... water-resistant briquettes from Turkish lignites using sulphite liquor binders M.Sa^lam, M.Ys... more ... water-resistant briquettes from Turkish lignites using sulphite liquor binders M.Sa^lam, M.Ysel,J.Yanik*, M.Tutac*, M. Karaduman*and G ... 16'18'19, and nor do lignites in the Romania-Turkey-India-Indonesia geographical zone, although Middle European lignites can ...
The pyrolysis of the waste polypropylene (PP), the waste ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) a... more The pyrolysis of the waste polypropylene (PP), the waste ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and their blends has been carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 500 °C. The effect of different ratios of the waste EVA in the waste PP/EVA blends on the thermal degradation of the waste PP was investigated in terms of both product distributions and liquid fuel properties. The compositions of pyrolysis products were characterized in detail. The liquid products from the pyrolysis of the waste PP, the waste EVA and their blends were analyzed using different analytical techniques and fuel properties of pyrolytic liquids were investigated in comparison with commercial diesel. There were no synergistic effects between products from the waste PP and products from the waste EVA. While the ratio of the waste EVA increased in the waste PP/EVA blends, aromatic content of the pyrolytic liquids increased and subsequently paraffinic content of the pyrolytic liquids decreased. In addition, the boiling point distributions of pyrolytic liquids derived from the waste PP/EVA blends were found to be similar for all tested ratios of the waste PP/EVA blends.
Activated carbons have been prepared from a lignocellulosic waste material by chemical activation... more Activated carbons have been prepared from a lignocellulosic waste material by chemical activation. Phosphoric acid and zinc chloride have been used as activating agent. The influence of process variables on the carbons’ surface area was studied to optimize these parameters. The textural properties of active carbons were characterized by N2 adsorption at 77 K and SEM analysis, while Boehm titration and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis were conducted to determine the surface groups of the activated carbons. Under optimum conditions, activated carbons with a maximum surface area of 1000 and 1152 m2 g−1 for the activating agent phosphoric acid and zinc chloride, respectively, were obtained. Zinc chloride produced the activated carbon having higher micropore volume compared to phosphoric acid activation. The results obtained showed that oak cups pulp is an economically promising material as a precursor in the activated carbon production, based on the combination of yield, surface area and raw material cost.The application of activated carbons was studied by the aqueous adsorption tests using different kind of dyes (acidic and basic), phenol and Cr(VI) as adsorbates. The aqueous adsorption tests showed that the surface chemistry of the activated carbons also played important role in dye adsorptions as well as textural properties.
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 2004
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities of using a by-product (red mud) from a... more The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities of using a by-product (red mud) from alumina production as a catalyst for recovery of waste. The conversion of waste mineral oil (WMO) and waste mineral oil/municipal waste plastic (WMO/MWP) blends over red mud (RM), a commercial hydrocracking catalyst (silica–alumina), and a commercial hydrotreating catalyst (Ni–Mo/alumina) to fuel has been studied. The effect of the catalyst and the temperature on the product distribution (gas, liquid, and wax) and the properties of liquid products were investigated. In the case of hydrotreatment of WMO, the liquids obtained over RM at both 400° and 425°C had larger amounts of low-boiling hydrocarbons than that of thermal or catalytic treatment with hydrotreating catalyst. Gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the liquid products showed that RM had hydrogenation and cracking activity in hydrotreatment of WMO. In coprocessing of WMO with municipal waste plastics, temperature had an important effect as well as the amount of MWP in the blend and the catalyst type. The hydrocracking at 400°C produced no liquid product. In hydrocracking at 425°C, the product distribution varied with catalyst type and MWP amount. The commercial hydrocracking catalyst had more cracking ability in the conversion of WMO/MWP to liquid and gas fuel than RM. In the case of hydrocracking over RM, the largest amount of liquid having satisfactory quality was obtained only from the blend containing 20% MWP.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the processability of LDPE, PP, PVC/LDPE and PVC/PP ... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the processability of LDPE, PP, PVC/LDPE and PVC/PP in the hydrocracking unit of a refinery. For this, LDPE or PP has been added to vacuum gas oil (VGO). The blends were hydrocracked over different catalysts using a batch autoclave at 425–450 °C under hydrogen atmosphere. The catalysts used were HZSM-5, Cobalt loaded active carbon (Co-Ac) and DHC-8 (commercial silica-alumina catalyst). Addition of polymer to VGO affected the cracking of VGO, leading to a decrease in the gas yield and an increase in the liquid yield. In hydrocracking over HZSM-5, the product distribution was similar for two blends. HZSM-5 gave higher gas yields than the other catalysts. When using Co-Ac and DHC-8 catalysts, the gas and liquid yields depend on the polymer type as well as temperature. In the case of the PVC-containing blends (PVC/PP/VGO or PVC/PE/VGO), the blends were firstly dechlorinated at 350 °C. Then the dechlorinated mixture was hydrocracked in the 400–450 °C range in the presence of DHC-8. HCl evolved by degradation of PVC during the dechlorination step partially degraded PE and PP and these predegraded polymers were more easily cracked in the hydrocracking step. In addition, we observed the effect of polyene formed from the PVC degradation residue on the thermal hydrocracking. The chlorine compounds in the hydrocracked feed affected the catalytic activity of the catalysts.
Göynük oil shale was subjected to slow pyrolysis and flash pyrolysis. It was also subjected to su... more Göynük oil shale was subjected to slow pyrolysis and flash pyrolysis. It was also subjected to super and subcritical fluid extraction with water. Considerable differences were observed in the yields and compositions of the oils obtained under the four different conditions.
The HCl scavenging effect of particulate fillers such as Red Mud (RM), CaCO3 and dolomite on the ... more The HCl scavenging effect of particulate fillers such as Red Mud (RM), CaCO3 and dolomite on the thermal degradation of PVC was investigated by thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TG/MS). It was found that, in the presence of carbonates, the peak temperature (Tmax) of dehydrochlorination was shifted to a higher temperature and the rate of mass loss was decreased, while, in the presence of RM, FeCl3 was formed and dehydrochlorination of PVC was accelerated, but the second decomposition step of PVC has been retarded. Benzene formation has been hindered by the acid scavenger additives and retarded by RM, evolution of benzene and other aromatics being shifted to higher temperatures.
Co-processing of municipal waste plastics (MWP) with vacuum gas oil (VGO) over HZSM-5, DHC-8 (com... more Co-processing of municipal waste plastics (MWP) with vacuum gas oil (VGO) over HZSM-5, DHC-8 (commercial silica–alumina catalyst) and cobalt loaded active carbon catalyst has been comparatively studied. Co-processing experiments were carried out under hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures between 425 and 450 °C. The composition, sulphur and chlorine amount of liquid products were determined. The product distribution and the composition of liquids were changed depending upon the temperature and the catalyst type. As expected temperature led to increase in cracking activity of catalysts. DHC-8 and HZSM-5 showed substantially different activities in co-processing due to the difference in their acidity. HZSM-5 gave highest gas yield at all temperatures and highest liquid yield (38.3) at low temperature. Although Co-AC was a neutral catalyst, it showed the cracking activity as well as HZSM-5 and more than DHC-8. No chlorine compound was observed in liquid products. The sulphur amount in liquid products varied with the catalyst type. Although HZSM-5 showed good cracking activity at low temperatures, it gave the liquid product containing highest sulphur amount. By considering both the quantity and quality of liquid fuel obtained from co-processing, it may be concluded that Co-AC gave the best result in the co-processing of the MWP/VGO blend. To observe the effect of metal type loaded on active carbon on catalyst activity, a series of co-processing experiments was also carried out.
Two different types of scrap tires, passenger car tire (PCT) and truck tire (TT) with waste lubri... more Two different types of scrap tires, passenger car tire (PCT) and truck tire (TT) with waste lubricant oil (WLO) were copyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor at the temperatures of 550, 650 and 800 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. Copyrolysis products were investigated comparatively. The gaseous products were analyzed by GC–TCD. The physical and chemical properties of copyrolysis oils were characterized by means of ASTM methods, GC–FID, GC–MS, and 1H NMR. In addition, boiling point distributions of hydrocarbons in copyrolysis oils were determined by using simulated distillation curves in comparison with commercial diesel. An increase in the temperature had no effect on the product distributions of copyrolysis and the composition of copyrolysis oils. However, the types of scrap tires strongly effected the product distributions and compositions of copyrolysis oils. Copyrolysis of PCT/WLO produced less amount of liquid and more amount of solid residue than that of copyrolysis of TT/WLO. However, the naphtha and aromatic content in oils from copyrolysis of PCT/WLO was found more than that of TT/WLO. The amount of aromatic content in copyrolysis oils found to be less than that of scrap tire derived oils. By comparing the copyrolysis oils with commercial diesel, copyrolysis oils contained lighter fraction than that of commercial diesel whereas the specific gravities and viscosities of copyrolysis oils were higher than that of commercial diesel.
Thermal and catalytic degradation of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) containing polymer mixtures, PVC... more Thermal and catalytic degradation of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) containing polymer mixtures, PVC/PE, PVC/PP and PVC/PS, into fuel oil was investigated. In the catalytic degradations, Red Mud (a waste from alumina production) was tested as both cracking and dechlorination catalyst. For comparison, γ-Fe2O3 as a chlorine sorbent and SA-1 (silica alumina) as a solid acid catalyst were also used. The effect of degradation conditions, such as nitrogen gas flow, stepwise pyrolysis, catalyst contact mode, on the dechlorination was also investigated. The use of N2 gas flow suppressed partially the reaction between HCl gas from the degradation of PVC and polymer degradation products. By stepwise pyrolysis, over 90% chlorine in the feed plastic was recovered as HCl gas. SA1 catalyst accelerated the rate of polymer degradation and lowered the boiling point of liquid products, but the chlorine content of oil over SA1 was also the highest. Red Mud (RM) and iron oxides sorbents showed good effect on the fixation of evolved HCl. However, they had no effect on the cracking of polymers. The oils derived from PVC containing pure polymer mixtures by thermal degradation contained a lower amount of chlorine than the oils obtained using RM and other catalysts. From this result we conclude that the formation of some organic chlorine compounds may be promoted by the interaction of the HCl and the catalysts.
The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of the polymer types in scra... more The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of the polymer types in scrap tires on the pyrolysis products. Two different types of scrap tires (passenger car tire, PCT and truck tire, TT) have been pyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor at the temperatures of 550, 650 and 800 °C under N2 atmosphere. Pyrolysis products (gas, oil and carbon black) obtained from PCT and TT were investigated comparatively. The gaseous products were analyzed by GC–TCD. The psychical and chemical properties of pyrolytic oils were characterized by means of GC–FID, GC–MS, 1H NMR. In addition, boiling point distributions of hydrocarbons in pyrolytic oils were determined by using simulated distillation curves in comparison with commercial diesel fuel. The production of activated carbon from pyrolytic carbon blacks (CBp) was also carried out. The composition of gaseous products from pyrolysis of PCT and TT were similar and they contained mainly hydrocarbons (C1–C4). Pyrolytic oils were found lighter than diesel but heavier than naphtha. The physical properties of pyrolytic oils from PCT and TT were similar at the same temperature. However, the composition of aromatic and sulphur content from pyrolysis of PCT was higher than that of TT. Furthermore, TT derived pyrolytic carbon black was found more suitable for the production of activated carbon due to its low ash content.
The pyrolysis of waste sludges was investigated using thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TG/MS) ... more The pyrolysis of waste sludges was investigated using thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TG/MS) and a fixed-bed reactor. Two types of sludge were used, namely mixed sludge and oil sludge. In TGA/MS measurements, two degradation steps were observed. Degradation of organic structures, in sludge took place in the first step, while inorganic materials in sludge were mainly decomposed in a second step (above 500 °C). In a fixed-bed reactor, the catalytic effect of inorganic matter in addition to organic matter was monitored the quality and yield of products from pyrolysis. Pyrolysis of oil sludge produced a larger amount of oil containing more aliphatic compounds and a high calorific value. On the other hand, pyrolysis of mixed sludge gave a smaller amount of oil being rich in polar compounds. The gaseous products from pyrolysis consist of high amount of combustable gases. Landfilling was found to be the best alternative to dispose off the pyrolytic char obtained from pyrolysis.
... water-resistant briquettes from Turkish lignites using sulphite liquor binders M.Sa^lam, M.Ys... more ... water-resistant briquettes from Turkish lignites using sulphite liquor binders M.Sa^lam, M.Ysel,J.Yanik*, M.Tutac*, M. Karaduman*and G ... 16'18'19, and nor do lignites in the Romania-Turkey-India-Indonesia geographical zone, although Middle European lignites can ...
The pyrolysis of the waste polypropylene (PP), the waste ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) a... more The pyrolysis of the waste polypropylene (PP), the waste ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and their blends has been carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 500 °C. The effect of different ratios of the waste EVA in the waste PP/EVA blends on the thermal degradation of the waste PP was investigated in terms of both product distributions and liquid fuel properties. The compositions of pyrolysis products were characterized in detail. The liquid products from the pyrolysis of the waste PP, the waste EVA and their blends were analyzed using different analytical techniques and fuel properties of pyrolytic liquids were investigated in comparison with commercial diesel. There were no synergistic effects between products from the waste PP and products from the waste EVA. While the ratio of the waste EVA increased in the waste PP/EVA blends, aromatic content of the pyrolytic liquids increased and subsequently paraffinic content of the pyrolytic liquids decreased. In addition, the boiling point distributions of pyrolytic liquids derived from the waste PP/EVA blends were found to be similar for all tested ratios of the waste PP/EVA blends.
Activated carbons have been prepared from a lignocellulosic waste material by chemical activation... more Activated carbons have been prepared from a lignocellulosic waste material by chemical activation. Phosphoric acid and zinc chloride have been used as activating agent. The influence of process variables on the carbons’ surface area was studied to optimize these parameters. The textural properties of active carbons were characterized by N2 adsorption at 77 K and SEM analysis, while Boehm titration and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis were conducted to determine the surface groups of the activated carbons. Under optimum conditions, activated carbons with a maximum surface area of 1000 and 1152 m2 g−1 for the activating agent phosphoric acid and zinc chloride, respectively, were obtained. Zinc chloride produced the activated carbon having higher micropore volume compared to phosphoric acid activation. The results obtained showed that oak cups pulp is an economically promising material as a precursor in the activated carbon production, based on the combination of yield, surface area and raw material cost.The application of activated carbons was studied by the aqueous adsorption tests using different kind of dyes (acidic and basic), phenol and Cr(VI) as adsorbates. The aqueous adsorption tests showed that the surface chemistry of the activated carbons also played important role in dye adsorptions as well as textural properties.
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 2004
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities of using a by-product (red mud) from a... more The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities of using a by-product (red mud) from alumina production as a catalyst for recovery of waste. The conversion of waste mineral oil (WMO) and waste mineral oil/municipal waste plastic (WMO/MWP) blends over red mud (RM), a commercial hydrocracking catalyst (silica–alumina), and a commercial hydrotreating catalyst (Ni–Mo/alumina) to fuel has been studied. The effect of the catalyst and the temperature on the product distribution (gas, liquid, and wax) and the properties of liquid products were investigated. In the case of hydrotreatment of WMO, the liquids obtained over RM at both 400° and 425°C had larger amounts of low-boiling hydrocarbons than that of thermal or catalytic treatment with hydrotreating catalyst. Gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the liquid products showed that RM had hydrogenation and cracking activity in hydrotreatment of WMO. In coprocessing of WMO with municipal waste plastics, temperature had an important effect as well as the amount of MWP in the blend and the catalyst type. The hydrocracking at 400°C produced no liquid product. In hydrocracking at 425°C, the product distribution varied with catalyst type and MWP amount. The commercial hydrocracking catalyst had more cracking ability in the conversion of WMO/MWP to liquid and gas fuel than RM. In the case of hydrocracking over RM, the largest amount of liquid having satisfactory quality was obtained only from the blend containing 20% MWP.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the processability of LDPE, PP, PVC/LDPE and PVC/PP ... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the processability of LDPE, PP, PVC/LDPE and PVC/PP in the hydrocracking unit of a refinery. For this, LDPE or PP has been added to vacuum gas oil (VGO). The blends were hydrocracked over different catalysts using a batch autoclave at 425–450 °C under hydrogen atmosphere. The catalysts used were HZSM-5, Cobalt loaded active carbon (Co-Ac) and DHC-8 (commercial silica-alumina catalyst). Addition of polymer to VGO affected the cracking of VGO, leading to a decrease in the gas yield and an increase in the liquid yield. In hydrocracking over HZSM-5, the product distribution was similar for two blends. HZSM-5 gave higher gas yields than the other catalysts. When using Co-Ac and DHC-8 catalysts, the gas and liquid yields depend on the polymer type as well as temperature. In the case of the PVC-containing blends (PVC/PP/VGO or PVC/PE/VGO), the blends were firstly dechlorinated at 350 °C. Then the dechlorinated mixture was hydrocracked in the 400–450 °C range in the presence of DHC-8. HCl evolved by degradation of PVC during the dechlorination step partially degraded PE and PP and these predegraded polymers were more easily cracked in the hydrocracking step. In addition, we observed the effect of polyene formed from the PVC degradation residue on the thermal hydrocracking. The chlorine compounds in the hydrocracked feed affected the catalytic activity of the catalysts.
Göynük oil shale was subjected to slow pyrolysis and flash pyrolysis. It was also subjected to su... more Göynük oil shale was subjected to slow pyrolysis and flash pyrolysis. It was also subjected to super and subcritical fluid extraction with water. Considerable differences were observed in the yields and compositions of the oils obtained under the four different conditions.
The HCl scavenging effect of particulate fillers such as Red Mud (RM), CaCO3 and dolomite on the ... more The HCl scavenging effect of particulate fillers such as Red Mud (RM), CaCO3 and dolomite on the thermal degradation of PVC was investigated by thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TG/MS). It was found that, in the presence of carbonates, the peak temperature (Tmax) of dehydrochlorination was shifted to a higher temperature and the rate of mass loss was decreased, while, in the presence of RM, FeCl3 was formed and dehydrochlorination of PVC was accelerated, but the second decomposition step of PVC has been retarded. Benzene formation has been hindered by the acid scavenger additives and retarded by RM, evolution of benzene and other aromatics being shifted to higher temperatures.
Co-processing of municipal waste plastics (MWP) with vacuum gas oil (VGO) over HZSM-5, DHC-8 (com... more Co-processing of municipal waste plastics (MWP) with vacuum gas oil (VGO) over HZSM-5, DHC-8 (commercial silica–alumina catalyst) and cobalt loaded active carbon catalyst has been comparatively studied. Co-processing experiments were carried out under hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures between 425 and 450 °C. The composition, sulphur and chlorine amount of liquid products were determined. The product distribution and the composition of liquids were changed depending upon the temperature and the catalyst type. As expected temperature led to increase in cracking activity of catalysts. DHC-8 and HZSM-5 showed substantially different activities in co-processing due to the difference in their acidity. HZSM-5 gave highest gas yield at all temperatures and highest liquid yield (38.3) at low temperature. Although Co-AC was a neutral catalyst, it showed the cracking activity as well as HZSM-5 and more than DHC-8. No chlorine compound was observed in liquid products. The sulphur amount in liquid products varied with the catalyst type. Although HZSM-5 showed good cracking activity at low temperatures, it gave the liquid product containing highest sulphur amount. By considering both the quantity and quality of liquid fuel obtained from co-processing, it may be concluded that Co-AC gave the best result in the co-processing of the MWP/VGO blend. To observe the effect of metal type loaded on active carbon on catalyst activity, a series of co-processing experiments was also carried out.
Two different types of scrap tires, passenger car tire (PCT) and truck tire (TT) with waste lubri... more Two different types of scrap tires, passenger car tire (PCT) and truck tire (TT) with waste lubricant oil (WLO) were copyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor at the temperatures of 550, 650 and 800 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. Copyrolysis products were investigated comparatively. The gaseous products were analyzed by GC–TCD. The physical and chemical properties of copyrolysis oils were characterized by means of ASTM methods, GC–FID, GC–MS, and 1H NMR. In addition, boiling point distributions of hydrocarbons in copyrolysis oils were determined by using simulated distillation curves in comparison with commercial diesel. An increase in the temperature had no effect on the product distributions of copyrolysis and the composition of copyrolysis oils. However, the types of scrap tires strongly effected the product distributions and compositions of copyrolysis oils. Copyrolysis of PCT/WLO produced less amount of liquid and more amount of solid residue than that of copyrolysis of TT/WLO. However, the naphtha and aromatic content in oils from copyrolysis of PCT/WLO was found more than that of TT/WLO. The amount of aromatic content in copyrolysis oils found to be less than that of scrap tire derived oils. By comparing the copyrolysis oils with commercial diesel, copyrolysis oils contained lighter fraction than that of commercial diesel whereas the specific gravities and viscosities of copyrolysis oils were higher than that of commercial diesel.
Thermal and catalytic degradation of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) containing polymer mixtures, PVC... more Thermal and catalytic degradation of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) containing polymer mixtures, PVC/PE, PVC/PP and PVC/PS, into fuel oil was investigated. In the catalytic degradations, Red Mud (a waste from alumina production) was tested as both cracking and dechlorination catalyst. For comparison, γ-Fe2O3 as a chlorine sorbent and SA-1 (silica alumina) as a solid acid catalyst were also used. The effect of degradation conditions, such as nitrogen gas flow, stepwise pyrolysis, catalyst contact mode, on the dechlorination was also investigated. The use of N2 gas flow suppressed partially the reaction between HCl gas from the degradation of PVC and polymer degradation products. By stepwise pyrolysis, over 90% chlorine in the feed plastic was recovered as HCl gas. SA1 catalyst accelerated the rate of polymer degradation and lowered the boiling point of liquid products, but the chlorine content of oil over SA1 was also the highest. Red Mud (RM) and iron oxides sorbents showed good effect on the fixation of evolved HCl. However, they had no effect on the cracking of polymers. The oils derived from PVC containing pure polymer mixtures by thermal degradation contained a lower amount of chlorine than the oils obtained using RM and other catalysts. From this result we conclude that the formation of some organic chlorine compounds may be promoted by the interaction of the HCl and the catalysts.
The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of the polymer types in scra... more The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of the polymer types in scrap tires on the pyrolysis products. Two different types of scrap tires (passenger car tire, PCT and truck tire, TT) have been pyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor at the temperatures of 550, 650 and 800 °C under N2 atmosphere. Pyrolysis products (gas, oil and carbon black) obtained from PCT and TT were investigated comparatively. The gaseous products were analyzed by GC–TCD. The psychical and chemical properties of pyrolytic oils were characterized by means of GC–FID, GC–MS, 1H NMR. In addition, boiling point distributions of hydrocarbons in pyrolytic oils were determined by using simulated distillation curves in comparison with commercial diesel fuel. The production of activated carbon from pyrolytic carbon blacks (CBp) was also carried out. The composition of gaseous products from pyrolysis of PCT and TT were similar and they contained mainly hydrocarbons (C1–C4). Pyrolytic oils were found lighter than diesel but heavier than naphtha. The physical properties of pyrolytic oils from PCT and TT were similar at the same temperature. However, the composition of aromatic and sulphur content from pyrolysis of PCT was higher than that of TT. Furthermore, TT derived pyrolytic carbon black was found more suitable for the production of activated carbon due to its low ash content.
The pyrolysis of waste sludges was investigated using thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TG/MS) ... more The pyrolysis of waste sludges was investigated using thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TG/MS) and a fixed-bed reactor. Two types of sludge were used, namely mixed sludge and oil sludge. In TGA/MS measurements, two degradation steps were observed. Degradation of organic structures, in sludge took place in the first step, while inorganic materials in sludge were mainly decomposed in a second step (above 500 °C). In a fixed-bed reactor, the catalytic effect of inorganic matter in addition to organic matter was monitored the quality and yield of products from pyrolysis. Pyrolysis of oil sludge produced a larger amount of oil containing more aliphatic compounds and a high calorific value. On the other hand, pyrolysis of mixed sludge gave a smaller amount of oil being rich in polar compounds. The gaseous products from pyrolysis consist of high amount of combustable gases. Landfilling was found to be the best alternative to dispose off the pyrolytic char obtained from pyrolysis.
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