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Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin

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Templeeti:Infobox award Nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ ọgwụ (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) bụ ndị ọgbakọ Nobel na ụlọ akwụkwọ Karolinska na-enye onyinye kwa afọ maka nchọpụta pụtara ìhè na physiology ma ọ bụ ọgwụ.  Nrite Nobel abụghị otu ihe nrite, kama ihe nrite ise dị iche iche nke, dị ka Alfred Nobel's 1895 ga-esi kwuo, a na-enye "ndị, n'ime afọ gara aga, nyeworo ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ uru kasịnụ".  A na-enye ihe nrite Nobel n'ihe gbasara Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

Ihe nrite Nobel maka Medisin

A na-enye ihe nrite Nobel kwa afọ na ncheta ọnwụ Alfred Nobel, 10 Disemba.  Dị ka nke 2022, 114 Nobel Prizes na Physiology ma ọ bụ nkà mmụta ọgwụ ka enyerela ndị mmeri 226, ụmụ nwoke 214 na ụmụ nwanyị 12.  Enyere nke mbụ na 1901 nye onye German physiologist, Emil von Behring, maka ọrụ ya na ọgwụgwọ serum na mmepe nke ọgwụ mgbochi diphtheria.  Nwanyị mbụ nwetara Nrite Nobel na Physiology or Medicine, Gerty Cori, nwetara ya na 1947 maka ọrụ ya n'ịkọwapụta metabolism nke glucose, dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ọgwụ, gụnyere ọgwụgwọ ọrịa shuga.  Karolinska Institute kwuputara ihe nrite Nobel kacha nso nso a na 3 Ọktoba 2022 ma nye ya Svante Pääbo Swedish, maka nchọpụta gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke hominins na mgbanwe mmadụ.[1]

Ihe nrite ahụ nwere ihe nrite tinyere diplọma na asambodo maka onyinye ego. Akụkụ ihu nke ihe nrite ahụ gosipụtara otu profaịlụ nke Alfred Nobel gosipụtara na ihe nrite maka Physics, Chemistry, na Literature; akụkụ azụ bụ ihe pụrụ iche na ihe nrise a.

Ụfọdụ ihe nrite abụwo arụmụka.  Nke a gụnyere otu nye António Egas Moniz na 1949 maka prefrontal lobotomy, nke enyere n'agbanyeghị mkpesa sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike.  Esemokwu ndị ọzọ sitere na nghọtahie gbasara onye etinyere na ihe nrite ahụ.  Ihe nrite 1952 nyere Selman Waksman gbara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ikpe, na ọkara ikike ikike e nyere onye ọrụ ya Albert Schatz onye na-enwetaghị ihe nrite ahụ.  Enweghị ike ịnye ihe nrite Nobel mgbe ọ nwụsịrị.  Ọzọkwa, ọ dịghị ihe karịrị ndị nnata atọ nwere ike ịnata Nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ ọgwụ, mmachi nke a na-atụle mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka mmụba na-arịwanye elu maka ndị otu buru ibu na-eduzi ọrụ sayensị dị mkpa.

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

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Nobel nwere mmasị na physiology nnwale ma guzobe ụlọ nyocha nke ya.

A mụrụ Alfred Nobel na 21 Ọktoba 1833 na Stockholm, Sweden, n'ime ezinụlọ ndị injinia.[2] Ọ bụ onye na-emepụta kemịkal, injinia na onye na-echepụta ihe nke nwetara akụ na ụba n'oge ndụ ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na ihe 355 o mepụtara, nke dynamite bụ nke a ma ama.[3] O nwere mmasị na physiology nnwale ma guzobe ụlọ nyocha nke ya na France na Ịtali iji mee nnwale na mmịnye ọbara. N'ịgbaso nchọpụta sayensị, o ji mmesapụ aka nye onyinye ya na ụlọ nyocha Ivan Pavlov na Russia ma nwee nchekwube banyere ọganihu sitere na nchọpụta sayensi mere na ụlọ nyocha.[4]

N'afọ 1888, o juru Nobel anya ịgụ akụkọ ọnwụ ya, nke akpọrọ "Onye ahịa ọnwụ anwụọla", n'akwụkwọ akụkọ French. Ka ọ na-eme, ọ bụ nwanne Nobel bụ Ludvig nwụrụ, mana Nobel, enweghị obi ụtọ na ọdịnaya nke obituary ma na-echegbu onwe ya na ihe nketa ya ga-egosipụta ya nke ọma, kpaliri ya ịgbanwe uche ya. N'ime testament ikpeazụ ya, Nobel rịọrọ ka e jiri ego ya mepụta usoro ihe nrite maka ndị na-enye "nnukwu uru na ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ" na physics, chemistry, udo, physiology ma ọ bụ ọgwụ, na akwụkwọ.[5] Ọ bụ ezie na Nobel dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ testament n'oge ndụ ya, e dere nke ikpeazụ ihe karịrị otu afọ tupu ya anwụọ na 1896 mgbe ọ dị afọ 63.[6] N'ihi na a na-emegide uche ya, Storting (Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Norway) anabataghị ya ruo na 26 Eprel 1897.[7]

Ihe nrite Physiology na Medicine nwere onyinyo nke Alfred Nobel na profaịlụ aka ekpe n'ihu.[8] Ọ bụ Erik Lindberg chepụtara ihe nrite ahụ.[8] N'azụ ihe nrite ahụ na-egosi 'Genius nke Ọgwụ na-ejide akwụkwọ mepere emepe n'apata ụkwụ ya, na-anakọta mmiri na-esi na nkume na-apụta iji kpochapụ akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nwa agbọghọ na-arịa ọrịa'.[9] E dere ya "Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes" ("Ọ bara uru imeziwanye ndụ (mmadụ) site na nka a chọpụtara") nke "inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes" sitere na ahịrị 663 site na akwụkwọ 6 nke Aeneid nke onye Rom na-ede uri Virgil.[9] A na-ede efere n'okpuru ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na aha onye nnata. Ihe odide "REG. Mahadum nke MED. CHIR CAROL. "nke na-egosi Karolinska Institute ka edere n'azụ.[9]

N'agbata afọ 1902 na afọ 2010, Myntverket, ụlọ ọrụ Swedish royal mint, nke dị na Eskilstuna, nwetara ihe nrite Nobel. N'afọ 2011, Det Norske Myntverket mere ihe nrite ndị ahụ na Kongsberg. Ọ bụ Svenska Medalj mere ihe nrite ndị ahụ na Eskilstuna kemgbe afọ 2012.[8]

Ndị nwetara nrite Nobel na-enweta diplọma kpọmkwem site n'aka Eze Sweden. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enye onyinye maka onye nwetara ya na-emepụta diplọma ọ bụla. N'ihe banyere Nobel Prize na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine, ya bụ Nzukọ Nobel na Karolinska Institute. A na-enye ndị omenkà a ma ama na ndị na-ede calligraph si Sweden ọrụ ịmepụta ya.[10] Diploma ahụ nwere foto na ederede nke na-ekwu aha onye mmeri na ntinye aka maka ihe mere ha ji nata ihe nrite ahụ.[10]

N'emume mmeri ahụ, a na-enye onye mmeri akwụkwọ na-egosi ego mmeri ahụ. Ọnụ ego ego nke onyinye ego nwere ike ịdị iche site n'afọ ruo n'afọ, dabere na ego dị na Nobel Foundation. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2009 ngụkọta ego enyere bụ 10 nde SEK (US $ 1.4 nde), mana na 2012, ego ahụ bụ 8 nde Swedish Krona, ma ọ bụ US $ 1.1 nde.[11][12] Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ndị mmeri abụọ n'otu ụdị, a na-ekewa onyinye ahụ n'otu n'otu, mana ọ bụrụ na e nwee atọ, kọmitii na-enye onyinye ahụ nwere ike ịhọrọ ịkewa onyinye ahụ, ma ọ bụ nye otu onye na-anata ọkara na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị ọzọ abụọ.[13][14][15]

A na-enye onyinye ndị ahụ n'ememe gala na-esote oriri.[16] Oriri Nobel bụ ihe dị oke egwu na menu, nke a haziri ọtụtụ ọnwa tupu oge eruo, zoro ezo ruo ụbọchị ihe omume ahụ. Ntọala Nobel na-ahọrọ menu mgbe ọ nwesịrị nnwale na nnwale nhọrọ nke ndị isi nri ahọpụtara nke mba ụwa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ bụ nri abalị atọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nri isii na 1901. Onye ọ bụla nwetara ihe nrite Nobel nwere ike iweta ndị ọbịa iri na isii. Ezinụlọ eze Sweden na-abịa, na-abụkarị Praịm Minista na ndị ọzọ so na gọọmentị na-abịa yana ndị nnọchi anya ezinụlọ Nobel.[17]

N'ihi ogologo oge nke nwere ike ịgafe tupu mkpa nchọpụta ahụ apụta ìhè, a na-enye ụfọdụ ihe nrite ọtụtụ afọ mgbe nchọpụta mbụ gasịrị. Barbara McClintock mere nchọpụta ya na 1944, tupu a mara ọdịdị nke DNA molecule; enyeghị ya ihe nrite ahụ ruo n'afọ 1983. N'otu aka ahụ, na 1916 Peyton Rous chọpụtara ọrụ nke nje tumor na ọkụkọ, mana enyeghị ya ihe nrite ahụ ruo mgbe afọ 50 gachara, na 1966.[18]

Nnyocha nke onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel bụ Carol Greider mere ihe karịrị afọ 20 tupu mgbe ahụ. O kwuru na oge na-agafe bụ uru na sayensị ahụike, ebe ọ nwere ike iwe ọtụtụ afọ maka mkpa nchọpụta iji pụta ìhè.[19]

Ọkà mmụta neurophysiologist nke Spen Fernando de Castro (1896-1967) bụ onye mbụ kọwapụtara chemoreceptors arterial ma mee ha okirikiri na ahụ carotid maka ntugharị iku ume na 1926-1928.  Maka ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara, onye na-eso ụzọ Santiago Ramón y Cajal a bụ onye na-eso ụzọ kwesịrị ịkọrọ onyinye Nobel 1938 na Corneille Heymans e nyere ya, ma n'oge ahụ Spain mikpuru na Spanish Civil War na o yiri ka Nobel Board ọbụna nwere obi abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị ndụ.  ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, ịnọ n'ihu kemgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmalite nke esemokwu ahụ.  Heymans n'onwe ya ghọtara uru De Castro nwetara maka Nrite Nobel n'oge dị iche iche, gụnyere okwu ama ama na Montevideo (Uruguay).[1]

Hụkwa zie

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  • Ndepụta nke onyinye ọgwụ
  • Ndepụta nke ndị nwetara nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 3 October 2022.
  2. ↑ Levinovitz, p. 5
  3. ↑ Levinovitz, p. 11
  4. ↑ Feldman, pp. 237–238
  5. ↑ History – Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833–1896). BBC. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved on 15 January 2010.
  6. ↑ Sohlman (1983). The Legacy of Alfred Nobel – The Story Behind the Nobel Prizes, First, The Nobel Foundation. ISBN 978-0-370-30990-3. 
  7. ↑ Levinovitz, p. 13
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 A unique gold medal. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved on 20 June 2023. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NobelUnique" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 The Nobel Prize medal in physiology or medicine. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved on 20 June 2023.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 The Nobel Prize Diplomas. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 July 2006. Retrieved on 15 January 2010.
  11. ↑ The Nobel Prize Amounts. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved on 24 August 2014.
  12. ↑ Nobel prize amounts to be cut 20% in 2012. CNN (11 June 2012). Archived from the original on 9 July 2012.
  13. ↑ Sample. "Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer", The Guardian, 5 October 2009. Retrieved on 15 January 2010.
  14. ↑ Ian Sample, Science correspondent. "Three share Nobel prize for physics", The Guardian, 7 October 2008. Retrieved on 10 February 2010.
  15. ↑ David Landes (12 October 2009). Americans claim Nobel economics prize. Thelocal.se. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved on 15 January 2010.
  16. ↑ "Pomp aplenty as winners gather for Nobel gala", The Local, 10 December 2009. Retrieved on 22 June 2010.
  17. ↑ Nobel Laureates dinner banquet tomorrow at Stokholm City Hall. DNA (9 December 2009). Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved on 18 June 2010.
  18. ↑ Levinovitz, p. 114
  19. ↑ Dreifus. "On Winning a Nobel Prize in Science", The New York Times, 12 October 2009. Retrieved on 22 June 2010.

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