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Sedge warbler

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Sedge warbler
Templeeti:CSS image crop
Otmoor RSPB reserve
The song of a male Sedge warbler
Scientific classification edit
Missing taxonomy template (fix): Acrocephalus (bird)
Species:
Template:Taxonomy/Acrocephalus (bird)A. schoenobaenus
Binomial name
Template:Taxonomy/Acrocephalus (bird)Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
Distribution map
Templeeti:Leftlegend Templeeti:Leftlegend Templeeti:Leftlegend
Synonyms

Motacilla schoenobaenus Linnaeus, 1758

Sedge warbler
taxon
aha taxonAcrocephalus schoenobaenus Dezie
ọkwa taxonspecies Dezie
nne na nna taxonAcrocephalus Dezie
ọnọdụ nchekwa IUCNỤdị ndị na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha Dezie
diel cyclediurnality Dezie

The sedge warbler (''Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) bụ Old World warbler na genus Acrocephalous. Ọ bụ warbler dị n'etiti nke nwere nchara nchara, azụ na nku na supercilium dị iche. Sedge warblers na-agagharị agagharị, na-agafe Sahara iji si n'ebe ha na-amụ nwa Ndị Europe na Eshia gaa nọrọ n'oge oyi n'Afrịka. Abụ nwoke ahụ nwere ahịrịokwu mkparịta ụka na-enweghị isi ma nwee ike ịgụnye iṅomi ụdị ndị ọzọ. The sedge warbler na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ.

Nchịkọta

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Onye Sweden na-ahụ maka ihe okike bụ Carl Linnaeus kọwara sedge warbler na 1758 na Systema Naturae">mbipụta nke iri nke Systema Naturae ya n'okpuru aha abụọ Motacilla schoenobaenus . [2] [3] na-etinye ụdị ahụ ugbu a na ụdị Acrocephalus nke Johann Andreas Naumann na nwa ya nwoke Johann Friedrich Naumann webatara na 1811. Ndị [4]-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ na Britain emeghị ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị ahụ na Eurasian reed warbler ruo na narị afọ nke 18. Aha ụdị Acrocephalus sitere na Grik oge ochie akros, "nke kachasị elu", na kaphale, "isi". O kwere omume na ndị Naumanns chere na akros pụtara "ọnụ ọnụ". schoenobaenus a kapịrị ọnụ sitere na Greek oge ochie skhoinos, "reed", na拜ino, "to tread". [5] bụ nsụgharị nke aha ochie Swedish maka nnụnụ ahụ, Sävstigare . [1] [3] na-ewere ụdị ahụ dị ka monotypic: ọ dịghị ụdị dị iche iche a ma ama.

Nkọwa

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a bụ warbler dị n'etiti, 11.5-13 in) ogologo ma na-atụ ihe dị ka 12 . [6] Ọ nwere azụ na nku na-acha nchara nchara, na akụkụ dị n'okpuru. Ọkpụkpụ ya na-acha nchara nchara ma ghara inwe akara, dị iche na nku ndị na-adịghị mma. A na-eme ka ihu ya dị larịị, okpueze ya na-acha oji, ọnụ ya siri ike ma dị nkọ. E nwere supercilium na-acha ọcha. Ụkwụ [7] na-acha ntụ ntụ.

Nnụnụ nke ụmụ nwoke [8] ụmụ nwanyị bụ otu, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ịkọwa ha mgbe e jidere ha maka ịpị site na ọnụnọ nke nwa ma ọ bụ cloacal protuberance. Ụmụ nnụnụ nwere ntụpọ gbara ọchịchịrị n'obi ha. [7] nwere ike ịdị mfe ịgbagwoju anya na warblers aquatic n'ihi akara okpueze dị n'etiti nke dị iche na nsọtụ gbara ọchịchịrị. Ụdị ndị ọzọ yiri [9] gụnyere warblers nwere afụ ọnụ na Pallas's grasshopper warblers. Nnụnụ sedge warbler kacha ochie e dekọrọ bụ nnụnụ a na-agba gburugburu na Finland nke ruru afọ iri, otu ọnwa. Ogologo ndụ [6] bụ afọ 2.

Abụ ahụ dịgasị iche iche, na-agba ọsọ ma na-ekwu okwu, na ahịrịokwu ndị na-atọ ụtọ na ụfọdụ mimicry, [7] [9] nke Acrocephalus warblers. Ọ nwere ahịrịokwu n'usoro na-enweghị isi, nke mere na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ otu. Ụmụ nwoke sedge warblers nke nwere nnukwu repertoire [6] ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke ụmụ nwanyị.

Ebe a na-ekesa ya

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The sedge warbler nwere nnukwu ihe dị iche iche na atụmatụ Global Extent of Occurrence nke 10 nde square kilomita, yana nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ụwa ọnụ gụnyere n'etiti 8.8 nde na 15 nde nnụnụ na Europe. Nnyocha data site [10] British Trust for Ornithology egosiwo na mgbanwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ sedge warbler sitere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị toro eto, n'ihi mgbanwe nke mmiri ozuzo na ebe nnụnụ na-anọ n'oge oyi. [11] tụghị mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, mana BirdLife International họpụtara ọnọdụ sedge warbler 'nke kacha nta nchegbu'.

Sedge warbler na ebe obibi ya: ahịhịa ahịhịhịa. Uitkerke, Belgium

Ọ na-amụ nwa gafee Europe na ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Eshia ma na-agagharị agagharị. Mgbe ha nwesịrị nri mgbe ha nwesiri ha, ha na-akwaga ngwa ngwa gafee ndịda Europe na Sahara site n'August ruo Septemba. Nnyocha [12] Naịjirịa na Uganda na-atụ aro na sedge warblers na-alaghachi iji nọrọ n'oge oyi n'otu ebe ahụ, afọ n'afọ.

All sedge warblers na-anọ n'oge oyi na sub-Sahara Africa, site na Senegal n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo Etiopia n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na ruo n'ebe ndịda dị ka ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cape Province nke South Africa na ugwu Namibia. Ụzọ ndị e si aga n'ebe ndịda, na ebe ha na-anọ n'oge oyi, kwekọrọ na ebe nnụnụ na-amụ. A na-ahụ nnụnụ ndị gbara gburugburu na United Kingdom na Netherlands site na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Iberia ruo Ịtali; a na-ahụ ụmụ nnụnụ si Sweden na etiti Europe na Ịtali; ebe a na-achọta nnụnụ Finland n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Ịtali na Malta n'ebe ọwụwa Aegean. Sedge warblers sitere [7] Soviet Union mbụ na-agafe n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Oké Osimiri Mediterenian na Middle East.

Mfu nke ala mmiri maka iri nri [12] mbata, na mgbasawanye nke ọzara Sahara, na-eweta egwu nye ndị na-amụ ụmụ nke sedge warbler. Nnụnụ [7]-amalite ịhapụ Africa na ngwụcha ọnwa Febụwarị, na-eto n'ala mmiri tupu na ma eleghị anya mgbe ha gafesịrị Sahara, wee rute Europe site na Machị gaa n'ihu.

N'adịghị ka ndị ọzọ so na Acrocephalus genus, ebe a na-ahụkarị sedge warbler si na Arctic ruo n'etiti latitudes. Ọ na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ, igwe ojii na mmiri. [7] bụ ezie na a na-ahụkarị ya n'ala mmiri, ọ nwere ike ịmụ nwa mita 500 ma ọ bụ karịa site na mmiri. [13]'oge ọmụmụ, nke a bụ ụdị a na-ahụ n'ime ahịhịa, mgbe mgbe na ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, ọwara na ebe obibi dị anya site na mmiri gụnyere ahịhụ, ntụpọ nke ụgbụ, na ihe ọkụkụ a na-akọ ugbo. N'ebe ndị Afrịka na-anọ n'oge oyi, a na-eji ebe obibi dị ka ahịhịa na ala mmiri, papyrus, ahịhịhịa, ahịhi na reedmace na ahịhịrị ele dị elu. Enwere ike ịchọta [7] na ịdị elu nke 1,800-2,400 mita n'elu oke osimiri na Etiopia.

Omume

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Ịzụlite

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Ụmụ nwoke sedge warblers na-amalite ịbụ abụ naanị awa ole na ole mgbe ha rutere n'ebe ha na-amụ. A na-enye abụ ahụ site na ebe a na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla dị ka ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ahịhịhịa, ma ọ bụ site na mkpuchi na n'oge ụgbọ elu n'ime ókèala ha. A na-ejikwa ụgbọ elu abụ: mgbe ọ na-abụ abụ, nnụnụ ahụ na-apụ, na-ebili ruo ihe dị ka mita 2-5 ma mgbe ọ gbasịrị obere ụgbọ elu, na-agbadata nwayọ, 'parachute', mgbe mgbe na-ejikọta nku ya n'ụdị 'v'. Abụ ahụ nwere ọrụ nke ịdọta [14], kama ịhapụ ụmụ nwoke ndị ọzọ, a na-akwụsịkwa ya ozugbo a chọtara di. [7] na-akọwa oku kọntaktị dị ka chirr ma ọ bụ ker; a na-ekwughachi oku ndị a ngwa ngwa iji mepụta oku mkpu.

Nnyocha achọpụtala [15] ndị nwoke na-abata n'oge na-adịghị anya na-ebi n'ebe kachasị mma. Nnyocha [12] mere na Nottinghamshire, England, gosiri na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụmụ nwoke laghachiri zụlitere n'ime mita 50 ma ọ bụ na-erughị ebe ha na-amụ nwa n'oge gara aga, naanị 14% zụliere karịa mita 400. Nnyocha ọzọ e mere na Ndagwurugwu Osimiri Nida na Poland gosiri na ụmụ nwoke n'otu n'otu na-egosikarị mgbanwe kachasị ukwuu na mpaghara mpaghara n'oge abụọ mbụ nke ndụ (ruo >400 m). Nke a yiri ka ọ bụ n'ihi mbata na-arịwanye elu n'ebe a na-amụ nwa n'afọ ndị mbụ. [15]'ihi ya, ha na-ahụ ọtụtụ ókèala ndị nwere ike ịhapụ ndị otu mgbe ha rutere, na-eme ka ha gbanwee gaa na ndị ka mma.

[16] na nwunye na-abụkarị otu di na nwunye, mana ọ bụghị nke a. Ụmụ nwoke na-emekarị omume rụrụ arụ, akụkụ nke ụmụ nwoke na-ebi n'ókèala ọhụrụ ma maliteghachi omume n'ókéala ka nwanyị na-ekpuchi nwa mbụ. [17] [18] na nwanyị ọzọ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma, nke oké ga-esokarị n'ịzụlite ụmụ abụọ ahụ.

Egg, Collection Museum WiesbadenEbe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Wiesbaden

[7] bụrụ na a na-eri àkwá ma ọ bụ ụmụ ọkụkọ, nke nne ga-ahapụkarị nke nwoke, onye na-amaliteghachi ịbụ abụ ma soro nke nne ọzọ. [7] dekọrọ ngwakọta ya na Eurasian reed warbler.

Nwoke ahụ na-agbachitere ókèala nke dị gburugburu 0.1 ruo 0.2 hekta; na nyocha na Zaanstad, Netherlands, a mụrụ ókèala 68, nke nwere nkezi nke 1064 square mita otu afọ, na 904 square mita na-esote.   [citation needed] Alaka, nke nwanyị ahụ wuru, dị na ahịhịa n'ala ma ọ bụ ruo 50 cm n'ịdị elu.  Ọdịdị iko ahụ nwere ahịhịa, ogwe osisi na akwụkwọ, tinyere eriri ududo, nke nwere nnukwu, nke dị nro n'ime gụnyere okooko osisi, ntutu anụmanụ na osisi. A na-akpa ya gburugburu ogwe osisi kwụ ọtọ. [19] na-eyi àkwá site na 3 ruo 5 na-acha odo odo na nke na-acha nchara nchara, na-atụle 18 x 13 mm ma na-atụ 1.6 g nke ọ bụla.  Ụmụ nwanyị [6]-ekpuchi ha ruo ụbọchị iri na anọ; ụmụ ọkụkọ na-agba ọtọ. Ma nwoke ma nwanyị na-elekọta ụmụ ọkụkọ, nke na-efe efe mgbe ụbọchị 13-14 gasịrị. Mgbe [7] hapụsịrị akwụ́, ụmụ sedge warblers na-aga n'ihu na-arịọ maka nri n'aka ndị mụrụ ha ruo 1 ruo 2 izu mgbe ha mụtachara ife efe.

Sedge warbler na-ebu grubs

Ihe oriri nke sedge warblers na-eri gụnyere mayflies, dragonflies na damselflies, igurube, bugs, lacewings, moths, beetles na ụmụ ahụhụ. Ihe oriri na-agụnye mkpụrụ osisi elderberries na blackberries. N'ebe ha na-anọ n'oge oyi, nri na-agụnye ụmụ ahụhụ na-adịghị ata na okooko osisi na mkpụrụ osisi ezé.

Na ngwụcha ọnwa Julaị, tupu ha agaa, o yiri ka ndị sedge warblers na-achọ ebe nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke apphids ma nọrọ ebe ahụ ogologo oge karịa n'ebe ndị ọzọ; nyocha ụda na-egosi na nnụnụ nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya (dịka site na ndịda England gaa n'ebe ugwu France) na-achọ nri tupu ha amalite njem ha n'ezie. Na Portugal, aphid na-akpọnwụ n'oge ka ndị sedge warblers jiri ya mee ihe, ya mere ọtụtụ nnụnụ anaghị akwụsị ebe ahụ ma buru ibu mgbe ha na-agafe. Nnụnụ ndị nwere abụba kachasị arọ tupu ha agaa mba ọzọ nwere ike ịnya ụgbọ elu na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị site na Africa gaa n'ebe ndịda Britain, ma ọ bụ site na Uganda gaa Iraq, dịka ọmụmaatụ. Ụfọdụ ji okpukpu abụọ nke ịdị arọ ha mgbe ha 'na-agbanye mmanụ' maka ịkwaga. A na-amanye nnụnụ ndị dị mfe ime njem n'ọtụtụ akụkụ dị mkpirikpi.

Sedge warblers na-eri nri na ala, ahịhịa dị arọ, ọkachasị ahịhịhịa na ahịhịrị, kamakwa n'ọhịa a na-akọ ugbo na gburugburu osisi. Nnyocha e mere na Attenborough, Nottinghamshire na England, chọpụtara na ebe obibi ndị a na-eji eme ihe maka nri n'oge ọmụmụ bụ 47% marshland, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ahịhịa Glyceria, 26% shrub, 21% ubi ahịhịhịa na 6% ọhịa. Usoro iri nri gụnyere 'ịkọrọ' ụmụ ahụhụ site na ahịhịa mgbe ha nọ n'elu ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-efe efe, na 'na-awụli elu', mgbe nnụnụ ahụ jidere ụmụ ahụhụ na-efefe n'etiti ebe ha na-efe. Sedge warblers [7]-awụli elu n'etiti ogwe osisi ma na-anakọta ụmụ ahụhụ site n'okpuru akwụkwọ; ha na-eji ohere okpomọkụ dị ala gburugburu chi ọbụbọ na chi ọbụbọ nke na-eme ka anụ oriri ha ghara ịgagharị.

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Acrocephalus schoenobaenus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22714700A87569807.en. 
  2. ↑ Linnaeus (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, 10th (in la), Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gill:Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers. IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union (2020). Retrieved on 16 April 2020.
  4. ↑ Cocker (2005). Birds Britannica. London: Chatto & Windus, 365–367. ISBN 978-0-7011-6907-7. 
  5. ↑ Jobling (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm, 30, 350. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 R. A. Robinson. Sedge Warbler. BirdFacts. British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved on 1 January 2009.R. A. Robinson.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 (2004) BWPi: The Birds of the Western Palearctic on interactive DVD-ROM. London: BirdGuides Ltd. and Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-898110-39-2. BWPi: The Birds of the Western Palearctic on interactive DVD-ROM.
  8. ↑ Svensson (1992). Identification Guide to European Passerines. Stockholm: Lars Svensson. ISBN 978-91-630-1118-4. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mullarney (1999). Collins Bird Guide. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-219728-1. 
  10. ↑ Sedge Warbler. Breeding Birds of the Wider Countryside. British Trust for Ornithology. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved on 1 January 2009.
  11. ↑ Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus. Datazone. BirdLife International. Retrieved on 1 January 2009.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 (2002) in Wernham: The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. London, UK: T. & A.D. Poyser, 544–547. ISBN 978-0-7136-6514-7. Wernham, C. V.; Toms, M. P.; Marchant, J. H.; Clark, J. A.; Siriwardena, G. M.; Baillie, S. R., eds.
  13. ↑ Tucker (1995). Birds in Europe: Their Conservation Status, BirdLife Conservation Series. Cambridge: BirdLife International. ISBN 978-0-946888-29-0. 
  14. ↑ Buchanan (1997-04-22). "Female choice in the sedge warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus multiple cues from song and territory quality" (in en). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 264 (1381): 521–526. DOI:10.1098/rspb.1997.0074. ISSN 0962-8452. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Zając, T. Bielański, W. & Solarz, W. (2011). "Territory choice during the breeding tenure of male sedge warblers". Behav Ecol Sociobiol 65 (12): 2305–2317. DOI:10.1007/s00265-011-1241-z. PMID 22162903. 
  16. ↑ Leisler (2000). "Frequencies of multiple paternity in three Acrocephalus species (Aves: Sylviidae) with different mating systems (A. palustris, A. arundinaceus, A. paludicola)". Ethology, Ecology & Evolution 12 (3): 237–249. DOI:10.1080/08927014.2000.9522798. 
  17. ↑ Zając (2007-09-05). "On the song resumption, polyterritorial behaviour and their population context in the Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus". Journal of Ornithology 149 (1): 49–57. DOI:10.1007/s10336-007-0211-8. ISSN 0021-8375. 
  18. ↑ Hasselquist (2010-04-26). "Variable social mating system in the Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus" (in en). Ethology 104 (9): 759–769. DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1998.tb00109.x. ISSN 0179-1613. 
  19. ↑ Vere Benson (1966). The Observer's Book of Birds. London: Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.. 

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