Right of self-defense
obere ụdị nke | subjective right ![]() |
---|---|
ihu nke | self-defence ![]() |
Iwu isi Ederede | Strafgesetzbuch, Strafgesetzbuch, Crimes Act 1900 ![]() |
Ikike nke nchebe onwe (nke a na-akpọkwa, mgbe ọ na-emetụta ịgbachitere onye ọzọ, nchebe alter ego n'asụsụ bekee, ịgbachitere ndị ọzọ, ịgbachitere onye nke atọ) bụ ikike maka ndị mmadụ iji ike ezi uche dị na ya ma ọ bụ nchebe, maka ebumnuche nke ịgbachitere ndụ onwe onye (ịgbachitere onwe onye) ma ọ bụ ndụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere - n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ - iji ike na-egbu egbu.[1]
Ọ bụrụ na onye a na-ebo ebubo na-eji ike nchebe n'ihi iyi egwu nke mmerụ ahụ na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ nke ọjọọ site n'aka onye nke ọzọ, ma ọ bụ echiche ezi uche dị na mmerụ ahụ dị otú ahụ, a na-ekwu na onye a na-ebo ebubo nwere "nchebe onwe zuru oke".[2] Ọ bụrụ na onye a na-ebo ebubo na-eji ike nchebe n'ihi echiche dị otú ahụ, na echiche ahụ abụghị ihe ezi uche dị na ya, onye a na-ebo ebubo nwere ike inwe "nchebe onwe onye na-ezughị okè" dị ka ihe ngọpụ.[2]
Echiche izugbe - Usoro Iwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Echiche ndị mbụ adịghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ịgbachitere mmadụ na ịgbachitere ihe onwunwe. Ma ọ bụ n'uche ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, nke a naewuli elu na ụkpụrụ Iwu nke mba Rom nke a kpọrọ dominium n'asụsụ Latin ebe mwakpo ọ bụla a wakporo ndị òtù ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe o nwere bụ mwakpo onwe onye na pater familias - onye isi nwoke nke ezinụlọ, naanị onye nwe ihe onwunwe niile nke ezinụlọ, ma nye iwu ikike ịchị ụmụ ya niile site n'usoro nwoke n'agbanyeghị afọ ha.[3] A na-ekwupụta ikike ịgbachitere onwe ya dị ka ụkpụrụ nke vim vi repellere licet ("a na-ekwe ka ọ chụpụ ike site na ike") na <i id="mwNA">Digest</i> of Justitian (narị afọ nke isii). Ntinye ọzọ nke a bụ echiche Martin Luther nke iguzogide ziri ezi megide onye ọchịchị Beerwolf, nke e ji mee ihe n'ozizi nke onye ọka ikpe dị ala nke a tụrụ aro n'afọ 1550 Magdeburg Confession .
Na akwụkwọ Leviathan (1651) nakwa, Hobbes (na-eji okwu Bekee na-agbachitere onwe ya na nke mbụ ya) tụpụtara ntọala ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọnọdụ okike ebe enweghị ikike na steeti nke oge a. Hobbes na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdị ike ma ọ bụ nwee ọgụgụ isi karịa ndị ọzọ n'ọnọdụ okike ha, ọ dịghị nke siri ike karịa egwu ọnwụ ike, nke na-akwado nchebe onwe onye dị ka mkpa kachasị mkpa. Na Nkwekọrịta Abụọ nke Gọọmenti, John Locke na-ekwupụta ihe kpatara onye nwe ya ga-eji hapụ nnwere onwe ha:
... obi ụtọ nke ihe onwunwe o nwere na steeti a adịghị ize ndụ, enweghị nchebe. Nke a na -eme ka ọ dị njikere ịhapụ ọnọdụ, nke, n'agbanyeghị nnwere onwe, jupụtara n'egwu na ihe ize ndụ na -aga n'ihu: ọ bụghịkwa n'enweghị ihe kpatara ya, na ọ na -achọ, ma dị njikere isonyere ọha mmadụ na ndị ọzọ, ndị dịlarị n'otu, ma ọ bụ nwee uche ịdị n'otu, maka ichekwa ndụ ha, nnwere onwe na ala, nke ọtụtụ na -akpọ aha n'ozuzu, ihe onwunwe.
N'oge gara aga tupu mmepe nke ndị uwe ojii mba, mwakpo n'ụlọ ezinụlọ bụ n'ụzọ dị irè ma ọ bụ mwakpo megide ndị nọ n'ime n'ezie ma ọ bụ mwakpo na-apụtaghị ìhè na ọdịmma ha site na ịnapụ ha ebe obibi na / ma ọ bụ ụzọ mmepụta. Njikọ a dị n'etiti mwakpo onwe onye na ihe onwunwe dara mbà ka ọha mmadụ na-etolite mana iyi egwu nke ime ihe ike ka bụ isi ihe. Dị ka akụkụ nke ọbụbụeze, n'okwu ya nke afọ 1918 Politik als Beruf (Politics as a Vocation), Max Weber kọwara steeti dị ka ikike na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị ya nwere ikike iji ike eme ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'ime ókèala akọwapụtara. N'ịghọta na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke mba apụtawo site na iji ike eme ihe, Weber kwusiri ike na iji ike eme ihe site na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ka dị mkpa maka ọchịchị dị irè na ọkwa ọ bụla nke pụtara na enyemaka onwe onye dị ntakịrị ma ọ bụrụ na ewepụghị ya.
Maka ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a, ajụjụ banyere nchebe onwe onye bụ otu n'ime ikike omume n'ime mba iji setịpụ oke nrubeisi nye steeti na iwu ya nyere ihe ize ndụ zuru oke n'ụwa jupụtara na ngwá agha. N'ime ọha mmadụ nke oge a, steeti na-enyefe ma ọ bụ na-etinye ikike mmanye ha n'aka ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa ma ọ bụ iji gbakwunye ma ọ bụ dochie akụkụ dị n'ime ndị isi ike. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na steeti anaghịzi ekwu na ọ bụ ndị uwe ojii nwere ikike n'ime ókèala ha, na-eme ka arụmụka na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike iji ikike ma ọ bụ ihe ùgwù iji mee ihe ike na-agbachitere onwe ha. N'ezie, nnwere onwe nke oge a na-egosipụta ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime iwu dị ka ndị na-etinye aka na nnwere onwe onwe
na, ọkachasị, na-arụ ụka na ikike nke nchebe onwe onye site na mmanye (gụnyere ime ihe ike) bụ ikike mmadụ dị mkpa, na n'ọnọdụ niile, na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, na-akwado ojiji niile nke ime ihe ike sitere na ikike a, n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ iji chebe mmadụ ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe. N'okwu a, rịba ama na Nkebi nke iri na abuo (12) Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na-ekwu:
A gaghị etinye onye ọ bụla na nzuzo ya, ezinụlọ ya, ụlọ ya ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ozi ya, ma ọ bụ ịwakpo nsọpụrụ ya na aha ya. Onye ọ bụla nwere ikike ichebe iwu megide ntinye aka ma ọ bụ mwakpo dị otú ahụ.
Ntinye nke ịgbachitere ezinụlọ na ụlọ mmadụ na-aghọta uru zuru ụwa ọnụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ sitere na ezinụlọ nwere ihe onwunwe onwe onye n'udo. Usoro a n'ozuzu ya na-awakpo mba Hohfeld n'ụzọ doro anya na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ikike na ọrụ dị ka akụkụ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na-emegide ikike ndị a na-ewere dị ka ihe dị mkpa karị n'ihi na ha na-ejikọta mmadụ site na ikike ya nwere ihe onwunwe. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-esote na, na mmega omume a, iwu ga-eme mpụ n'otu oge na-akpata ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ, mana ọ na-eme ka ime ihe ike yiri nke na-akpata ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ n'ihi na a na-eji ya echebe onwe ya. Dị ka mkpebi nke mgbagwoju anya a doro anya na n'iguzogide Hohfeld, Robert Nozick kwusiri ike na enweghị ikike obodo dị mma, naanị ikike nke ihe onwunwe na ikike nnwere onwe. N'echiche a, "ụkpụrụ nnweta" na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ nwere ikike ịgbachitere ma jigide ihe niile ha nwetara n'ụzọ ziri ezi na "ụkpụrụ mmezi" chọrọ ka a rụzie mmebi ọ bụla nke ụkpụrụ mbụ ahụ site n'ịghachite ihe onwunwe n'aka ndị nwe ha kwesịrị ekwesị dị ka "otu oge redistribution". N'ihi ya, na ndabara nke nchebe onwe onye na mbụ, a ghaghị imebi ihe onwunwe ọ bụla dị mma ma ọ bụ n'ụdị ma ọ bụ site na uru. N'otu aka ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka George Fletcher nakwa Robert Schopp anabatala echiche ndị mba Europe banyere nnwere onwe na echiche nnwere onwe ha iji kwado onye nwe ikike site na iji ike niile dị mkpa iji chebe nnwere onwe ya na ikike ya. Ikike a na-agbanwe ụkpụrụ obi ụtọ nke uru na ime ihe ike na-emeghachi omume bụ ihe kachasị mma nye onye ọ bụla, mana ọ na-egosipụta Jeremy Bentham n'ụzọ ziri ezi bụ onye hụrụ ihe onwunwe dị ka ike na-eme ka ndị mmadụ nwee ike ịkwalite ọrụ ha site na itinye ego na ahia. N'echiche na-emesapụ aka, ya mere, iji mee ka uru ahụ dị ukwuu, ọ dịghị mkpa ịla azụ ma ọ bụ jiri naanị ike kwesịrị ekwesị. E kwuru na onye mwakpo ahụ na-achụ nchebe iwu mgbe ọ malitere mwakpo ahụ. N'akụkụ a, iwu mpụ abụghị ngwá ọrụ nke steeti ọdịmma nke na-enye nchekwa nchekwa maka mmadụ niile mgbe ha merụrụ ahụ. Ka o sina dị, a ghaghị ịmata oke ụfọdụ dị ka ebe obere mwakpo mbụ na-aghọ naanị ihe ngọpụ maka mmeghachi omume ime ihe ike gabiga ókè. Usoro iwu obodo nwere echiche nke "iji ikike eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi" iji kọwaa ịgọnahụ ihe ziri ezi n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ dị oke njọ.
Echiche omume ọma
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ikike ichebe onwe site na Graeco-Roman Natural Rights theory, nke onye ọchịchị Rom bụ Cicero (106–43 ) na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma ndị ọzọ, nke odee akwụkwọ bu Aristotle metụtara. Miguel Faria, onye dere akwụkwọ America, Guns, and Freedom (2019), na-ede na Surgical Neurology International kọwara na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ikike ichebe mmadụ ha site na ikike okike iji chebe onwe ha; na ọ bụghị naanị ikike ịgbachitere onwe ha kamakwa ọrụ omume iji chebe ezinụlọ ha na ndị agbata obi ha; na ikike iji chebe onwe ha na-agbasapụ n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu iji gbochie ma ọ bụ gbochie ọchịchị aka ike.[4]
Ikike nke ndị nweere onwe ha iburu ngwá agha maka nchebe onwe ha, na-aghọ ọrụ iji chebe ndị nọ n'okpuru ezinụlọ ha na nlekọta ha. Ọtụtụ okpukpe, ọkachasị n'ihe nketa ndị Juu na Ndị otú Kraịst kwenyere na ikike iji ogwe aka chebe onwe ha na ichebe ụlọ. Katkizim Katọlik sitere na mmalite dabere na ọrụ nkà mmụta okpukpe nke St Thomas Aquinas. Ọ na-agụ, sị: "Nchebe iwu kwadoro nwere ike ịbụ ọ bụghị naanị ikike kamakwa ọrụ dị egwu maka onye na-ahụ maka ndụ ndị ọzọ. Ịgbachitere ọdịmma mmadụ niile chọrọ ka onye na-eme ihe ike na-ezighị ezi ghara imerụ ahụ. " Ọzọkwa, dị ka "ọ na -eme na mkpa ọ dị ime ka onye na -eme ihe ike ghara inwe ike imerụ ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere igbu ndụ ya. "[5]
Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Bekee bụ John Locke (1632–1704) kwuru na ikike okike bụ ihe doro anya ma nye mmadụ ike "ịchụso ndụ, ahụike, nnwere onwe na ihe onwunwe," yana ikike ịgbachitere onwe ya. Ndị guzobere United States weere echiche a ma Thomas Jefferson mepụtara ya n'ụzọ doro anya na Nkwupụta nnwere onwe. Na nyocha ya nke David Kopel's The morality of self-defense and military action: The Judeo-Christian Tradition (2017), Faria kwubiri, sị: "Nnwere onwe na ikike ichekwa ndụ site na nchebe onwe onye bụ ikike okike nke ndị mmadụ - ya bụ, onyinye sitere n'aka Chineke ma ọ bụ Nature nye mmadụ na - gọọmentị ndị na-anwa igbochi ikike ndị ahụ abụghịzi ọchịchị ziri ezi kama ọ bụ usurpations. Ọchịchị ọjọọ na ịpụnara mmadụ ihe na-enupụ isi megide Chineke na mmadụ, ya mere ndị mmadụ nwere ikike ziri ezi iji chebe onwe ha n'ụdị nnupụisi iji kwatuo ọchịchị ndị ahụ. "[4]
Nchebe nke ndị ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Iwu ndị ahụ bụ otu mgbe e ji ike chebe onye ọzọ pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ.[2] N'ozuzu, onye a na-ebo ebubo ga-enwerịrị nkwenye ezi uche dị na onye nke atọ nọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ha nwere ikike ịgbachitere onwe ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-amaghị ama na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri abụọ na-alụ ọgụ ga-enwe ike ịgbachitere njide ha nke yiri ka ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike. Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ mpaghara, onye na-akpata mmerụ ahụ iji chebe onye ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ onye ebubo mpụ na nke obodo ma ọ bụrụ na nchebe dị otú ahụ adịghị mkpa.
Nchebe iwu maka ebubo nchebe onwe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ikwupụta ikpe nchebe onwe onye ga-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na iyi egwu ahụ. Nke a gụnyere ma ọ bụ iyi egwu ọnụ nke mere ka onye ahụ nwee mmetụta nke iyi egwu, ruo n'ókè nke na ha chere na ọ dị mkpa ịgbachitere onwe ha. Ọ ga-adaberekwa ma ọ bụrụ na iyi egwu ahụ dị nso ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị.[6] Ajụjụ ụfọdụ ị ga-ajụ bụ na iyi egwu ahụ ọ ga-eme ma ndụ onye ahụ ọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ezie? Ọ̀ kpasuru onye ahụ iwe maka mwakpo ahụ? Mgbe onye ahụ wakporo onye ahụ, ọ bụ nchebe onwe ya kwekọrọ na iyi egwu ahụ, ma ọ bụ ọ ruru ebe onye ahụ mechara nwụọ mgbe ọ na-adịghị mkpa ka e gbuo ha? Ọ bụ 'nkụzi ụlọ elu' na-agbachitere?[7] Ha kpachaara anya mebie n'ụlọ onye ahụ ma gbalịa imerụ onye ahụ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ ha ahụ ruo n'ókè ebe ha ga-agbachitere onwe ha ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ site na iji ike na-egbu egbu?
Usoro Akara nke Penal (Model Penal Code)
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na US, Model Penal Code §3.04 nwere nkọwa zuru oke maka iji ike mee ihe, gụnyere mgbe ọ ziri ezi, na mmachi na ihe ziri ezi.[2] The Model Penal Code abụghị iwu gọọmentị na United States. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ikpe na steeti na-agbaziri ya nke ukwuu.
Ikpe iwu nkịtị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na People v. La Voie, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Colorado, 395 P.2d 1001 (1964), Ụlọ ikpe ahụ dere, "Mgbe mmadụ nwere ezi ihe mere o ji kwere, ma kwenye n'ezie n'ezie, na ihe ize ndụ nke igbu ya, ma ọ bụ ịnata nnukwu mmerụ ahụ, dị nso, ọ nwere ike ime ihe n'ọdịdị dị otú ahụ ma gbachitere onwe ya, ọbụna ruo n'ókè nke igbu ndụ mmadụ mgbe ọ dị mkpa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịpụta na ọdịdị ahụ bụ ụgha, ma ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịbụ na o mehiere ụzọ banyere oke ezigbo ihe ize ndụ n'ezie. "
Nkọwa na mba ụfọdụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Australia
- Czech Republic
- Sweden
- England na Wales
- United States
Leekwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ogbugbu ziri ezi
- Ntụle nke iwu égbè site na mba
- Pikuach nefesh
- Ikike idebe ma buru ngwá agha
- Nwa ọgụ demesne
- Iji ike na-aga n'ihu
Ebensidee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ For the rationale of Self-defense, see: Boaz Sangero, Self-Defence in Criminal Law 11 – 106 (Hart Publishing, 2006).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Criminal Law Cases and Materials, 7th ed. 2012; John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder
- ↑ See generally, Frier & McGinn, A Casebook on Roman Family Law, Oxford University Press (2004).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Faria. The moral philosophy of self-defense and resistance to tyranny in the Judeo-Christian Tradition. Surgical Neurology International (SNI). Retrieved on 10 August 2020.
- ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church, Part Three, Life in Christ, Section Two, The Ten Commandments, Article 5, The Fifth Commandment. Vatican Archives. Retrieved on 10 August 2020.
- ↑ Imminent Danger Law and Legal Definition (en-US). definitions.uslegal.com. USLegal, Inc.. Retrieved on 2018-11-29.
- ↑ Ryan (2009-11-16). Castle Doctrine (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved on 2018-11-29.
Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Carpenter (2003). "Of the Enemy Within, The Castle Doctrine, and Self-Defense". Marquette Law Review 86 (4): 653–700.
- Sir Edward Coke, The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, or, A Commentary on Littleton (London, 1628, ed. F. Hargrave na C. Butler, 19th ed., London, 1832)
- Dressler, Joshua, New Thoughts About the Concept of Justification in the Criminal Law: A Critique of Fletcher's Thinking and Rethinking, (1984) 32 UCLA L. Rev. 61.
- Fletcher, George P. (1990) Crime of Self-Defense: Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, .
- Fletcher, George P. (2000) Rethinking Criminal Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, .
- Getman (2001). "The Continuing Assault on the Right to Strike". Texas Law Review 79 (3).
- Green (1999). "Castles and Carjackers: Proportionality and the Use of Deadly Force in Defense of Dwellings and Vehicles". University of Illinois Law Review 1999 (1).
- McCoy (2001). "The Homosexual-Advance Defense and Hate Crimes Statutes: Their Interaction and Conflict". Cardozo Law Review 22 (2): 629.
- Maguigan (1991). "Battered Women and Self-Defense: Myths and Misconceptions in Current Reform Proposals". University of Pennsylvania Law Review 140 (2): 379–486. DOI:10.2307/3312349.
- Nourse (2001). "Self-Defense and Subjectivity". The University of Chicago Law Review 68 (4): 1235–1308. DOI:10.2307/1600480.
- Schopp, Robert F. (1998) Justification Defenses and Just Convictions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, .
- Segev (2005). "Fairness, Responsibility and Self-Defense". Santa Clara Law Review 45 (2): 383–460.
- Semeraro, (2006) Osservazioni sulla riforma della legittima difesa
- Vitu, Legitime defense et infraction d'imprudence, Revue de Science Criminelle, 1987, 865.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- UseofForce.us, nke nweere onwe ya, nke miri emi nke iwu nchebe onwe onye nke US.