Òtù nke Saint Luke

^[1]Guild of Saint Luke bụ aha a na-akpọkarị ndị otu obodo maka ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-ese ihe na Europe oge a, dabka na mba ndị dị ala . Akpọrọ aha iji sọpụrụ Onye Ozi Ọma Luk, onye na-elekọta ndị na-ese ihe, onye Jọn nke Damaskọs mere ka a mara dị ka onye sere ihe osise nke Virgin.

. ^[2]E hiwere otu n'ime òtù ndị a ma ama na Antwerp . [1] Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ruo 1795, ọ bụ ebe na mgbe ahụ ọ tụfuru ikike ya na ya mere ọtụtụ ike ya. N'ele obodo, Antwerp, mgba ime obodo enyela ndị Guild ikike ikike iche iche n'ime obodo ahụ. Ya mere, ịbụ onye otu Guild, dị ka nna ukwu, ka onye na-ese ihe were were ma ọ bụ resị ọha ihe ọrụ ike. Iwu ndị yiri ya dị na Delft, ebe naanị ndị nwe otu nwere ike ree nda n'obodo ma ọ bụ nwee ụlọ egwuregwu. [2] Ndị mbụ guild na Antwerp na Bruges, na-esetịpụ ihe nke a ga-agbaọsọ na obodo ndị ọzọ, ekiri nwere ụlọ enyo ha ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nke ndị òtù nwere ike ree ihe ọrụ ha na-enye nsogbu na eze

Guild nke Saint Luke ewepụ na- anya ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-ese ihe, na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe, ihe — , apa na awụ nke iri na asaa - ndị na-ere, ndị na- amu amu, na ndị egwuregwu nka n'anya (ndị́ a na-akpọ liefhebbers ). [1] N'oge ochie, ọtụtụ ndị òtù n'ọtụtụ ebe bụ ọnọdụ anya ndị na-amụnye ihe odide, ebe ndị a nọ n'otu òtù ndị na-ese osisi na-ese-n'iche obodo, a na-ewere obodo. ha na ndị ọrụ ma ọ bụ "ndị na-ede akwụkwọ". N'ihe owuwu guild omenala, ndị na-ese ụlọ na ndị na-achọ mma na-anọkarị n'otu òtù. Otú ọ dị, ka ndị na-ese ihe na-etolite n'okpuru òtù ha nke St. Luke, jiida na Netherlands, a na-emewanye ihe dị iche iche. [2] N'izugbe, ndị otu na-ekpe ikpe makadị dị n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ ha. [1] N'ụzọ dị otú ahụ, ọ na-achịkwa ọrụ na mụrụ nke onye na-ese ihe na-arụ ọrụ n'otu obodo, ebe n'obodo dị iche iche, ha na-enwere onwe ha kpamkpam ma na -ahọrịta mpi megide ibe ha.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ghọghị ebe bụ isi nka ruo narị afọ nke iri na isii, Antwerp bụ otu n'ime obodo mbụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị nke mbụ, chọtara otu òtù Saint Luke. Ebu ụzọ kpọọ ya na 1382, obodo ahụ nyere ya ihe ùgwù pụrụ iche na 1442. ^[3] Ihe ndekọ ahụ, ma ọ bụ Liggeren, sitere na guild dị, na-edepụta mgbe ndị na-ese ihe ghọrọ ndị isi, onye dean maka afọ ọ bụla bụ, ihe ọpụrụiche ha bụ, na aha ụmụ akwụkwọ ọ bụla. ^[3] Na Bruges, agbanyeghị, nke bụ obodo kachasị maka mmepụta nka na mba ndị dị ala na narị afọ nke iri na ise, ndepụta ndị mbụ ama ama nke ndị otu guild malitere na 1453, n'agbanyeghị na guild tọrọ nke a. N'ebe ahụ ndị niile na-ese ihe ga-eso na guild ka ha wee na-eme ihe n'aha nke ha ma ọ bụ ree ọrụ ha, na guild siri nnọọ ike banyere ihe omume nka nwere ike ime - na-amachibido onye ọrụ nka ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara ebe ndị otu guild ọzọ., dị ka ịkwa akwa teepu, nọchitere anya ya. ^[4]

Bruges

^[2]Ndị Bruges guild, na ndekọ oge ochie na-achị isi, gụ ndị na-akwa akwa, na nna nna ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe odide ndị nwere ikike na vellum, ya mere a na-achịkọta ha dị ka ụdị onye. na-arụ akpụkpọ anụ. Ikekwe n'ihi njikọ a, ruo oge ụfọdụ, ha nwere iwu na obere ihe niile obere akara iji mata onye na-ese ihe, nke edebanyere aha na Guild. [1] naanị n'okpuru ihe ntakiri iche, dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'iche ikpe, onye na-ese ihe nwere ike ọrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ejighị otu n'ime ndị otu. [2] Peter Paul Rubens nwere ọnọdụ yiri nke ahụ na ike apụ nke iri na asaa, mgbe ọ ikike ikike ikike iche n'aka Archdukes Albert na Isabella ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ese ihe n'iche na Brussels na onye na-arụsi. ọrụ ike na Guild of Saint Luke na Antwerp. [3] Ịbụ otu ụlọ ndị ọrụ ire ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ngosi nke ndị guild nwere. Dị ka ihe atụ, Antwerp meghere ụlọ aha a na-ere ihe osise n’ihu katidral na 1460, Bruges sokwa ya na 1482

Òtù ndị òtù St. Luke dị na Dutch Republic mgbasaghachi onwe ha ka obodo ndị dị n'ebe ahụ amụ , e nyere dị ike ama na ndị mmadụ. Ọtụtụ ndị òtù Luke St. Luke we ikike akwụkwọ ikike iji chebe nke ndị na-ese ihe n'ime obodo site na mbata nke talent ndị site na ebe ndị dị ka Antwerp na Bruges. Ọtụtụ obodo na mba na-eto eto isi ebe nka dị mkpa na-achọ afụ nke iri na isii na-ele anya afụ nke iri na asaa. Amsterdam bụ obodo mbụ we mbụ akwụkwọ ikike St. Luke mgbe ekiri akara ngosi na 1579, ọ gụsịrị ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-ese ihe, na ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-emekọ ihe kpọmkwem n'ihe. osise a na-ahụ anya. [1] Mgbe ịzụrụ ihe dị n'etiti Spanish Netherlands na Dutch Republic, iche iche na afọ iri na abụọ 'Truce' na 1609, mbata na ikpe na-azụ na ọtụtụ obodo Dutch we akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ikike guild dị ka onye nọmba ọnụ dị ukwuu nke ukwuu. nsogbu ịgafe ókè ^[5]

^[6]tusaale, Gouda, Rotterdam, na Delft, niile nkata ntọala guilds n'etiti 1609 na 1611. [1] Na nke ọ ahụ elelu n'ime ndị ikpe, panel panel wepụrụ onwe ha na omenala guild nke ụlọ ndị ọzọ na- ese ihe, dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na fresco na n' ike, na-akwado a kpọmkwem "Guild of St. Luke". [2] N'aka nke ọzọ, ndụ ndị a kpatara n'oge ahụ na Amsterdam ma ọ bụ Haarlem. [2] Na Haarlem Guild nke St. Luke, Otú ọ dị, a nwara usoro siri ike na 1631 na ndị na-ese panel n'elu, ọ bụ ebe na enyi jụ ndị isi a. [2] Na Utrecht guild, nke ntọala ntọala na 1611, ezumike ahụ bụ ndị na-akwa akwa, ma na 1644, nkewa ozi òtù ndị na-ese ihe ọhụrụ, na-ahapụ ikike ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na- ese osisi. Ntugharị yiri nke ahụ na The Hague na 1656 dugara ndị na-ese ihe na-ahapụ Guild nke Saint Luke iji guzobe Confrerie Pictura ọhụrụ na ụdị ndị ọzọ niile na-ese ihe nkiri, na-ahapụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ihe.

Ịtali

.Na Renaissance Florence, Guild nke St. Luke, kwa otu, adịghị adị. Ndị na-ese ihe so na guild nke ndị nwe na ndị Apothecaries ("Arte dei Medici e Speziali") ka [1] na-azụta pigmenti ha site na apothecaries, ebe ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị otu Masters of Stone and Wood ("Maestri di Pietra e Legname"). [1] Ha na-abụkwa ndị otu ugboro na ngosi nke St. Luke ( Compagnia di San Luca ) - nke e hiwere na aso dị ka 1349 - n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ ihe dị iche na usoro guild. [2] Enwere òtù ndị na-eme egwuregwu ihe n'ụdị ndị ọzọ nke Ịtali, dị ka Rom. Ka ọ na-erule afọ nke 16, e guzobela otu ndị otu na Candia na Krit, mgbe ahụ bụ ihe mmetụta Venetia, site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe na-aga nke ọma nke Gris nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Cretan . Na ምናልባት afụ nke iri na isii, Compagnia di San Luca ihu ihu na SS. Annunziata, na ndị na-akpụ akpụ, ndị bụbu ndị òtù nke confraternity raara nye St. Paul ( Compagnia di San Paolo), so sere. [3] Ụdị compagnia a akara n'ime Florentine Accademia del Disegno na 1563, bụ nke e debanyere ya na usoro guild nke obodo na 1572. Accademia di San Luca na Rome ^[7]

Guilds na nchụso ọgụgụ isi

Akwụkwọ òkù nke Antwerp Violieren akwụkwọ akwụkwọ LED n'ọnụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ maka ihe omume landjuweel, nke na-adịru ụbọchị 19, na 1561.

.N'ọgwụgwọ ọrịa nke afọ nke iri na isii nke ọkwa nka nke mere n'Ịtali ka akwadoro na Mba ndị dị ala site n'ịba ọgụ nke ndị na-ese ihe n'ime ọha na-ede akwụkwọ na nke mmadụ. The Antwerp Guild nke St. Luke, nwe, nwere njikọ chiri anya na otu n'ime ụlọ ndị a ma ama nke obodo, Violieren, na, n' eziokwu, a na-ekwukarị ha abụọ dị ka otu. [1] Ka ọ na-erule etiti oghere nke iri na isii, mgbe Pieter Bruegel Okenye na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'obodo ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị òtù Violieren, Frans Floris, Cornelis Floris, na Hieronymus Cock, bụ ndị na- ese ihe. [1] diya dị n'etiti òtù abụọ a, otu maka ndị na-azụ aha na ndị ọzọ bụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, gara n'ihu na ike awụ nke iri na asaa ruo mgbe Mịkọ ahụ ọnụ na 1663 mgbe e hiwere Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Antwerp otu nri awụ ka ndị Rom sochara ya. onye ndị yiri ya n'etiti Guild nke St. Luke na ụlọ ndị na-ekwu okwu yiri ka ọ dị na obodo Dutch na ike afã nke iri na asaa. Haarlem's "Liefde boven al" ("Ịhụnanya ihe niile") bụ ezigbo ihe atụ, nke Frans Hals, Esaias van de Velde, na Adriaen Brouwer bụ nke ya. [2] Ihe ndị omume a gosikwara onwe ha n'ìgwè ndị tolitere na ikike guild dị ka ndị Romanist Antwerp, bụ ndị njem gaa Italytali na ekele maka omenala oge ochie na nke mmadụ dị mkpa.

Hụkwa

Saint Luke na-ese Virgin
Guild
Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Guildhall
Guild nke Romanists Club na narị afọ nke 17 Antwerp
Njikọ Hanseatic
Ebe ahịa
Onye ahịa
Onye na-ese ihe na New Spain
Ụlọ ahịa
Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp tọrọ ntọala na 1663
Ụlọ ọrụ na-efe ofufe nke Glaziers na ndị na-ese ihe nke Glass London
Ụlọ ọrụ na-efe efe nke Painter-Stainers London

Ihe ndetu

↑ Howe.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Prak (2003): 248.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Baudouin (1973): 23–27.
↑ Campbell (1976): 191.
↑ Prak (2003): 241.
↑ Franits, p.66 & 85
↑ Hughes (1986): 3–5.

Ntụaka

Bartrum, Giulia. Albrecht Dürer and His Legacy. British Museum Press (2002). Templeeti:ISBN.
Baudouin, Frans. "Metropolis of the Arts." In: Antwerp's Golden Age: the metropolis of the West in the 16th and 17th centuries, Antwerp, 1973, pp. 23–33.
Belkin, Kristin Lohse. Rubens. Phaidon Press, 1998. Templeeti:ISBN ISBN 0-7148-3412-2.
Campbell, Lorne. "The Art Market in the Southern Netherlands in the Fifteenth Century." In: The Burlington Magazine, vol. 118, no. 877. (Apr., 1976), pp. 188–198.
Farquhar, J.D. "Identity in an Anonymous Age: Bruges Manuscript Illuminators and their Signs." Viator, vol 11 (1980), pp. 371–83.
Ford-Wille, Clare. "Antwerp, guild of S. Luke." The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford University Press, 2001. Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 2005. [accessed May 18, 2007]
Franits, Wayne, Dutch Seventeenth-Century Genre Painting, Yale UP, 2004, Templeeti:ISBN.
Gibson,Walter S. "Artists and Rederijkers in the Age of Bruegel." In: The Art Bulletin, vol. 63, no. 3. (Sep., 1981), pp. 426–446.
Heppner, Albert. "The Popular Theatre of the Rederijkers in the Work of Jan Steen and His Contemporaries." In: Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, vol. 3, no. 1/2. (Oct., 1939 - Jan., 1940), pp. 22–48.
Howe, Eunice D. "Luke, St" Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, [accessed May 18, 2007]
Hughes, Anthony."'An Academy for Doing'. I: The Accademia del Disegno, the Guilds and the Principate in Sixteenth-Century Florence." Oxford Art Journal, vol. 9, no. 1. (1986), pp. 3–10.
Jack, Mary Ann. "The Accademia del Disegno in Late Renaissance Florence." In: Sixteenth Century Journal, vol. 7, no. 2. (Oct., 1976), pp. 3–20.
King, Catherine. "National Gallery 3902 and the Theme of Luke the Evangelist as Artist and Physician." In: Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, vol. 48., no. 2. (1985), pp. 249–255.
Mather, Rufus Graves. "Documents Mostly New Relating to Florentine Painters and Sculptors of the Fifteenth Century." In: The Art Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 1. (Mar., 1948), pp. 20–65.
Montias, John Michael. "The Guild of St. Luke in 17th-Century Delft and the Economic Status of Artists and Artisans." In: Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art, vol. 9, no. 2. (1977), pp. 93–105.
Olds, Clifton. "Jan Gossaert's 'St. Luke Painting the Virgin': A Renaissance Artist's Cultural Literacy." In: Journal of Aesthetic Education, vol. 24, no. 1, Special Issue: Cultural Literacy and Arts Education. (Spring, 1990), pp. 89–96.
Prak, Maarten. "Guilds and the Development of the Art Market during the Dutch Golden Age." In: Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art, vol. 30, no. 3/4. (2003), pp. 236–251.
Slive, Seymour, Dutch Painting, 1600–1800, Yale UP, 1995, Templeeti:ISBN
Smith, Pamela H. "Science and Taste: Painting, Passions, and the New Philosophy in Seventeenth-Century Leiden." In: Isis, vol. 90, no. 3. (Sep., 1999), pp. 421–461.

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

Stabel, Peter, "Organisation corporative et production d'oeuvres d'art à Bruges à la fin du moyen âge et au début des temps modernes", na: Le Moyen Âge. Revue d'histoire et de philologie, 113, 1, 2007, p. 91–134.

Njikọ mpụga

[1] Howe.

[prak248-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Prak (2003): 248.

[baudouin-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Baudouin (1973): 23–27.

[campbell-4] Campbell (1976): 191.

[prak241-5] Prak (2003): 241.

[6] Franits, p.66 & 85

[hughes3-7] Hughes (1986): 3–5.

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