Delrieu F., Féliu C., Gruat P., Kurzaj M.-C., Nectoux E. (éd.), Les espaces fortifiés à l'âge du Fer en Europe. Actes du 43e colloque international de l'AFEAF (Le Puy-en-Velay, 30 mai-1er juin 2019), AFEAF, 3, 2021
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Milcent, P.-Y., Couderc, F., Auxerre-Géron, F.-A., Barral, P., Basset, C., Bén... more Référence complète
Milcent, P.-Y., Couderc, F., Auxerre-Géron, F.-A., Barral, P., Basset, C., Bénézet, J., Bernard, L., Blancquaert, G., Carrara, S., Chevillot, C., Chevrier, S., Colin, A., Deberge, Y., Dedet, B., Delrieu, F., Dufay-Garel, Y., Dumas, A., Durand, E., Duval, H., Féliu, C., Gaillard, C., Gardes, P., Giraud, P., Gomez De Soto, J., Gorgues, A., Gruat, P., Hiriart, E., Isoardi, D., Kurzaj, M.-C., Lallemand, D., Landolt, M., Laruaz, J.-M., Lautier, L., Le Dreff, T., Maitay, C., Malrain, F., Martinaux, L., Mocci, F., Nouvel, P., Parachaud, K., Remy, J., Séjalon, P., Sergent, F., Venco, C., Verdin, F., Walter, M., Les établissements de hauteur défendus protohistoriques en France (XXIIe-Ier siècles av. J.-C.). Fabien Delrieu; Clément Féliu, Philippe Gruat; Marie-Caroline Kurzaj; Élise Nectoux. Les espaces fortifiés à l’âge du Fer en Europe. Actes du 43e colloque international de l’Association française pour l’étude de l’âge du Fer (Le Puy-en-Velay, 30 mai-1er juin 2019), Collection AFEAF (3), AFEAF, pp.175-194, 2021, 978-2-9567407-2-8
A review of current knowledge is proposed based on updated data for 1330 fortified sites on high ground. These, for the most part, have been explored on too limited an area to understand their precise nature and status. Generally, they are located on spurs and cover a very small area, particularly in the Southeast. Only a quarter of them exceed 7 ha. The size of the fortifications is also an essential criteria, but it was only possible to address it from one clue – the length: the range of disparities are very wide there also; but, we note that this length doubles on average at the end of the Iron Age. The materials of the ramparts reveal trends: earth dominates in the northwest half, stone in the southeast half; wooden frames are scattered, but rarer near the Mediterranean. At the French national as well as at the regional level, the chronological curves of the occupations are very comparable and punctuated by three peaks, of increasing magnitude, at the end of the Bronze Age, the Early and the Late Iron Age. These evolutionary similarities underscore the importance of causalities on a supraregional and intercultural scale. However, there is no consensus on the interpretation of the defended sites’ development during Protohistory.
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La multiplication récente des fouilles de rempart (Moulay, Pons, Heidenstadt, Frankenbourg ou Fossé des Pandours, entre autres) offre matière à réviser cette proposition. L’étude architecturale de ces monuments permet en effet de mettre en évidence une série de caractères discrets dont la répartition géographique et chronologique dessine une situation plus nuancée. La prise en compte de ces données nouvelles et la reprise des résultats de recherches plus anciennes à l’échelle de l’Europe celtique permet de proposer une vision renouvelée de l’architecture des fortifications de l’âge du Fer. Sa pertinence comme marqueur culturel sera également questionnée.
The recent development of research on the protohistoric fortifications in Alsace encourages to propose an assessment of the knowledge available on these sites. Several aspects were broached: morphological, topographical or architectural data were reviewed before a chronological analysis of the fortified settlements was carried out. Ultimately, a renewed vision of hillforts can be proposed.
The excavation of the Gallic fortifications of Frankenbourg has allowed to study the gate of the site which is fully integrated into series of works of the same type known for the late La T ne period. Through an overview of some of the excavated examples, the particular characteristics of the Frankenbourg gate are highlighted and the common typologies are discussed.
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In 2014 and 2015, the excavations on the fortification of the Frankenbourg at Neubois (67) permit to study the remains of a wall from the end of the Iron Age. This belongs to the category of ramparts with frontal posts, whose architecture is well known for the Protohistory. From this case study and the comparison with six other ramparts of the Upper Rhine area, it is possible to offer new ideas for a review of these monuments’ typology.
de certaines matières premières comme, entre autres, la rhyolithe des carrières de La Salle dans les Vosges, montre au contraire une série de zones distinctes, aux degrés d’intégration économique différents. La confrontation de l’ensemble de ces données offre la possibilité d’une lecture nuancée des phénomènes qui sous-tendent les évolutions
socio-économiques de La Tène finale et du début de l’époque gallo-romaine.
La multiplication récente des fouilles de rempart (Moulay, Pons, Heidenstadt, Frankenbourg ou Fossé des Pandours, entre autres) offre matière à réviser cette proposition. L’étude architecturale de ces monuments permet en effet de mettre en évidence une série de caractères discrets dont la répartition géographique et chronologique dessine une situation plus nuancée. La prise en compte de ces données nouvelles et la reprise des résultats de recherches plus anciennes à l’échelle de l’Europe celtique permet de proposer une vision renouvelée de l’architecture des fortifications de l’âge du Fer. Sa pertinence comme marqueur culturel sera également questionnée.
The recent development of research on the protohistoric fortifications in Alsace encourages to propose an assessment of the knowledge available on these sites. Several aspects were broached: morphological, topographical or architectural data were reviewed before a chronological analysis of the fortified settlements was carried out. Ultimately, a renewed vision of hillforts can be proposed.
The excavation of the Gallic fortifications of Frankenbourg has allowed to study the gate of the site which is fully integrated into series of works of the same type known for the late La T ne period. Through an overview of some of the excavated examples, the particular characteristics of the Frankenbourg gate are highlighted and the common typologies are discussed.
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In 2014 and 2015, the excavations on the fortification of the Frankenbourg at Neubois (67) permit to study the remains of a wall from the end of the Iron Age. This belongs to the category of ramparts with frontal posts, whose architecture is well known for the Protohistory. From this case study and the comparison with six other ramparts of the Upper Rhine area, it is possible to offer new ideas for a review of these monuments’ typology.
de certaines matières premières comme, entre autres, la rhyolithe des carrières de La Salle dans les Vosges, montre au contraire une série de zones distinctes, aux degrés d’intégration économique différents. La confrontation de l’ensemble de ces données offre la possibilité d’une lecture nuancée des phénomènes qui sous-tendent les évolutions
socio-économiques de La Tène finale et du début de l’époque gallo-romaine.
The Gallic civitates of Leuques and Mediomatriques occupy a big part of Alsace and Lorraine, as well as territories located in Saar, Palatinat and Bade. This study of the organization of habitat, essentially based on excavations data, has been undertaken in three stages. A first part draws up the historical background, in which the two civitates developed. Their borders are specified by the regressive analysis of the medieval dioceses, checked by elements of toponymy, epigraphy and by archaeological sources and numismatic. Then, settlements are being studied through the classic distinction made by Caesar: oppidum, vici, aedificia. They are then separated in two categories : isolated settlements or grouped settlements. Lastly, the main features of those two territories are described through a spatial analysis.
Une centaine de structures a été mise au jour ; elles permettent de documenter trois phases d’occupation du Hallstatt, de La Tène finale et de l’époque moderne.
La première, d’une densité assez faible, est datée du Hallstatt. Elle est caractérisée par quelques fosses et des trous de poteau qui dessinent le plan d’un bâtiment. La dernière correspond à des aménagements liés à la mise en culture de la parcelle au cours des derniers siècles, entre autres une série de fosses de plantations alignées parallèlement à la pente.
L’occupation la plus importante est datée de La Tène finale (LT D1b-D2a). Elle consiste en un établissement rural de La Tène finale délimité par un fossé d’enclos, au tracé rectiligne, dont seul un angle a été dégagé. L’intérieur du site comportait trois bâtiments de différentes tailles, dont le plus grand semble avoir connu plusieurs réfections. Une quatrième construction se développe vers le nord, en dehors de l’enclos et de la parcelle décapée. Le mobilier mis au jour indique le statut élevé de cet établissement dans la campagne gauloise. Trois fibules, une amulette en bronze,
deux monnaies ont été découvertes lors de la fouille, qui a également permis l’étude d’un lot important d’amphores italiques. En effet, plus de 400 individus ont été dénombrés. La grande majorité d’entre eux portent les stigmates caractéristiques de destruction, généralement mise en relation avec les banquets : cols sabrés, anses détachées, fonds découpés. La répartition des amphores dans le fossé d’enclos rattache le site de Sarrewerden aux occupations de la fin de l’époque gauloise connues pour avoir abrité des pratiques ritualisées liées à la consommation massive de vin.
En définitive, la fouille de Sarrewerden a permis d’étudier un établissement rural gaulois dans une région où les implantations connues pour la fin de l’âge du Fer sont encore peu nombreuses. Elle a également offert l’opportunité d’approcher les pratiques communautaires dans cette partie centrale de la cité des Médiomatriques.
Abstract: The Obernai ’Neuen Brunnen’ necropolis in Lower Alsace yielded 29 tombs attributed to the Middle Neolithic. It was probably founded during the Early Grossgartach, at the end of the 48th century BC, and abandoned during the Roessen, perhaps during the Early Roessen, and in any case before the middle of the 46th century BC. The most original feature of this mortuary assemblage is that most of the tombs belong to the Planig-Friedberg period (the last stylistic phase of the Grossgartach) and the Roessen. The mortuary practices of these periods are still poorly known in the region. The necropolis is composed of three spatial groups, the most ancient of which contains all the Grossgartach tombs and one Planig-Friedberg tomb. It is at this moment that a concentration of graves in a single limited space succeeds the distribution of tombs around three distinct locations, a phenomenon that has already been observed in three other regional assemblages. The integration of Obernai in the regional corpus and the detailed analysis of the mortuary practices highlights the permanence of this ritual since the Grossgartach, in terms of the positions and orientations of the corpses and reveals changes in the frequency and artifact deposit types : some categories, such as grinding stones/rubbing stones and sickle blades disappear, while most of the arrowheads and fire-making equipment increases. The relatively high number of individuals decorated with bracelets enabled us to determine how these elements, reserved for women, were worn during the Planig-Friedberg and Roessen periods: above the elbow and in symmetry, in opposition to the Grossgartach style. Another unique feature of the Obernai necropolis is that it yielded elements belonging to Upper Alsacian and Southern Badois groups (or ’south’ groups) of the Planig- Friedberg and Roessen, such as Forchheim-type Planig-Friedberg vases and their Roessen epigones, as well as irregular ring-discs. These traits, mixed with a majority of features defining the Lower Alsace groups (northern component of the Roessen ceramics, orientations to the west), permit us to equate the Obernai necropolis with a mixed assemblage in which two distinct traditions coexisted. This observation supports the conclusions of the ceramic analyses, which place the stylistic border between the northern and southern groups of the Roessen of the southern plain of the Upper Rhine at the location of Obernai.
Zusammenfassung: In der Nekropole von Obernai ’Neuen Brunnen’ im Departement Bas-Rhin kamen 29 Gräber aus dem Mittelneolithikum zutage. Es wurde wahrscheinlich bereits im frühen Großgartach, am Ende des 48. Jh. v. Chr., angelegt und im Laufe von Rössen aufgegeben, vielleicht bereits im frühen Rössen, auf jeden Fall vor Mitte des 46. Jh. Die meisten Gräber, und darin besteht die bedeutendste Originalität dieses Bestattungsensembles, stammen aus der Phase Planig-Friedberg (dem letzten stilistischen Stadium der Großgartacher Kultur) und Rössen, Perioden, die im Bereich der Bestattungssitten in der Region noch sehr wenig dokumentiert sind. Das Gräberfeld besteht aus drei Arealen. Im ältesten Areal befinden sich alle Großgartach Gräber und ein Grab Planig-Friedberg. Die beiden anderen Areale werden im Planig-Friedberg angelegt, doch nur eines der beiden Areale wird noch im Rössen genutzt. Bis in die Rössener Phase sind die Gräber um drei unterschiedliche Pole gruppiert, dann konzentrieren sie sich in einem begrenzten Raum. Dieses Phänomen ist bereits von anderen Nekropolen der Region bekannt. Die Eingliederung der Nekropole von Obernai in den regionalen Datenbestand und die detaillierte Analyse der Bestattungsriten erlaubt es die Kontinuität des Rituals seit Großgartach zu unterstreichen, insbesondere was die Positionen und die Orientierungen angeht. Zudem konnte eine Reihe von Entwicklungen bezüglich der Frequenz und Art der Grabbeigaben aufgezeigt werden: einige Kategorien, wie die Mahlsteine/Läufer und die Sichelklingen verschwinden, während die Zahl der Pfeilspitzen und der Feuerschlagsteine steigt. Die relativ hohe Anzahl von Individuen mit Armreifen hat es uns ermöglicht zu bestimmen, wie diese den Frauen vorbehaltenen Schmuckelemente in der Periode von Planig-Friedberg und Rössen getragen wurden: über dem Ellenbogen und symmetrisch, was einen Bruch mit dem Großgartacher Stil darstellt. Eine weitere Originalität des Gräberfeldes von Obernai besteht darin, dass es Elemente der oberelsässischen und südbadischen Gruppen (oder Komponente „Süd“) von Planig-Friedberg und Rössen geliefert hat, wie die Planig-Friedberger Gefäße des Typs Forchheim und ihrer Rössener Epigone, zudem unregelmäßige Scheibenringe. Diese Merkmale in Verbindung mit zahlreichen Eigenschaften der niederelsässischen Gruppen (Komponente „Nord“ der Rössener Keramik, Orientierung nach Westen) erlauben es, das Gräberfeld von Obernai einer gemischten Gruppe zuzuordnen, bei der zwei unterschiedliche Traditionen nebeneinander bestehen. Diese Beobachtung stimmt mit den Keramikstudien überein, welche die stilistische Grenze zwischen den nördlichen und südlichen Gruppen der Rössener Kultur in der südlichen Oberrheinebene bei Obernai platzieren.
France). The molecular composition of the substance, which was investigated using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, points towards an adhesive used to stick two bronze half-spheres to form a pendant. The predominance of triterpenoids from the lupane series led to the identification of the adhesive as a birch bark tar
and constitutes a rare example of the use of such a material in jewellery in the past.
from Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet), indicating that this cereal was cultivated at the site. The concentration profiles of miliacin within silos and its detection in other archaeological structures (e.g., Gaulish pit) suggest that miliacin did not originate from cereals stored in the silos but rather came from remains of millet from cultivated soils which filled the silos after they were abandoned. Furthermore, the 14C age of miliacin isolated from a silo of the Second Iron Age was shown to be considerably older (Bronze Age) than the structure itself, revealing that the soil filling the silo therefore archived the molecular signature from past millet cropping, predating the digging of the silo. Thus, radiocarbon dating of the isolated miliacin allowed the timing of millet cropping to be determined, showing that it was established during the Bronze Age and the Roman Gaul period at Obernai. This is the first evidence of millet cultivation in Alsace dating back to the Bronze Age, bringing new perspectives on agricultural practices and past dietary practice in Eastern France. The combination of molecular studies and radiocarbon dating of individual lipids highlights the potential of hollow structures like silos and pits to act as ‘‘pedological traps”, recording information on past vegetation cover or agricultural practices from the surface horizons of surrounding soils that filled these structures after abandonment.
Milcent, P.-Y., Couderc, F., Auxerre-Géron, F.-A., Barral, P., Basset, C., Bénézet, J., Bernard, L., Blancquaert, G., Carrara, S., Chevillot, C., Chevrier, S., Colin, A., Deberge, Y., Dedet, B., Delrieu, F., Dufay-Garel, Y., Dumas, A., Durand, E., Duval, H., Féliu, C., Gaillard, C., Gardes, P., Giraud, P., Gomez De Soto, J., Gorgues, A., Gruat, P., Hiriart, E., Isoardi, D., Kurzaj, M.-C., Lallemand, D., Landolt, M., Laruaz, J.-M., Lautier, L., Le Dreff, T., Maitay, C., Malrain, F., Martinaux, L., Mocci, F., Nouvel, P., Parachaud, K., Remy, J., Séjalon, P., Sergent, F., Venco, C., Verdin, F., Walter, M., Les établissements de hauteur défendus protohistoriques en France (XXIIe-Ier siècles av. J.-C.). Fabien Delrieu; Clément Féliu, Philippe Gruat; Marie-Caroline Kurzaj; Élise Nectoux. Les espaces fortifiés à l’âge du Fer en Europe. Actes du 43e colloque international de l’Association française pour l’étude de l’âge du Fer (Le Puy-en-Velay, 30 mai-1er juin 2019), Collection AFEAF (3), AFEAF, pp.175-194, 2021, 978-2-9567407-2-8
A review of current knowledge is proposed based on updated data for 1330 fortified sites on high ground. These, for the most part, have been explored on too limited an area to understand their precise nature and status. Generally, they are located on spurs and cover a very small area, particularly in the Southeast. Only a quarter of them exceed 7 ha. The size of the fortifications is also an essential criteria, but it was only possible to address it from one clue – the length: the range of disparities are very wide there also; but, we note that this length doubles on average at the end of the Iron Age. The materials of the ramparts reveal trends: earth dominates in the northwest half, stone in the southeast half; wooden frames are scattered, but rarer near the Mediterranean. At the French national as well as at the regional level, the chronological curves of the occupations are very comparable and punctuated by three peaks, of increasing magnitude, at the end of the Bronze Age, the Early and the Late Iron Age. These evolutionary similarities underscore the importance of causalities on a supraregional and intercultural scale. However, there is no consensus on the interpretation of the defended sites’ development during Protohistory.