In order to make the plan feasible
A
Mike, 50%
Mike started by addressing the
B overallocation between week 3 and
Mike, 50% 8.
C
Mike, 50% He noticed that activity C and D are
D
non-Critical so he decided to move
Mike, 100% one of them in the future (using
E
some of its float already in the
Mike, 50%
F planning phase).
Mike, 100%
G He decided to use the float of
activity D because he was more
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time confident about its execution and
could face the risk of reducing its
Mike
float.
150%
Help Mike to understand the effects
of his decision....
100%
-1 +1
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100% In order to make the plan feasible
A
Mike, 50%
Mike started by addressing the
B overallocation between week 3 and
Mike, 50% 8.
C
Mike, 50% He noticed that activity C and D are
D
non-Critical so he decided to move
Mike, 100% one of them in the future (using
E
some of its float already in the
Mike, 50%
F planning phase).
Mike, 100%
G He decided to use the float of
activity D because he was more
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time confident about its execution and
could face the risk of reducing its
Mike
float.
150%
Help Mike to understand the effects
of his decision....
100%
-1 +1
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C
Mike, 50% By moving activity D it was possible
D
to solve the overallocation without
Mike, 100% touching the total planned time that
E
continues to be 26 weeks.
Mike, 50%
F
Mike, 100%
The downside of this change,
G though, is an incremented risk as
both activity C and D turned to be
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time critical now
Mike
150%
100%
-1
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C
Using the same approach Mike
Mike, 50%
D decided to try to solve the remaining
Mike, 100% overallocation problem by moving in
E the future activity F, that is non-
Mike, 50% critical
F
G
Mike, 100% Help Mike again to understand the
effects of his decision....
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
Mike
150% +1
100%
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C
Using the same approach Mike
Mike, 50%
D decided to try to solve the remaining
Mike, 100% overallocation problem by moving in
E the future activity F, that is non-
Mike, 50% critical
F
G
Mike, 100% Help again Mike to understand the
effects of his decision....
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
Mike
150% -1 +1
100%
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C
Using the same approach Mike
Mike, 50%
D decided to try to solve the remaining
Mike, 100% overallocation problem by moving in
E the future activity F, that is non-
Mike, 50% critical
F
G
Mike, 100% Help again Mike to understand the
effects of his decision....
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
Mike
150% -1 +1
100%
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C
Using the same approach Mike
Mike, 50%
D decided to try to solve the remaining
Mike, 100% overallocation problem by moving in
E the future activity F, that is non-
Mike, 50% critical
F
G
Mike, 100% Help again Mike to understand the
effects of his decision....
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
Mike
150% -1 +1
100%
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C
Using the same approach Mike
Mike, 50%
D decided to try to solve the remaining
Mike, 100% overallocation problem by moving in
E the future activity F, that is non-
Mike, 50% critical
F
G
Mike, 100% Help again Mike to understand the
effects of his decision....
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
Mike
150% -1 +1
100%
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C
Using the same approach Mike
Mike, 50%
D decided to try to solve the remaining
Mike, 100% overallocation problem by moving in
E the future activity F, that is non-
Mike, 50% critical
F
G
Mike, 100% Help again Mike to understand the
effects of his decision....
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
Mike
150% -1 +1
100%
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C
Using the same approach Mike
Mike, 50%
D decided to try to solve the remaining
Mike, 100% overallocation problem by moving in
E the future activity F, that is non-
Mike, 50% critical
F
G
Mike, 100% Help again Mike to understand the
effects of his decision....
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
Mike
150% -1 +1
100%
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C
Using the same approach Mike
Mike, 50%
D decided to try to solve the remaining
Mike, 100% overallocation problem by moving in
E the future activity F, that is non-
Mike, 50% critical
F
G
Mike, 100% Help again Mike to understand the
effects of his decision....
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
Mike
150% -1 +1
100%
50%
1 27
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C
Using the same approach Mike
Mike, 50%
D decided to try to solve the remaining
Mike, 100% overallocation problem by moving in
E the future activity F, that is non-
Mike, 50% critical
F
G
Mike, 100% Help again Mike to understand the
effects of his decision....
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
Mike
150% -1 +1
100%
50%
1 28
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C
Using the same approach Mike
Mike, 50%
D decided to try to solve the remaining
Mike, 100% overallocation problem by moving in
E the future activity F, that is non-
Mike, 50% critical
F
G
Mike, 100% Help again Mike to understand the
effects of his decision....
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
Mike
150% -1 +1
100%
50%
1 29
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30
time
CA
Mike, 100%
A
Mike, 50%
B
Mike, 50%
C In this second case it was not
Mike, 50% possible to make a feasible plan in
D
26 weeks!
Mike, 100%
E
Once the whole float of activity F
Mike, 50%
F was used, the overallocation was
Mike,
still in place.
G 100%
150% -1
100%
50%
Start
1
Over
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 time
Project Baseline: Budget Tempificato
BCWS
(Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled)
B
Costo
Attività Pred. Tempo Costo mensile
A
A - 3 30 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B A 2 30 15
C A 3 60 20
210
D A 4 60 15
E B 3 30 10 175
140
105
70
35
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B
Costo
Attività Pred. Tempo Costo mensile
A
A - 3 30 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B A 2 30 15
C A 3 60 20
210
D A 4 60 15
E B 3 30 10 175
140
105
70
35
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B
Costo
Attività Pred. Tempo Costo mensile
A
A - 3 30 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B A 2 30 15
C A 3 60 20
210
D A 4 60 15
E B 3 30 10 175
140
105
70
35
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B
Costo
Attività Pred. Tempo Costo mensile
A
A - 3 30 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B A 2 30 15
C A 3 60 20
210
D A 4 60 15
E B 3 30 10 175
140
105
70
35
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
§ Obiettivo
§ Monitorare continuamente l’andamento del progetto e generare stime a finire
B
Costo
Attività Pred. Tempo Costo mensile
A
A - 3 30 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B A 2 30 15
C A 3 60 20
210
D A 4 60 15
E B 3 30 10 175
140
105
BCWS
(Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled)
© School of Management - Politecnico di Milano 48
Earned Value:
2. Monitoraggio
§ Rilevo i costi durante l’avanzamento del progetto
ACWP
ACWP (Actual Cost of Work Performed)
BCWS
ACWP
n Performance di
tempo?
n Performance di
costo?
Tempo
Istante di rilevazione
BCWP
(Budgeted Cost of Work Performed)
BCWS
ACWP
n Performance di
tempo?
n Performance di
BCWP costo?
Tempo
Istante di rilevazione
n Tempo: Ritardo
n Costo: Inefficienza
n Performance di
tempo?
BCWP
n Performance di
costo?
ACWP
Tempo
Istante di rilevazione
n Tempo: Ritardo
n Costo: Efficienza
BCWS
BCWP
n Performance di
tempo?
n Performance di
ACWP costo?
Tempo
Istante di rilevazione
n Tempo: Anticipo
n Costo: Efficienza
ACWP
n Performance di
BCWP BCWS
tempo?
n Performance di
costo?
Tempo
Istante di rilevazione
n Tempo: Anticipo
n Costo: Inefficienza
§ BCWP – La curva del lavoro effettivamente svolto valutato a costi di budget (Earned
Value) è in assoluto la curva più difficile da calcolare. Il problema risiede nella
necessità di definire la percentuale di lavoro effettivamente svolto. In alcuni casi il
calcolo di tale percentuale può essere semplice:
- Immaginate di dover produrre nei prossimi 6 mesi 50 aerei e di averne prodotti fino ad ora 30. In
questo caso si potrebbe calcolare l’avanzamento fisico attraverso il metodo delle Units Complete e
potremo dire, certamente sbagliando ma non discostandoci molto dalla realtà, che la percentuale di
completamento dell’attività è pari al 60%.
In altri casi invece calcolare la percentuale di avanzamento può essere molto
complesso e dare vita a valori con alta soggettività:
- Immaginate di avere una attività che si chiama “Project Management” e che possiate misurare
quanto tempo il PM ha realmente dedicato al progetto: 300 ore. Immaginate anche che in fase di
definizione del budget di progetto sia stato definito che il PM avrebbe lavorato al progetto per 600
ore. In questo caso non avete un parametro oggettivo per dire che l’attività è stata svolta al 50%.
Sapete solo che avete già speso il 50% delle risorse allocate. Se ad esempio il progetto fosse solo al
10% del completamento …
In tal caso per stimare la percentuale di completamento necessaria per calcolare la BCWP si ricorre a
metodi fortemente soggettivi come il Management Assessment in cui un esperto giudica il grado di
avanzamento
§ Questo richiede particolare cura nel passaggio di consegne tra chi ha gestito
il progetto e chi ne dovrà gestire l’output.
§ Dare assistenza nella stesura dei report di performance dei fornitori per
permettere di aggiornare il loro status a vantaggio dei prossimi progetti
§ Verificare che tutte le fatture dei fornitori siano state emesse e che le
fatture dei clienti siano state pagate
76
© School of Management - Politecnico di Milano 76