Two data sets with measurements and male morph information for the male dimorphic earwig Forficul... more Two data sets with measurements and male morph information for the male dimorphic earwig Forficula auricularia. Both data sets have pedigree information, one of them (ISLANDS) with information from a half-sib common environment experiment with earwigs from three different islands; and the other one with information from a family level split environment (different diets) experiment (EXPERIMENTS) with earwigs from two different islands. All islands from the the Farne Islands group in Northumberland, UK
Simmons/Ecology and Evolution of Dung Beetles, 2011
Variation in phenotypic expression accounts for intraspecific diversity in an array of traits and... more Variation in phenotypic expression accounts for intraspecific diversity in an array of traits and behaviours across the animal kingdom, including caste, trophic, seasonal, dispersal and predator-induced polyphenisms, sex ratio investment (all reviewed in West-Eberhard, ...
Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing - SAC '12, 2012
The authors cite a theoretical model developed by biologists, the phenotypic model, in order to u... more The authors cite a theoretical model developed by biologists, the phenotypic model, in order to understand the evolution of inducible defenses. Induced defense in the acorn barnacle against attack by a predatory snail provides a context to anchor the descriptions of the model. The authors describe a computer simulation for the evolution of induced defense in barnacles, adding additional detail
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 1990
We develop a genetic model for conditional strategies which places such strategies in the context... more We develop a genetic model for conditional strategies which places such strategies in the context of phenotypic plasticity. The model, which treats conditional strategies as polygenic threshold traits, indicates that, given requisite genetic variation in reaction norms, conditional strategies will evolve to their optimum level and be maintained by stabilizing selection, provided environmental variation results in a fitness trade-off for the alternative conditional phenotypes. The precise value for the evolutionary optimum is found to depend primarily on the probability density function of the environmental variation that influences the production of the conditional phenotypes and the magnitude of the fitness trade-offs of the conditional phenotypes across such environmental variation. The model is tested by application to three well-studied conditional strategies. In each case the predictions of the model are in good agreement with the results of these studies.
The environmentally cued production of cryptic green/yellow or brown/melanized pupae is widesprea... more The environmentally cued production of cryptic green/yellow or brown/melanized pupae is widespread in butterflies, occurring in the Nymphalidae, Pieridae, and the Papilionidae subfamily Papilioninae. The dimorphism is controlled by the hormone pupal melanization reducing factor (PMRF). In the nymphalid Inachis io dibutryl cAMP mimics PMRF, and inhibits pupal melanization. However, in the papilionid Papilio polyxenes PMRF stimulates browning, suggesting that the control of pupal color by PMRF has evolved independently in the swallowtail and nymphalid-pierid lineages. We examined this hypothesis by using ligatures to prevent hormone release in five species representing three Papilioninae tribes. One species, Papilio glaucus, produces only brown pupae. Ligatures resulted in green cuticle posterior to the ligature in all five swallowtail species, including P. glaucus, suggesting that the mode of action of PMRF is the same in the three tribes. We also found that in P. polyxenes injections of dibutryl cAMP into prepupal larvae mimic the effect of PMRF, by causing dose-dependent pupal browning. Our results support the hypothesis that the control of pupal color by PMRF has evolved independently in the two lineages. The observation that green pupal color can be induced in P. glaucus by ligature indicates that environmentally cued pupal color could evolve by facultative inhibition of PMRF release.
Two data sets with measurements and male morph information for the male dimorphic earwig Forficul... more Two data sets with measurements and male morph information for the male dimorphic earwig Forficula auricularia. Both data sets have pedigree information, one of them (ISLANDS) with information from a half-sib common environment experiment with earwigs from three different islands; and the other one with information from a family level split environment (different diets) experiment (EXPERIMENTS) with earwigs from two different islands. All islands from the the Farne Islands group in Northumberland, UK
Simmons/Ecology and Evolution of Dung Beetles, 2011
Variation in phenotypic expression accounts for intraspecific diversity in an array of traits and... more Variation in phenotypic expression accounts for intraspecific diversity in an array of traits and behaviours across the animal kingdom, including caste, trophic, seasonal, dispersal and predator-induced polyphenisms, sex ratio investment (all reviewed in West-Eberhard, ...
Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing - SAC '12, 2012
The authors cite a theoretical model developed by biologists, the phenotypic model, in order to u... more The authors cite a theoretical model developed by biologists, the phenotypic model, in order to understand the evolution of inducible defenses. Induced defense in the acorn barnacle against attack by a predatory snail provides a context to anchor the descriptions of the model. The authors describe a computer simulation for the evolution of induced defense in barnacles, adding additional detail
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 1990
We develop a genetic model for conditional strategies which places such strategies in the context... more We develop a genetic model for conditional strategies which places such strategies in the context of phenotypic plasticity. The model, which treats conditional strategies as polygenic threshold traits, indicates that, given requisite genetic variation in reaction norms, conditional strategies will evolve to their optimum level and be maintained by stabilizing selection, provided environmental variation results in a fitness trade-off for the alternative conditional phenotypes. The precise value for the evolutionary optimum is found to depend primarily on the probability density function of the environmental variation that influences the production of the conditional phenotypes and the magnitude of the fitness trade-offs of the conditional phenotypes across such environmental variation. The model is tested by application to three well-studied conditional strategies. In each case the predictions of the model are in good agreement with the results of these studies.
The environmentally cued production of cryptic green/yellow or brown/melanized pupae is widesprea... more The environmentally cued production of cryptic green/yellow or brown/melanized pupae is widespread in butterflies, occurring in the Nymphalidae, Pieridae, and the Papilionidae subfamily Papilioninae. The dimorphism is controlled by the hormone pupal melanization reducing factor (PMRF). In the nymphalid Inachis io dibutryl cAMP mimics PMRF, and inhibits pupal melanization. However, in the papilionid Papilio polyxenes PMRF stimulates browning, suggesting that the control of pupal color by PMRF has evolved independently in the swallowtail and nymphalid-pierid lineages. We examined this hypothesis by using ligatures to prevent hormone release in five species representing three Papilioninae tribes. One species, Papilio glaucus, produces only brown pupae. Ligatures resulted in green cuticle posterior to the ligature in all five swallowtail species, including P. glaucus, suggesting that the mode of action of PMRF is the same in the three tribes. We also found that in P. polyxenes injections of dibutryl cAMP into prepupal larvae mimic the effect of PMRF, by causing dose-dependent pupal browning. Our results support the hypothesis that the control of pupal color by PMRF has evolved independently in the two lineages. The observation that green pupal color can be induced in P. glaucus by ligature indicates that environmentally cued pupal color could evolve by facultative inhibition of PMRF release.
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