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Manual:Scripting
From MikroTik Wiki

Scripting language manual

Applies
to
Manuale di linguaggio di scripting RouterOS: any
Questo manuale fornisce un'introduzione al potente linguaggio di scripting incorporato in RouterOS.
L'host di script offre un modo per automatizzare alcune attività di manutenzione del router mediante l'esecuzione di
script definiti limitati ad alcuni eventi occorsi.
Gli script possono essere memorizzati nel repository Script o possono essere scritti direttamente sulla console. Gli eventi utilizzati per attivare l'esecuzione dello script
includere, ma non solo, l'Utilità di pianificazione di sistema, lo Strumento di monitoraggio del traffico e lo Strumento Netwatch generato
eventi.

Line structure

Lo script RouterOS è diviso in numero di righe di comando. Le righe di comando vengono eseguite una alla volta fino alla fine dello script
o fino a quando si verifica un errore di runtime.

Command line

RouterOS console uses following command syntax:

[prefix] [path] command [uparam] [param=[value]] .. [param=[value]]

[prefisso] - ":" o "/" carattere che indica se il comando è ICE o percorso. Può o non può essere richiesto.
[percorso] - percorso relativo al livello di menu desiderato. Può o non può essere richiesto.
comando - uno dei comandi disponibili al livello di menu specificato.
[uparam] - parametro senza nome, deve essere specificato se il comando lo richiede.
[parametri] - sequenza di parametri denominati seguita da rispettivi valori
La fine della riga di comando è rappresentata dal token ";" o NEWLINE. A volte ";" o NEWLINE non è richiesto
termina la riga di comando.
Il singolo comando inside (), [] o {} non richiede alcun carattere di fine comando. La fine del comando è determinata da
contenuto dell'intero script

:if ( true ) do={ :put "lala" }

Ogni riga di comando all'interno di un'altra riga di comando inizia e termina con parentesi quadre "[]" (concatenazione dei .comandi).

:put [/ip route get [find gateway=1.1.1.1]];

Si noti che il codice sopra contiene tre righe di comando:

:put
/ip route get
find gateway=1.1.1.1

La riga di comando può essere costruita da più di una linea fisica seguendo le regole di unione delle linee.

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Physical Line
Linea fisica
Una linea fisica è una sequenza di caratteri terminata da una sequenza di fine riga (EOL). Qualsiasi della piattaforma standard
le sequenze di terminazione di linea possono essere utilizzate:
unix – ASCII LF;
windows – ASCII CR LF;
mac – ASCII CR;

È possibile utilizzare le convenzioni C standard per i caratteri di nuova riga (il carattere \ n).

Comments

Un commento inizia con un carattere cancelletto (#) e termina alla fine della linea fisica. Spazio bianco o altri simboli
non consentito prima del simbolo hash. I commenti sono ignorati dalla sintassi. Se il carattere (#) appare all'interno della stringa non viene considerato
un commento.
Example

# this is a comment
# bad comment
:global a; # bad comment

:global myStr "lala # this is not a comment"

Line joining

Due o più linee fisiche possono essere unite in linee logiche usando il carattere barra rovesciata (\). Una riga che termina con una barra rovesciata
non può portare un commento Un backslash non continua un commento. Un backslash non continua un token tranne che
stringhe letterali. Un backslash è illegale altrove su una riga al di fuori di una stringa letterale.

Example

:if ($a = true \

and $b=false) do={ :put “$a $b”; }

:if ($a = true \ # bad comment

and $b=false) do={ :put “$a $b”; }

# comment \
continued – invalid (syntax error)

Whitespace between tokens

Spazio bianco tra token
Gli spazi bianchi possono essere usati per separare i token. Lo spazio bianco è necessario tra due token solo se la loro concatenazione potrebbe
essere interpretato come un diverso token. Esempio:
{
:local a true; :local b false;
# whitespace is not required
:put (a&&b);
# whitespace is required
:put (a and b);
}

Gli spazi bianchi non sono ammessi

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tra "<parametro> ="

between 'from=' 'to=' 'step=' 'in=' 'do=' 'else='

Example:

#incorrect:
:for i from = 1 to = 2 do = { :put $i }
#correct syntax:
:for i from=1 to=2 do={ :put $i }
:for i from= 1 to= 2 do={ :put $i }

#incorrect
/ip route add gateway = 3.3.3.3
#correct
/ip route add gateway=3.3.3.3

Scopes

Le variabili possono essere utilizzate solo in alcune regioni dello script. Queste regioni sono denominate ambiti. L'ambito determina la visibilità di
la variabile. Esistono due tipi di ambiti: globali e locali . Una variabile dichiarata all'interno di un blocco è accessibile solo
all'interno di quel blocco e blocchi racchiusi da esso, e solo dopo il punto di dichiarazione

Global scope

L'ambito globale o l'ambito di root è l'ambito predefinito dello script. Viene creato automaticamente e non può essere disattivato.
Ambito locale

Local scope

L'utente può definire i propri gruppi per bloccare l'accesso a determinate variabili, questi ambiti sono chiamati ambiti locali. Ogni ambito locale
è racchiuso tra parentesi graffe ("{}").

{
:local a 3;
{
:local b 4;
:put ($a+$b);
}
#line below will show variable b in light red color since it is not defined in scope
:put ($a+$b);
}

Nel codice sopra la variabile b ha scope locale e non sarà accessibile dopo parentesi graffa chiusa.

Note: ogni riga scritta nel terminale viene considerata come ambito locale

Ad esempio, la variabile locale definita non sarà visibile nella riga di comando successiva e genererà un errore di sintassi

[admin@MikroTik] > :local myVar a;

[admin@MikroTik] > :put $myVar
syntax error (line 1 column 7)

Warning: non definire variabili globali all'interno di ambiti locali.

Si noti che anche la variabile può essere definita globale, sarà disponibile solo dal suo ambito a meno che non sia già definita.

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{
:local a 3;
{
:global b 4;
}
:put ($a+$b);
}

Code above will generate an error.

Keywords

The following words are keywords and cannot be used as variable and function names:

and or not in

Delimiters

The following tokens serve as delimiters in the grammar:

() [] {} : ; $ /

Data types

RouterOS scripting language has following data types:

Type Description
num (number) - 64bit signed integer, possible hexadecimal input;
bool (boolean) - values can bee true or false;
str (string) - character sequence;
ip - IP address;
ip-prefix - IP prefix;
ip6-prefix - IPv6 prefix
id (internal ID) - hexadecimal value prefixed by '*' sign. Each menu item has assigned unique number - internal
ID;
time - date and time value;
array - sequence of values organized in an array;
nil - default variable type if no value is assigned;

Constant Escape Sequences

Following escape sequences can be used to define certain special character within string:

\" Insert double quote

\\ Insert backslash
\n Insert newline
\r Insert carriage return
\t Insert horizontal tab
\$ Output $ character. Otherwise $ is used to link variable.

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\? Output ? character. Otherwise ? is used to print "help" in console.

\_ - space
\a - BEL (0x07)
\b - backspace (0x08)
\f - form feed (0xFF)
\v Insert vertical tab
\xx Print character from hex value. Hex number should use capital letters.

Example

:put "\48\45\4C\4C\4F\r\nThis\r\nis\r\na\r\ntest";

which will show on display

HELLO
This
is
a
test

Operators

Arithmetic Operators

Usual arithmetic operators are supported in RouterOS scripting language

Opearator Description Example

"+" binary addition :put (3+4);

"-" binary subtraction :put (1-6);

"*" binary multiplication :put (4*5);

"/" binary division :put (10 / 2); :put ((10)/2)

"-" unary negation { :local a 1; :put (-a); }

Note: for division to work you have to use braces or spaces around dividend so it is not mistaken as IP address

Relational Operators

Opearator Description Example

"<" less :put (3<4);

">" greater :put (3>4);

"=" equal :put (2=2);

"<=" less or equal

">=" greater or equal
"!=" not equal

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Logical Operators

Opearator Description Example

“!” , “not” logical NOT :put (!true);

“&&” , “and” logical AND :put (true&&true)

“||” , “or” logical OR :put (true||false);

“in” :put (1.1.1.1/32 in 1.0.0.0/8);

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are working on number and ip address data types.

Opearator Description Example

“~” bit inversion :put (~0.0.0.0)

“|” bitwise OR. Performs logical OR operation :put (192.168.88.0|0.0.0.255)

on each pair of corresponding bits. In each
pair the result is “1” if one of bits or both
bits are “1”, otherwise the result is “0”.
“^” bitwise XOR. The same as OR, but the result
in each position is “1” if two bits are not
equal, and “0” if bits are equal.
“&” bitwise AND. In each pair the result is “1” if :put (192.168.88.77&255.255.255.0)
first and second bit is “1”. Otherwise the
result is “0”.
“<<” left shift by given amount of bits :put (192.168.88.77<<8)

“>>” right shift by given amount of bits :put (192.168.88.77>>24)

Calculate subnet address from given IP and CIDR Netmask using "&" operator:

{
:local IP 192.168.88.77;
:local CIDRnetmask 255.255.255.0;
:put ($IP&$CIDRnetmask);
}

Get last 8 bits from given IP addresses:

:put (192.168.88.77&0.0.0.255);

Use "|" operator and inverted CIDR mask to calculate the broadcast address:

{
:local IP 192.168.88.77;
:local Network 192.168.88.0;
:local CIDRnetmask 255.255.255.0;
:local InvertedCIDR (~$CIDRnetmask);
:put ($Network|$InvertedCIDR)
}

Concatenation Operators

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Opearator Description Example

“.” concatenates two strings :put (“concatenate” . “ “ . “string”);

“,” concatenates two arrays or adds element to :put ({1;2;3} , 5 );

array

It is possible to add variable values to strings without concatenation operator:

:global myVar "world";

:put ("Hello " . $myVar);

# next line does the same as above
:put "Hello $myVar";

By using $[] and $() in string it is possible to add expressions inside strings:

:local a 5;
:local b 6;
:put " 5x6 = $($a * $b)";

:put " We have $[ :len [/ip route find] ] routes";

Other Operators

</tr>

Opearator Description Example

“[]” command substitution. Can contain only :put [ :len "my test string"; ];
single command line
“()” sub expression or grouping operator :put ( "value is " . (4+5));

“$” substitution operator :global a 5; :put $a;

“~” binary operator that matches value against Print all routes which gateway ends with 202
POSIX extended regular expression /ip route print where gateway~"^[0-9 \\.]*202\$"

“->” Get an array element by key

[admin@x86] >:global aaa {a=1;b=2}
[admin@x86] > :put ($aaa->"a")
1
[admin@x86] > :put ($aaa->"b")
2

Variables

Scripting language has two types of variables:

global - accessible from all scripts created by current user, defined by global keyword;
local - accessible only within the current scope, defined by local keyword.

Note: Starting from v6.2 there can be undefined variables. When variable is undefined parser will try to look for
variables set, for example, by DHCP lease-script or Hotspot on-login

Note: Variable value size is limited to 4096bytes

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Every variable, except for built in RouterOS variables, must be declared before usage by local or global keywords.
Undefined variables will be marked as undefined and will result in compilation error. Example:

# following code will result in compilation error, because myVar is used without declaration
:set myVar "my value";
:put $myVar

Correct code:

:local myVar;
:set myVar "my value";
:put $myVar;

Exception is when using variables set, for example, by DHCP lease-script

/system script
add name=myLeaseScript policy=\
ftp,reboot,read,write,policy,test,winbox,password,sniff,sensitive,api \
source=":log info \$leaseActIP\r\
\n:log info \$leaseActMAC\r\
\n:log info \$leaseServerName\r\
\n:log info \$leaseBound"

/ip dhcp-server set myServer lease-script=myLeaseScript

Valid characters in variable names are letters and digits. If variable name contains any other character, then variable name
should be put in double quotes. Example:

#valid variable name

:local myVar;
#invalid variable name
:local my-var;
#valid because double quoted
:global "my-var";

If variable is initially defined without value then variable data type is set to nil, otherwise data type is determined
automatically by scripting engine. Sometimes conversion from one data type to another is required. It can be achieved
using data conversion commands. Example:

#convert string to array

:local myStr "1,2,3,4,5";
:put [:typeof $myStr];
:local myArr [:toarray $myStr];
:put [:typeof $myArr]

Variable names are case sensitive.

:local myVar "hello"

# following line will generate error, because variable myVAr is not defined
:put $myVAr
# correct code
:put $myVar

Set command without value will un-define the variable (remove from environment, new in v6.2)

#remove variable from environment

:global myVar "myValue"
:set myVar;

Commands

Global commands

Every global command should start with ":" token, otherwise it will be treated as variable.

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Command Syntax Description Example

/ go to root
menu
.. go back by
one menu
level
? list all
available
menu
commands
and brief
descriptions
global :global define :global myVar "something"; :put $myVar;
<var> global
[<value>] variable
local :local <var> define local { :local myLocalVar "I am local"; :put $myVar; }
[<value>] variable
beep :beep <freq> beep built in
<length> speaker
delay :delay do nothing
<time> for a given
period of
time
put :put put supplied
<expression> argument to
console
len :len return string :put [:len "length=8"];
<expression> length or
array
element
count
typeof :typeof return data :put [:typeof 4];
<var> type of
variable
pick :pick <var> return range :put [:pick "abcde" 1 3]
<start> of elements
[<end>] or substring.
If end
position is
not
specified,
will return
only one
element
from an
array.
log :log <topic> write :log info "Hello from script";
<message> message to
system log.
Available
topics are
"debug,
error, info
and

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warning"

time :time return :put [:time {:for i from=1 to=10 do={ :delay 100ms }}];
<expression> interval of
time needed
to execute
command
set :set <var> assign value :global a; :set a true;
[<value>] to declared
variable.
find :find <arg> return :put [:find "abc" "a" -1];
<arg> position of
<start> substring or
array
element
environment :environment print :global myVar true; :environment print;
print initialized
<start> variable
information
terminal terminal
related
commands
error :error Generate
<output> console
error and
stop
executing
the script
execute :execute Execute the
<expression> script in {
:local j [:execute {/interface print follow where [:log info ~Sname~]}];
background. :delay 10s;
:do { /system script job remove $j } on-error={}
}

parse :parse parse string :global myFunc [:parse ":put hello!"];

<expression> and return $myFunc;
parsed
console
commands.
Can be used
as function.
resolve :resolve return IP :put [:resolve "www.mikrotik.com"];
<arg> address of
given DNS
name
toarray :toarray convert
<var> variable to
array
tobool :tobool convert
<var> variable to
boolean
toid :toid <var> convert
variable to
internal ID

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toip :toip <var> convert

variable to
IP address
toip6 :toip6 <var> convert
variable to
IPv6
address
tonum :tonum <var> convert
variable to
integer
tostr :tostr <var> convert
variable to
string
totime :totime convert
<var> variable to
time

Menu specific commands

Common commands

Following commands available from most sub-menus:

Command Syntax Description

add add <param>=<value>..<param>=<value> add new item
remove remove <id> remove selected item
enable enable <id> enable selected item
disable disable <id> disable selected item
set set <id> <param>=<value>..<param>= change selected items parameter, more than one parameter
<value> can be specified at the time. Parameter can be unset by
specifying '!' before parameter.

Example:
/ip firewall filter add chain=blah action=accept
protocol=tcp port=123 nth=4,2
print
set 0 !port chain=blah2 !nth protocol=udp

get get <id> <param>=<value> get selected items parameter value

print print <param><param>=[<value>] print menu items. Output depends on print parameters
specified. Most common print parameters are described here
export export [file=<value>] export configuration from current menu and its sub-menus
(if present). If file parameter is specified output will be
written to file with extension '.rsc', otherwise output will be
printed to console. Exported commands can be imported by
import command
edit edit <id> <param> edit selected items property in built-in text editor
find find <expression> Returns list of internal numbers for items that are matched
by given expression. For example: :put [/interface find
name~"ether"]

import

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Import command is available from root menu and is used to import configuration from files created by export command
or written manually by hand.

print parameters

Several parameters are available for print command:

Parameter Description Example

append

as-value print output as array of parameters and its values :put [/ip address print as-value]

brief print brief description

detail print detailed description, output is not as readable as brief
output, but may be useful to view all parameters
count-only print only count of menu items
file print output to file
follow print all current entries and track new entries until ctrl-c is /log print follow
pressed, very useful when viewing log entries
follow-only print and track only new entries until ctrl-c is pressed, very /log print follow-only
useful when viewing log entries
from print parameters only from specified item /user print from=admin

interval continuously print output in selected time interval, useful to /interface print interval=2
track down changes where follow is not acceptable
terse show details in compact and machine friendly format
value-list show values one per line (good for parsing purposes)
without-paging If output do not fit in console screen then do not stop, print
all information in one piece
where expressions followed by where parameter can be used to /ip route print where
filter out matched entries interface="ether1"

More than one parameter can be specified at a time, for example, /ip route print count-only interval=1 where
interface="ether1"

Loops and conditional statements

Loops

Command Syntax Description

do..while :do { <commands> } while=( <conditions> execute commands until given condition is met.
); :while ( <conditions> ) do={
<commands> };

for :for <var> from=<int> to=<int> execute commands over a given number of iterations
step=<int> do={ <commands> }

foreach :foreach <var> in=<array> do={ execute commands for each elements in list
<commands> };

Conditional statement

Command Syntax Description

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if :if(<condition>) do={<commands>} If a given condition is true then execute commands in the do

else={<commands>} <expression> block, otherwise execute commands in the else block if
specified.

Example:

{
:local myBool true;
:if ($myBool = false) do={ :put "value is false" } else={ :put "value is true" }
}

Functions

Scripting language does not allow to create functions directly, however you could use :parse command as a workaround.

Starting from v6.2 new syntax is added to easier define such functions and even pass parameters. It is also possible to
return function value with :return command.

See examples below:

#define function and run it

:global myFunc do={:put "hello from function"}
$myFunc

output:
hello from function

#pass arguments to the function

:global myFunc do={:put "arg a=$a"; :put "arg '1'=$1"}
$myFunc a="this is arg a value" "this is arg1 value"

output:
arg a=this is arg a value
arg '1'=this is arg1 value

Notice that there are two ways how to pass arguments:

pass arg with specific name ("a" in our example)

pass value without arg name, in such case arg "1", "2" .. "n" are used.

Return example

:global myFunc do={ :return ($a + $b)}

:put [$myFunc a=6 b=2]

output:
8

You can even clone existing script from script environment and use it as function.

#add script
/system script add name=myScript source=":put \"Hello $myVar !\""

:global myFunc [:parse [/system script get myScript source]]

$myFunc myVar=world

output:
Hello world !

Warning: If function contains defined global variable which name matches the name of passed parameter, then globally

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defined variable is ignored, for compatibility with scripts written for older versions. This feature can change in future
versions. Avoid using parameters with same name as global variables.

For example:

:global my2 "123"

:global myFunc do={ :global my2; :put $my2; :set my2 "lala"; :put $my2 }
$myFunc my2=1234
:put "global value $my2"

Output will be:

1234
lala
global value 123

Nested function example

Note: to call another function its name needs to be declared (the same as for variables)

:global funcA do={ :return 5 }

:global funcB do={
:global funcA;
:return ([$funcA] + 4)
}
:put [$funcB]

Output:
9

Catch run-time errors

Starting from v6.2 scripting has ability to catch run-time errors.

For example, [code]:reslove[/code] command if failed will throw an error and break the script.

[admin@MikroTik] > { :put [:resolve www.example.com]; :put "lala";}

failure: dns name does not exist

Now we want to catch this error and proceed with our script:

:do {
:put [:resolve www.example.com];
} on-error={ :put "resolver failed"};
:put "lala"

output:

resolver failed
lala

Operations with Arrays

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Warning: Key name in array contains any character other than lowercase character, it should be put in quotes

For example:

[admin@ce0] > {:local a { "aX"=1 ; ay=2 }; :put ($a->"aX")}

Loop through keys and values

foreach command can be used to loop through keys and elements:

[admin@ce0] > :foreach k,v in={2; "aX"=1 ; y=2; 5} do={:put ("$k=$v")}

0=2
1=5
aX=1
y=2

if foreach command is used with one argument, then element value will be returned:

[admin@ce0] > :foreach k in={2; "aX"=1 ; y=2; 5} do={:put ("$k")}

2
5
1
2

Note: If array element has key then these elements are sorted in alphabetical order, elements without keys are moved
before elements with keys and their order is not changed (see example above).

Change the value of single array element

[admin@MikroTik] > :global a {x=1; y=2}

[admin@MikroTik] > :set ($a->"x") 5
[admin@MikroTik] > :environment print
a={x=5; y=2}

Script repository
Sub-menu level: /system script

Contains all user created scripts. Scripts can be executed in several different ways:

on event - scripts are executed automatically on some facility events ( scheduler, netwatch, VRRP)
by another script - running script within script is allowed
manually - from console executing run command or in winbox

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Note: Only scripts (including schedulers, netwatch etc) with equal or higher permission rights can execute other
scripts.

Property Description
comment (string; Default: ) Descriptive comment for the script
name (string; Default: "Script[num]") name of the script
policy (string; Default: ) list of applicable policies:

api - api permissions

ftp - can log on remotely via ftp and send and retrieve files
from the router
local - can log on locally via console
password - change passwords
policy - manage user policies, add and remove user
read - can retrieve the configuration
reboot - can reboot the router
sensitive - see passwords and other sensitive information
sniff - can run sniffer, torch etc
ssh - can log on remotely via secure shell
telnet - can log on remotely via telnet
test - can run ping, traceroute, bandwidth test
web - can log on remotely via http
winbox - winbox permissions
write - can change the configuration

Read more detailed policy descriptions here

source (string;) Script source code

Read only status properties:

Property Description
last-started (date) Date and time when the script was last invoked.
owner (string) User who created the script
run-count (integer) Counter that counts how many times script has been executed

Menu specific commands

Command Description
run (run [id|name]) Execute specified script by ID or name

Environment

Sub-menu level:

/system script environment

/environment

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Contains all user defined variables and their assigned values.

[admin@MikroTik] > :global example;

[admin@MikroTik] > :set example 123
[admin@MikroTik] > /environment print
"example"=123

Read only status properties:

Property Description
name (string) Variable name
user (string) User who defined variable
value () Value assigned to variable

Job

Sub-menu level: /system script job

Contains list of all currently running scripts.

Read only status properties:

Property Description
owner (string) User who is running script
policy (array) List of all policies applied to script
started (date) Local date and time when script was started

See also
Scripting Examples
User submitted Scripts

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Categories: Manual System Console Case Studies

This page was last edited on 8 September 2017, at 14:13.

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