Ehi: Ọdịiche dị n'etiti nyochagharị
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Created by translating the opening section from the page "Cattle" Tags: ḿmezi m̀pàn'aka Ndezi web nke mbugharị NtụgharịNkebi NtụgharịNkebi |
Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "Beef cattle" |
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| Ahiri 1: | Ahiri 1: | ||
Ehi ( Bos taurus ) bụ ndị buru ibu, anụ ụlọ, ndị na-enweghị isi. |
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[[Usòrò:WhiteBull.jpg|alt=Blonde d'Aquitaine bull|thumb|Nwa ehi nke Blonde d'Aquitaine.]] |
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[[Usòrò:Tajimagyu1.jpg|alt=Japanese wagyu bull|thumb|Ehi wagyu nke Japan n'ugbo dị n'ebe ugwu Kobe]] |
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Anụ ehi bụ ehi a zụlitere maka imepụta anụ (dị ka a na-esi na ehi mmiri ara ehi, nke eji eme mmiri ara ehi). Anụ anụ nke tozuru oke ma ọ bụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okenye ka a na-akpọkarị anụ ehi. N'imepụta anụ ehi, e nwere usoro atọ bụ isi: arụ ọrụ ehi-ehi, nzụlite, na ọrụ nri nri. Usoro mmepụta nke anụmanụ na-amalite na ọrụ ehi-ehi; Emebere ọrụ a kpọmkwem ka ọ mụọ ehi maka ụmụ ha. Site n'ebe a ka a na-azụ ụmụ ehi maka nri nri. Anụ ọhịa ndị a na-eto kpọmkwem maka ebe nri bụ ndị a maara dị ka anụ ndị na-azụ nri, ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke anụmanụ ndị a bụ ịma abụba. Anụmanụ anaghị eto maka ebe a na-eri nri na-abụkarị nwanyị ma bụrụkwa ndị a na-akpọkarị nne ehi nọchiri anya. Ọ bụ ezie na isi ihe eji ehi ehi bụ mmepụta anụ, ihe ndị ọzọ eji eme ihe gụnyere akpụkpọ anụ, na ngwaahịa anụ ehi a na-eji swiit, ncha ntutu, ihe ịchọ mma, na insulin. |
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== Ịzụ nwa ehi na ịzụlite == |
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E wezụga ịzụlite iji gboo mkpa maka mmepụta anụ ehi, ndị nwe ya na-ejikwa Ịzụlite ahọpụtara iji nweta àgwà ụfọdụ na ehi ha. Ihe atụ nke àgwà a chọrọ nwere ike ịbụ anụ na-adịghị ike <ref name="aps2350beef">{{Cite web|publisher=University of Guelph, Animal Sciences|title=Beef Production|accessdate=April 6, 2013|url=http://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/~gking/Ag_2350/beef.htm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/~gking/Ag_2350/beef.htm "Beef Production"]. University of Guelph, Animal Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> ma ọ bụ iguzogide ọrịa. <ref name="RealAgriculture">{{Cite web|publisher=RealAgricultureOnline|title=Beef Research School: What's the Latest Research on Antimicrobial Resistance?|date=4 April 2013|accessdate=April 6, 2013|url=http://www.realagriculture.com/2013/04/beef-research-school-whats-the-latest-research-on-antimicrobial-resistance-whats-to-be-done/}}</ref> A na-ejikwa ụdị ndị a maara dị ka [[Dual-purpose breed|Ebumnuche abụọ]] emepụta anụ ehi. A họrọla ụdị ndị a maka ebumnuche abụọ n'otu oge, dị ka anụ ehi na mmepụta mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ anụ ehi na mmiri ara ehi. Ụdị abụọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị Zebu nke India dị ka Tharparkar na Ongole Cattle. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị kọntinent ndị a zụlitere maka nzube a. Simmental / Fleckvieh mbụ sitere na Switzerland bụ ihe atụ kachasị mma. Ọ bụghị naanị na ha bụ ụdị abụọ maka anụ ehi na mmiri ara ehi, mana n'oge gara aga, a na-ejikwa ha eme ihe maka ịdọrọ mmiri. Otú ọ dị, n'ime ọgbọ niile, ụdị ahụ ekewaala n'ìgwè abụọ site na ịzụlite nhọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Better Dairy Cow|title=The History of Fleckvieh Dual Purpose Cattle|date=10 October 2014|accessdate=February 1, 2018|url=http://betterdairycow.com/dairy-cows/history-of-fleckvieh-dual-purpose-cattle/}}</ref> |
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A na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ehi anụ n'ụzọ okike, ebe a na-ahapụ ehi n'ime ìgwè ehi ihe dịka ụbọchị 55 mgbe oge ịmụ nwa gasịrị, dabere na akara ọnọdụ ahụ ehi (BCS). Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ oge mbụ ehi na-amụ nwa, ọ ga-ewe ogologo oge iji mụọ ọzọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụbọchị 10.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources|title=Pregnant cows, timing of pregnancy, open cows, pregnancy rate|accessdate=February 1, 2018|url=https://beef.unl.edu/pregnantcows#howlong}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a pụkwara ịzụlite ehi anụ site na insemination aka, dabere na ehi na ogo nke ìgwè ehi ahụ.<ref name="aps2350beef">{{Cite web|publisher=University of Guelph, Animal Sciences|title=Beef Production|accessdate=April 6, 2013|url=http://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/~gking/Ag_2350/beef.htm}}</ref> A na-azụkarị ehi n'oge ọkọchị ka nwa wee nwee ike ime n'oge opupu ihe ubi na-esote.<ref name="aps2350beef" /> Otú ọ dị, ịzụ ehi nwere ike ime n'oge ndị ọzọ n'afọ. Dabere na ịwa ahụ, nwa nwere ike ime n'afọ niile. Ndị nwe ya nwere ike ịhọrọ oge ịzụlite dabere na ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere arụmọrụ ọmụmụ, ọnụahịa ehi oge na ụlọ ọrụ njikwa.<ref name="aps2350beef" /> |
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== Nlekọta ehi == |
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A na-atụ anya na ndị na-elekọta ehi ga-enwe ọnọdụ dị ala maka ìgwè ehi ha, gụnyere nchekwa, ahụike, nkasi obi, nri na njikwa mmadụ. Dị ka Kansụl Nlekọta Ụmụ Anụmanụ nke Mba Canada si kwuo, ehi ga-enwerịrị ohere ịnweta ebe mgbaba site na ihu igwe siri ike, nlekọta na ngwá ọrụ dị nchebe, nlekọta anụmanụ na igbu anụ.<ref name="nfacc1">{{Cite web|publisher=Agriculture Canada|title=Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef cattle|accessdate=April 6, 2013|url=http://www.nfacc.ca/pdfs/codes/Beef%20Code%20of%20Practice.pdf}}</ref>Ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ butere ọrịa ma ọ bụ chee na ọ na-arịa ọrịa, ọ bụ ọrụ ndị nwe ya ịkọ ya ozugbo nye onye na-ahụ maka anụmanụ maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ euthanasia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Beef Cattle|url=http://www.beefproducer.ca/code-practice-care-handling-beef-cattle/|author=Eadie|first=Jim|date=May 16, 2017|work=Beef Producer|language=en|accessdate=May 30, 2020|archivedate=September 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924022843/https://www.beefproducer.ca/code-practice-care-handling-beef-cattle/}}</ref> Dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe (oge, ụdị usoro mmepụta, ọnụ ọgụgụ, wdg), ọrịa na ọrịa nwere ike ịgbasa ngwa ngwa site na ìgwè anụmanụ gaa na anụmanụ.<ref name="nfacc2">{{Cite web|publisher=Agriculture Canada|title=Code of practice for the care and handling of beef cattle: Review of scientific research on priority issues|accessdate=February 1, 2018|url=http://www.nfacc.ca/resources/codes-of-practice/beef-cattle/Beef_Cattle_Review_of_Priority_Welfare_Issues_Nov_2012.pdf}}</ref> A na-atụ anya ka ndị nwe ha nyochaa ọnọdụ ehi ha mgbe niile maka nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge, dịka ụfọdụ ọrịa ehi nwere ike iyi ma ehi ma ahụike mmadụ egwu (nke a maara dị ka zoonotic) <ref name="nfacc1" /> dịka Ọrịa ehi ara ụkwara nta hụrụ. |
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Na nkezi, ehi ga-eri 1.4 ruo 4% nke ịdị arọ ha kwa ụbọchị.<ref name="alberta">{{Cite web|publisher=Ministry of Agriculture Alberta|title=How much feed will my cow eat|accessdate=April 6, 2013|url=http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/faq7811}}</ref> E nwere ụdị nri dị iche iche maka ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a. Ihe odide ọkọlọtọ na United States, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, agafeela mbipụta asatọ n'ime ọ dịkarịa ala afọ iri asaa.<ref>[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/19014/nutrient-requirements-of-beef-cattle-eighth-revised-edition nap.edu: "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle Eighth Revised Edition (2016)"]</ref> Mbipụta nke asaa nke 1996 dochiri echiche nke protein metabolizeable maka mbipụta nke isii nke protein na-enweghị isi.<ref>[[iarchive:bub_gb_Q2MrAAAAYAAJ/page/n1|National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition: "Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, sixth revised edition 1984"]]</ref> Na narị afọ nke 20, omume ndị Canada gbasoro nduzi ndị America.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070806192500/http://www.carc-crac.ca/common/Factsheet%20-%20Beef%20English.PDF www.carc-crac.ca: "Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef Cattle"], p.2 of the 1991 edition</ref> N'afọ 1970, Food and Drug Administration na-achịkwa [[Pharmaceutical supplements|ihe mgbakwunye ọgwụ]] na nri ehi dịka [[Hormone|homonụ]] na ọgwụ nje. <ref>[https://archive.org/details/beefcattlefeedin1025weic/page/8 Weichenthal, B. A; Russell, H. G (1970): "Beef cattle feeding suggestions : nutrient requirements, balancing rations, protein supplements, suggested rations" Urbana, IL : [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]], College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service</ref> |
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Ụmụ anụmanụ ụfọdụ na-ebi n'ebe ịta nri ndụ ha niile, ya mere, ha na-ahụkarị ahịhịa ọhụrụ; ndị a na-abụkarị ọrụ ehi na ihu igwe ndị ọzọ. Ụmụ ehi na-anọ n'azụ na anụmanụ na-enwekarị nri dị iche iche nke nwere ọka karịa ụdị ahịhịa. Mkpụrụ dị oke ọnụ karịa ebe ịta nri mana ụmụ anụmanụ na-eto ngwa ngwa na ọkwa protein dị elu. Ebe ọ bụ na ehi bụ ndị na-eri ahịhịa ma chọọ roughage na nri ha, silage, hay na / ma ọ bụ Haylage bụ nhọrọ nri niile.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Mother Earth News|title=Feeding Beef Cattle: Tips for a Healthy, Pasture-Based Diet|accessdate=February 1, 2018|url=https://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/raising-cattle/feeding-beef-cattle-healthy-diet}}</ref>N'agbanyeghị nke a, 3/4 nke pound 32 (14.52 kilogram) nke ehi na-eri kwa ụbọchị ga-abụ ọka.<ref name="Pollan 2006">{{Cite book|title=The Omnivores Dilemma|author=Pollan|first=Michael|publisher=Penguin|year=2006}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPollan2006">Pollan, Michael (2006). ''The Omnivores Dilemma''. Penguin.</cite></ref> Ehi dị arọ 1000 lbs. ga-aṅụ nkezi nke 41 L kwa ụbọchị, na ihe dịka 82 L na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref name="nfaccfacts">{{Cite web|publisher=Agriculture Canada|title=Beef Cattle: The codes of practice|accessdate=April 6, 2013|url=http://www.nfacc.ca/pdfs/codes/factsheets/Beef%20Factsheet.pdf}}</ref> Ha chọrọ nri dị mma na mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma mgbe niile dịka nnwere onwe 5 nke ọdịmma anụmanụ si dị.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Canadian Federation of Humane Societies|title=5 Freedoms of Animal Welfare|accessdate=February 1, 2018|url=https://www.cfhs.ca/five_freedoms_of_animal_welfare|archivedate=February 2, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012505/https://www.cfhs.ca/five_freedoms_of_animal_welfare}}</ref> |
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A na-emecha ọtụtụ ehi n'ụlọ nri. E wuru ebe obibi mbụ na mbido afọ 1950. Ụfọdụ n'ime ebe a na-azụ anụmanụ toro nke ukwuu nke na ha nwetara aha ọhụrụ, "Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation" (CAFO). Ọtụtụ ehi America na-etinye ọkara ikpeazụ nke ndụ ha na CAFO.<ref name="Pollan 2006">{{Cite book|title=The Omnivores Dilemma|author=Pollan|first=Michael|publisher=Penguin|year=2006}}</ref> |
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== Nhazi ehi == |
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Ụgbọ ala dị 1,000 lb (450 kg) mgbe ọ dị ndụ na-eme ozu na-eru ihe dị ka 615 lb (280 kg) ozugbo ewepụrụ ọbara, isi, ụkwụ, akpụkpọ ahụ, ala na eriri afọ. A na-ekokwasị ozu ahụ n'ime ụlọ oyi maka otu izu na anọ, n'oge ahụ ọ na-efunahụ ya ka mmiri na-akpọnwụ n'anụ ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, onye na-egbu anụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ na-ebukọ ihe na-agbapụ ya ọkpụkpụ, na-eji ozu emechara na-ebute ihe dị ka 430 lb (200 kg) nke anụ ehi. Dabere n'ụdị anụ a chọrọ, a na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anụ a kpụrụ akpụ a na-eji achọpụta àgwà ya. Marbling bụ abụba dị n'ime akwara, ọ bụghị gburugburu ya. Ka a na-egbutu marble, ka ọ ga-arị elu ma baa uru..<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=The Spruce|title=What is Marbling in Meat?|accessdate=March 22, 2018|url=https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-marbling-in-meat-995777}}</ref> |
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Igbu anụ ụlọ nwere usoro atọ dị iche iche: njikwa tupu igbu anụ, ịtụnanya, na igbu anụ. Nchegbu kasịnụ bụ njikwa tupu igbu anụ: otu esi emeso anụmanụ ahụ tupu a tụọ ya ma gbuo ya. Nchegbu n'oge a nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta ọjọọ na anụ ahụ, mana enwere ike ịnweta mmiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala iji belata nke a. Otú ọ dị, a na-egbochi ịnweta nri maka awa 12-24 tupu igbu ọchụ maka ịdị mfe nke evisceration. A na-eme ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ mgbe a na-egbochi anụmanụ ahụ n'ime chute ka mmegharị ahụ wee bụrụ nke a kpaara ókè. Ozugbo e jidere anụmanụ ahụ, enwere ike ịtụ ya n'otu n'ime ụzọ atọ: ịbanye n'ime bolt a na-ejide, na-abanyeghị n'ime, na ịgba égbè. Ọtụtụ Ebe a na-egbu anụ na-eji bolts kama iji égbè. Ịkụ egwu na-eme ka anụmanụ ahụ ghara inwe ihe mgbu n'oge igbu ọchụ ma belata nrụgide anụmanụ, ya mere na-emeziwanye ogo anụ ahụ. Nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ bụ igbu ọchụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a ga-akwụnye anụmanụ ahụ n'ụkwụ azụ ya ma bepụ akpịrị ya iji kwe ka ọbara si n'ọbara. A ga-ewepụ akpụkpọ ahụ maka nhazi ọzọ n'oge a ma jiri evisceration na decapitation mebie anụmanụ ahụ. A ga-etinye ozu ahụ n'ime ihe na-ekpo ọkụ maka awa 24-48 tupu a bepụ anụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Meat processing - Livestock slaughter procedures|accessdate=March 27, 2018|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/meat-processing/Livestock-slaughter-procedures}}</ref> |
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[[Usòrò:Herd_of_Brahma_Cattle_led_by_Pantaneiro_Cowboy_..._-_Flickr_-_berniedup.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Ehi na steeti Brazil nke Mato Grosso]] |
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Ịkpa ehi bụ otu n'ime ụdị nri kachasị mma, na iji ala na mmiri eme ihe dị ka ihe onwunwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact check: How bad is eating meat for the climate? – DW – 10/30/2022|url=https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-is-eating-meat-bad-for-the-environment/a-63595148|accessdate=2023-06-27|work=dw.com|language=en}}</ref> Ehi na-ewepụta methane buru ibu site na usoro mgbari nri ha, usoro nke ịkwadebe na ibuga anụ ehi na-ebute mmepụta dị elu nke carbon dioxide. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị zuru ụwa ọnụ, gụnyere United Nations, ekwuola na mmepụta anụ ehi bụ isi ihe na-akpali mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma na-adụ ọdụ na a ga-agbaso mbelata zuru ụwa ọnụ na oriri anụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-09|title=The UN says we need to reduce our meat consumption to fight climate change and improve food security|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/global-meat-consumption-reduce-mitigate-effects-global-warming/|accessdate=2023-06-27|work=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Ụdị == |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" |
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!Mkpụrụ |
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!Mmalite |
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! class="unsortable" |Nkọwa |
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|- |
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!Onye na-eme mgbanwe |
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|[[Ostraliya|Australia]] |
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|Ụdị ''Bos taurus'' nke na-eme nke ọma, nke sitere na crossings n'etiti Herefords na Shorthorns. |
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|- |
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!Ehi ndị Afrikaner |
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|[[South Africa|Saụt Afrịka]] |
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|Ndị Afrikaners na-adịkarị uhie uhie ma ọ bụ oji na ogologo mpi na-agbasa. Ha nwere obere cervico-thoracic hump nke dị ka ehi Sanga. |
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|- |
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!Aberdeen Angus |
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|Scotland |
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|Ọcha ojii, mgbe ụfọdụ na-acha ọcha na udder. Polled. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa. |
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|- |
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!Alentejana |
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|[[Portugal]] |
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| |
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|- |
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!Ankole |
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|[[Uganda]] |
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| |
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|- |
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!Braford nke Australia |
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|Australia |
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|Mepụtara maka iguzogide akọrọ na maka ịnagide okpomọkụ site na ịgafe Brahmans Ndị Herefords. |
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|- |
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!Brangus nke Australia |
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|Australia |
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|Mkpụrụ Polled mepụtara site na ịgwakọta Angus na Brahman |
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|- |
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!Charbray nke Australia |
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|Australia |
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|Mepụtara site na ịgafe Charolais na Brahman ma họrọ maka iguzogide okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, nje na ọrịa. |
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|- |
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!Bali |
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|Indonesia |
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| |
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|- |
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!Barzona |
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|[[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] ([[Arizona]]) |
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|Mepụtara n'ọzara dị elu, mpaghara ugwu nke Arizona. |
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|- |
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!Ịchụ Anụ |
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|United States |
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|Ngwakọta n'etiti ehi na Anụ ọhịa bea nke America. |
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|- |
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!Anụ ehi dị mkpirikpi |
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|England na Scotland |
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|Ọ dị mma maka mmiri ara ehi na anụ ehi. |
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|- |
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!Onye na-azụ ehi |
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|United States ([[Texas]]) |
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|Mepụtara site n'ịzụlite Brahman, Shorthorn, na Hereford. |
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|- |
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!Blue Belgium |
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|[[Belgium]] |
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|Roan na-acha ntụ ntụ, ma ọ bụ na-acha ọcha na-acha odo odo n'isi. Ọ nwere nnukwu uru ahụ (mmiri abụọ). Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. |
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|- |
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!Belmont Red |
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|Australia |
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|Ụdị ngwakọta nke na-eji Africander (African Sanga) na Hereford-Shorthorn |
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|- |
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!Galloway nwere eriri |
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|Scotland |
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|Ọcha na-acha ọcha gburugburu etiti, nnukwu, ogologo ntutu, polled. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya ma na-echekwa ego. |
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|- |
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!Black Hereford |
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|Great Britain |
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|Mkpụrụ a na-emepụta site n'ịgwakọta ehi Hereford na ehi Holstein ma ọ bụ Friesian; nke a na-eji enweta ụmụ ehi site na ehi mmiri ara ehi. A naghị edebe ya dị ka ụdị dị iche, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike iji ụmụ nwanyị mee ihe maka ịmụba ya na ehi ndị ọzọ. |
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|- |
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!Blonde nke Aquitaine |
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|[[France]] |
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|Anya na-acha nchara nchara, anya gbara gburugburu na imi. Ọkpụkpụ. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. |
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|- |
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!Bonsmara |
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|Saụt Afrịka |
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|Mepụtara site na ehi 10/16 Afrikaner, 3/16 Hereford na 3/16 Shorthorn. |
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|- |
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!Boran |
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|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka ([[Ethiopia|Etiopia]]-[[Kenya]]) |
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|Ọ na-adịkarị ọcha, na ehi na-agba ọchịchịrị (mgbe ụfọdụ ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ oji). |
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|- |
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!Brahman |
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|[[Ndia|India]], Pakistan na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] |
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|Nnukwu ntị, na-agbagharị agbagharị na igirigi, na-agbadata n'ubu. |
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|- |
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!Brangus |
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|United States |
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|Mepụtara site na ịgafe Angus na Brahman. |
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|- |
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!Ndị ọcha Britain |
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|Great Britain |
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|Ahụ ọcha, nwere ntị ojii (ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ọbara ọbara), imi na ụkwụ; polled (enweghị mpi). Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa. |
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|- |
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!Caracu |
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|Brazil |
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| |
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|- |
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!Charolais |
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|France |
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|Ọ na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ na-acha creme, na-acha odo odo, ma ọ bụ polled. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. |
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|- |
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!Chianina |
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|[[Italy|Ịtali]] |
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|Ebumnuche abụọ, nke buru ibu na mbụ, e mechara họrọ ya maka anụ ehi. |
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|- |
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!Ihe na-aga n'ihu |
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|[[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] |
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|Hardy, obere, onye na-eme egwuregwu, ụdị criollo, sitere na ehi Iberian. A na-eji ya eme ihe na egwuregwu rodeo, a maara ya maka anụ dị nro. Mpi dị mkpirikpi, ụcha dị iche iche, na-enwekarị ntụpọ. A na-akpọkwa ya Criollo ma ọ bụ Chinampo. |
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|- |
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!Crioulo Lageano |
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|Ala Iberian Peninsula |
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|Longhorn dị afọ 400 na-amụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 700 bi nso na plateau nke Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. |
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|- |
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!Akpụkpọ Akpụkpọ Mmiri |
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|United Kingdom |
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|Ọ dị mma maka mmiri ara ehi na anụ ehi. |
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|- |
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!Dexter |
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|Ireland |
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|Obere, oji ma ọ bụ dun, mpi ojii. Mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe obere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na-eduga na ụkwụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa. |
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|- |
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!Onye Nlekọta Oké Iju |
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|Australia |
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|Mepụtara site na ịgwakọta Ehi Brahman na ụdị taurine, ọkachasị Beef Shorthorn. Ọ na-anabata okpomọkụ na akọrọ. |
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|- |
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!Longhorn nke Bekee |
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|England |
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|Ọ na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ brindle, na-acha ọcha azụ na afọ. Ogologo mpi cylindrical na-agbasakarị n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ n'ala, na-agbakarị ma na-emecha gbaa gburugburu. Ọ dị n'etiti, sie ike. |
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|- |
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!Fleckvieh |
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|[[Switzerland]] |
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|Red pied ma ọ bụ solid red, polled ma ọ bụ horned. Ebumnuche abụọ siri ike maka anụ ehi na mmiri ara ehi. Ọ bụbu nke nwere ebumnuche atọ (anụ ehi, mmiri ara ehi na mmiri ara ehi). Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. |
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|- |
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!Florida Cracker ehi |
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|United States |
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|Obere, ụdị criollo sitere na ehi ndị Spain meriri na Southern US. Emegharịrị ihu igwe subtropical, na-eguzogide nje. Ụdị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. |
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|- |
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!Galloway |
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|Scotland |
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|Ọcha, siri ike, ntutu dị ogologo, nke a na-enyocha. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya ma na-echekwa ego. |
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|- |
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!Ehi ndị Gascon |
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|France |
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|Gray, hardy, nne nne. Ezigbo uto na ọdịdị nke ụmụ ehi. Ọ dị mma maka usoro ọrụ ugbo niile, zụlitere dị ọcha ma ọ bụ jikọta ya na nna ikpeazụ. |
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|- |
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!Gelbvieh |
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|[[Jémanị|Germany]] |
|||
|Ọ na-acha uhie uhie, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na-enyocha. Ịmụ nwa dị elu, ịdị mfe ịmụ nwa, ikike ịmụ nwa, na uto nke ụmụ ehi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breeds of Livestock|work=Gelbvieh|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/gelbvieh/|accessdate=November 11, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104101303/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/gelbvieh/|archivedate=November 4, 2008}}</ref> |
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|- |
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!Hanwoo |
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|Korea |
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| |
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|- |
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!Herens |
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|Switzerland |
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| |
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|- |
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!Hereford |
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|England |
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|Isi na-acha ọbara ọbara, isi na-acha ọcha, na-acha odo odo n'olu, na-agbanwe agbanwe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. |
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|- |
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!Ugwu |
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|Scotland |
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|Obere, buru ibu; oji, ọbara ọbara, dun ma ọ bụ ọcha. Uwe ogologo na mpi dị ogologo na-acha odo odo, nke a na-etinye n'ụmụ ehi na ụmụ ehi. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya ma na-echekwa ego. |
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|- |
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!Gray nke Hungary |
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|[[Hungary]] |
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|Nkwado siri ike, dị mfe ịkpụ ma dịrị ogologo ndụ. Mpi dị ogologo, gbagọrọ agbagọ ma na-aga n'elu. Ọ dị gịrịgịrị ma dị ogologo. Ọ na-eme nke ọma na usoro ịta ahịhịa sara mbara. |
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|- |
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!Ndị Irish a na-egweri egweri |
|||
|Ireland |
|||
|Ọ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha ọcha n'azụ na afọ, ma ọ bụ na-acha ọbara ọbara na ntị, imi na ụkwụ. Polled. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa. |
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|- |
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![[Jabres]] |
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|Central Java, Indonesia |
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|Agba dịgasị iche site na nchara nchara ruo nchara nchere na akara ojii site n'azụ ruo n'ọdụ. |
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|- |
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!Akpụkpọ Akpụkpọ Akwụkwọ nke Japan |
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|Japan |
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|Ụdị obere ehi. |
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|- |
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!Limousin |
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|Mpaghara Limousin na Marche nke France |
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|Anya na-acha nchara nchara, anya gbara gburugburu na imi. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. |
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|- |
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!Lincoln Red |
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|England |
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| |
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|- |
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!Ala Dị Ala |
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|Australia |
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|Mepụtara site n'ịzụlite obere ehi Angus. |
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|- |
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!Ịgụ Ihe |
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|Luing na gburugburu Inner Hebrides, Scotland |
|||
|Uwe siri ike, na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-agba agba. A zụlitere ya site na ịgafe Beef Shorthorn na Highland. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya ma na-echekwa ego. |
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|- |
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!Ịmata etozu |
|||
|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Java, Indonesia |
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|Obere ahụ, ụkwụ dị mkpụmkpụ, ntutu na-acha odo odo. |
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|- |
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!Maine-Anjou |
|||
|Ógbè Anjou na France |
|||
|Ụkwụ na-acha ọbara ọbara na-acha ọcha, nke a na-enyo enyo, nke na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. |
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|- |
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!Mirandesa |
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|Portugal |
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| |
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|- |
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!Mocho National |
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|Brazil |
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|Polled |
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|- |
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!Murray Grey |
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|Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ AustraliaEbe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Australia |
|||
|Ehi na-acha ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ ọlaọcha sitere na ehi Roan Shorthorn na ehi Angus. Ehi ndị dị mfe nlekọta dịgasị iche iche nke a na-ebupụ n'ọtụtụ mba. |
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|- |
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!N'dama |
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|Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka |
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| |
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|- |
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!Nelore |
|||
|India |
|||
|A na-ebupụ ya na [[Brazil]], ebe ọ ghọwo ụdị kachasị. |
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|- |
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!Nguni |
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|Saụt Afrịka |
|||
|Ụdị siri ike nke agbụrụ Nguni mepụtara maka ọnọdụ siri ike nke Africa. O sitere na ehi Sanga nke Africa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị nnọọ iche. A maara obere ìgwè atọ: Makhatini, Swazi na Pedi. |
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|- |
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!Ebe Ugwu Devon |
|||
|Devon, Cornwall na Somerset, England |
|||
|Ruby-red, white tail switch, white horns. |
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|- |
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!Ndị Piedmont |
|||
|Piedmont, Ịtali |
|||
|A zụlitere ya maka anụ ehi na mmepụta mmiri ara ehi; nwere ike abụọ. Ọ na-acha ọcha ma nwee mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa myostatin. |
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|- |
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!Osisi pine |
|||
|Gulf Coast, US |
|||
|Ihe nketa Landrace nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, dị mkpụmkpụ, obere, na-anabata ihu igwe nke Deep South, na-eguzogide ọrịa. Mpi dị mkpirikpi, ụcha dị iche iche, na-enwekarị ntụpọ. |
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|- |
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!Pinzgauer |
|||
|Austria |
|||
|Ụmụ amaala nke Ndagwurugwu Pinz. Ehi mmiri ara ehi na Europe, mana ha maara nke ọma n'ebe ndị kpọrọ nkụ nke US, Australia na South Africa, ebe a na-edebe ha maka mmepụta anụ ehi. Ọ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha ọcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ site na nkụda mmụọ, gbadaa n'ọnụ ọdụ na n'okpuru. |
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|- |
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!Red Angus |
|||
|Australia, United States |
|||
|Ụdị ụcha Angus na mba ụfọdụ: ọbara ọbara siri ike. Polled. |
|||
|- |
|||
!Nnyocha uhie |
|||
|East Anglia na England |
|||
|Red na-acha ọcha, polled (na-enweghị mpi), abụọ-purpose. |
|||
|- |
|||
!Red Sindhi |
|||
|Sindh na Pakistan |
|||
|Ehi Red Sindhi bụ ndị kachasị ewu ewu n'ime ụdị mmiri ara ehi zebu niile. Na Pakistan, a na-edebe ha maka mmepụta anụ ehi ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi. |
|||
|- |
|||
!Romagnola |
|||
|Ịtali |
|||
|A zụlitere ya maka mmepụta anụ ehi; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka anụ na-adọkpụ n'oge gara aga. Ọ na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ na-acha ntụ ntụ na akpụkpọ ahụ na-acha oji na mpi na-agbadata n'elu. |
|||
|- |
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!Romosinuano |
|||
|[[Colombia]] |
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| |
|||
|- |
|||
!Rubia Gallega |
|||
|[[Spain]] |
|||
|Ụdị ehi a mụrụ n'obodo Galicia na-achị onwe ya n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Spain. A na-azụ ya maka anụ. A na-ekesa ya na Galicia dum, ebe ihe dị ka 75% nke ndị bi na mpaghara Lugo. Akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ọbara ọbara, ọka wit, ma ọ bụ sinamọn. |
|||
|- |
|||
!Ndị na-eme nnu |
|||
|France |
|||
|Ọbara. Nkwụsi ike, ọ dị mfe ịmụ nwa. |
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|- |
|||
!Santa Gertrudis |
|||
|Ndịda [[Texas]], US |
|||
|Mepụtara site na ịgafe Shorthorn na Brahman. |
|||
|- |
|||
!Sibi bhagnari |
|||
|Sibi Baluchistan |
|||
|Ụdị ahụ na-enwekarị ahụ na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ na-acha ntụ ntụ ma na-eji oji gburugburu olu ma nwee ọdụ ojii. Isi ya dị n'etiti na olu dị mkpirikpi siri ike, obere ntị, mpi dị mkpirisi, obere dewlap, azụ kwụ ọtọ, obi sara mbara na oghere dị n'agbata. Ebumnuche abụọ (anụ ehi na mmiri). |
|||
|- |
|||
!Simmental |
|||
|Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ [[Switzerland]] |
|||
|Isi na-acha odo odo, na-acha ọcha. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. Ebumnuche atọ (anụ ehi, mmiri ara ehi na nri). |
|||
|- |
|||
!Shorthorn/Beef ShorthornAnụ ehi dị mkpirikpi |
|||
|Ebe Ugwu England |
|||
|Ọ na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-acha uhie uhie na-acha ọcha n'azụ na afọ, ma ọ bụ na-acha odo odo. |
|||
|- |
|||
!Ogige Nri |
|||
|New South Wales, Australia |
|||
|Obere, ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ ọlaọcha, polled; yiri Murray Grey. |
|||
|- |
|||
![[Stabiliser cattle|Ime ka ọ kwụsie ike]] |
|||
|America |
|||
|A zụlitere ya maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, ehi dị nro, ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ oji, nke a na-enyo enyo, nke nwere ụdị ala na nke kọntinent - nke mbụ bụ Angus, Hereford, Simmental na Gelbvieh. |
|||
|- |
|||
!Sussex |
|||
|Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ England |
|||
|Ọgaranya chestnut red na-acha ọcha ọdụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa. |
|||
|- |
|||
!Tabapuan |
|||
|Brazil |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
!Tajima |
|||
|Japan |
|||
|Black Wagyu zụlitere maka anụ ehi a ma ama n'ụwa niile dịka Kobe na Matsuzaka. |
|||
|- |
|||
!Texas Longhorn |
|||
|United States |
|||
|Agba dịgasị iche iche, nke nwere ogologo, nke na-, mpi dị elu - na-agbasa ruo sentimita 80 (2.0 site n'isi ruo n'isi. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya n'oge ọkọchị. Ọ bụ obere anụ ahụ, ya mere a na-ejikarị ehi eme ihe maka ụmụ ehi mbụ. |
|||
|- |
|||
!Wagyū |
|||
|Japan |
|||
|Ọcha, nwere mpi, ma mara maka marbling dị arọ (mkpụrụ abụba intramuscular). |
|||
|- |
|||
!Ndị Ọcha Welsh |
|||
|Wales |
|||
|Ọcha, na-acha ọcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na isi ojii. Nkwado. |
|||
|- |
|||
!Ogige White |
|||
|Great Britain, Ireland |
|||
|Ọcha, nwere ntị ojii (ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ọbara ọbara), imi na ụkwụ; mpi ọcha nwere isi ojii. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa. |
|||
|- |
|||
!Żubroń |
|||
|[[Poland]] |
|||
|Ngwakọta n'etiti ehi na atụ Europe. |
|||
|} |
|||
== Hụkwa == |
|||
* Acid linoleic jikọtara ọnụ |
|||
* Ndepụta nke ụdị ehi |
|||
== Ebem si dee == |
|||
Orübà nà ógè 19:22, 11 Julaị 2024
Anụ ehi bụ ehi a zụlitere maka imepụta anụ (dị ka a na-esi na ehi mmiri ara ehi, nke eji eme mmiri ara ehi). Anụ anụ nke tozuru oke ma ọ bụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okenye ka a na-akpọkarị anụ ehi. N'imepụta anụ ehi, e nwere usoro atọ bụ isi: arụ ọrụ ehi-ehi, nzụlite, na ọrụ nri nri. Usoro mmepụta nke anụmanụ na-amalite na ọrụ ehi-ehi; Emebere ọrụ a kpọmkwem ka ọ mụọ ehi maka ụmụ ha. Site n'ebe a ka a na-azụ ụmụ ehi maka nri nri. Anụ ọhịa ndị a na-eto kpọmkwem maka ebe nri bụ ndị a maara dị ka anụ ndị na-azụ nri, ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke anụmanụ ndị a bụ ịma abụba. Anụmanụ anaghị eto maka ebe a na-eri nri na-abụkarị nwanyị ma bụrụkwa ndị a na-akpọkarị nne ehi nọchiri anya. Ọ bụ ezie na isi ihe eji ehi ehi bụ mmepụta anụ, ihe ndị ọzọ eji eme ihe gụnyere akpụkpọ anụ, na ngwaahịa anụ ehi a na-eji swiit, ncha ntutu, ihe ịchọ mma, na insulin.
Ịzụ nwa ehi na ịzụlite
E wezụga ịzụlite iji gboo mkpa maka mmepụta anụ ehi, ndị nwe ya na-ejikwa Ịzụlite ahọpụtara iji nweta àgwà ụfọdụ na ehi ha. Ihe atụ nke àgwà a chọrọ nwere ike ịbụ anụ na-adịghị ike [1] ma ọ bụ iguzogide ọrịa. [2] A na-ejikwa ụdị ndị a maara dị ka Ebumnuche abụọ emepụta anụ ehi. A họrọla ụdị ndị a maka ebumnuche abụọ n'otu oge, dị ka anụ ehi na mmepụta mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ anụ ehi na mmiri ara ehi. Ụdị abụọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị Zebu nke India dị ka Tharparkar na Ongole Cattle. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị kọntinent ndị a zụlitere maka nzube a. Simmental / Fleckvieh mbụ sitere na Switzerland bụ ihe atụ kachasị mma. Ọ bụghị naanị na ha bụ ụdị abụọ maka anụ ehi na mmiri ara ehi, mana n'oge gara aga, a na-ejikwa ha eme ihe maka ịdọrọ mmiri. Otú ọ dị, n'ime ọgbọ niile, ụdị ahụ ekewaala n'ìgwè abụọ site na ịzụlite nhọrọ.[3]
A na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ehi anụ n'ụzọ okike, ebe a na-ahapụ ehi n'ime ìgwè ehi ihe dịka ụbọchị 55 mgbe oge ịmụ nwa gasịrị, dabere na akara ọnọdụ ahụ ehi (BCS). Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ oge mbụ ehi na-amụ nwa, ọ ga-ewe ogologo oge iji mụọ ọzọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụbọchị 10.[4] Otú ọ dị, a pụkwara ịzụlite ehi anụ site na insemination aka, dabere na ehi na ogo nke ìgwè ehi ahụ.[1] A na-azụkarị ehi n'oge ọkọchị ka nwa wee nwee ike ime n'oge opupu ihe ubi na-esote.[1] Otú ọ dị, ịzụ ehi nwere ike ime n'oge ndị ọzọ n'afọ. Dabere na ịwa ahụ, nwa nwere ike ime n'afọ niile. Ndị nwe ya nwere ike ịhọrọ oge ịzụlite dabere na ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere arụmọrụ ọmụmụ, ọnụahịa ehi oge na ụlọ ọrụ njikwa.[1]
Nlekọta ehi
A na-atụ anya na ndị na-elekọta ehi ga-enwe ọnọdụ dị ala maka ìgwè ehi ha, gụnyere nchekwa, ahụike, nkasi obi, nri na njikwa mmadụ. Dị ka Kansụl Nlekọta Ụmụ Anụmanụ nke Mba Canada si kwuo, ehi ga-enwerịrị ohere ịnweta ebe mgbaba site na ihu igwe siri ike, nlekọta na ngwá ọrụ dị nchebe, nlekọta anụmanụ na igbu anụ.[5]Ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ butere ọrịa ma ọ bụ chee na ọ na-arịa ọrịa, ọ bụ ọrụ ndị nwe ya ịkọ ya ozugbo nye onye na-ahụ maka anụmanụ maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ euthanasia.[6] Dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe (oge, ụdị usoro mmepụta, ọnụ ọgụgụ, wdg), ọrịa na ọrịa nwere ike ịgbasa ngwa ngwa site na ìgwè anụmanụ gaa na anụmanụ.[7] A na-atụ anya ka ndị nwe ha nyochaa ọnọdụ ehi ha mgbe niile maka nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge, dịka ụfọdụ ọrịa ehi nwere ike iyi ma ehi ma ahụike mmadụ egwu (nke a maara dị ka zoonotic) [5] dịka Ọrịa ehi ara ụkwara nta hụrụ.
Na nkezi, ehi ga-eri 1.4 ruo 4% nke ịdị arọ ha kwa ụbọchị.[8] E nwere ụdị nri dị iche iche maka ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a. Ihe odide ọkọlọtọ na United States, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, agafeela mbipụta asatọ n'ime ọ dịkarịa ala afọ iri asaa.[9] Mbipụta nke asaa nke 1996 dochiri echiche nke protein metabolizeable maka mbipụta nke isii nke protein na-enweghị isi.[10] Na narị afọ nke 20, omume ndị Canada gbasoro nduzi ndị America.[11] N'afọ 1970, Food and Drug Administration na-achịkwa ihe mgbakwunye ọgwụ na nri ehi dịka homonụ na ọgwụ nje. [12]
Ụmụ anụmanụ ụfọdụ na-ebi n'ebe ịta nri ndụ ha niile, ya mere, ha na-ahụkarị ahịhịa ọhụrụ; ndị a na-abụkarị ọrụ ehi na ihu igwe ndị ọzọ. Ụmụ ehi na-anọ n'azụ na anụmanụ na-enwekarị nri dị iche iche nke nwere ọka karịa ụdị ahịhịa. Mkpụrụ dị oke ọnụ karịa ebe ịta nri mana ụmụ anụmanụ na-eto ngwa ngwa na ọkwa protein dị elu. Ebe ọ bụ na ehi bụ ndị na-eri ahịhịa ma chọọ roughage na nri ha, silage, hay na / ma ọ bụ Haylage bụ nhọrọ nri niile.[13]N'agbanyeghị nke a, 3/4 nke pound 32 (14.52 kilogram) nke ehi na-eri kwa ụbọchị ga-abụ ọka.[14] Ehi dị arọ 1000 lbs. ga-aṅụ nkezi nke 41 L kwa ụbọchị, na ihe dịka 82 L na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.[15] Ha chọrọ nri dị mma na mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma mgbe niile dịka nnwere onwe 5 nke ọdịmma anụmanụ si dị.[16]
A na-emecha ọtụtụ ehi n'ụlọ nri. E wuru ebe obibi mbụ na mbido afọ 1950. Ụfọdụ n'ime ebe a na-azụ anụmanụ toro nke ukwuu nke na ha nwetara aha ọhụrụ, "Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation" (CAFO). Ọtụtụ ehi America na-etinye ọkara ikpeazụ nke ndụ ha na CAFO.[14]
Nhazi ehi
Ụgbọ ala dị 1,000 lb (450 kg) mgbe ọ dị ndụ na-eme ozu na-eru ihe dị ka 615 lb (280 kg) ozugbo ewepụrụ ọbara, isi, ụkwụ, akpụkpọ ahụ, ala na eriri afọ. A na-ekokwasị ozu ahụ n'ime ụlọ oyi maka otu izu na anọ, n'oge ahụ ọ na-efunahụ ya ka mmiri na-akpọnwụ n'anụ ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, onye na-egbu anụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ na-ebukọ ihe na-agbapụ ya ọkpụkpụ, na-eji ozu emechara na-ebute ihe dị ka 430 lb (200 kg) nke anụ ehi. Dabere n'ụdị anụ a chọrọ, a na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anụ a kpụrụ akpụ a na-eji achọpụta àgwà ya. Marbling bụ abụba dị n'ime akwara, ọ bụghị gburugburu ya. Ka a na-egbutu marble, ka ọ ga-arị elu ma baa uru..[17]
Igbu anụ ụlọ nwere usoro atọ dị iche iche: njikwa tupu igbu anụ, ịtụnanya, na igbu anụ. Nchegbu kasịnụ bụ njikwa tupu igbu anụ: otu esi emeso anụmanụ ahụ tupu a tụọ ya ma gbuo ya. Nchegbu n'oge a nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta ọjọọ na anụ ahụ, mana enwere ike ịnweta mmiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala iji belata nke a. Otú ọ dị, a na-egbochi ịnweta nri maka awa 12-24 tupu igbu ọchụ maka ịdị mfe nke evisceration. A na-eme ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ mgbe a na-egbochi anụmanụ ahụ n'ime chute ka mmegharị ahụ wee bụrụ nke a kpaara ókè. Ozugbo e jidere anụmanụ ahụ, enwere ike ịtụ ya n'otu n'ime ụzọ atọ: ịbanye n'ime bolt a na-ejide, na-abanyeghị n'ime, na ịgba égbè. Ọtụtụ Ebe a na-egbu anụ na-eji bolts kama iji égbè. Ịkụ egwu na-eme ka anụmanụ ahụ ghara inwe ihe mgbu n'oge igbu ọchụ ma belata nrụgide anụmanụ, ya mere na-emeziwanye ogo anụ ahụ. Nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ bụ igbu ọchụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a ga-akwụnye anụmanụ ahụ n'ụkwụ azụ ya ma bepụ akpịrị ya iji kwe ka ọbara si n'ọbara. A ga-ewepụ akpụkpọ ahụ maka nhazi ọzọ n'oge a ma jiri evisceration na decapitation mebie anụmanụ ahụ. A ga-etinye ozu ahụ n'ime ihe na-ekpo ọkụ maka awa 24-48 tupu a bepụ anụ ahụ.[18]
Ịkpa ehi bụ otu n'ime ụdị nri kachasị mma, na iji ala na mmiri eme ihe dị ka ihe onwunwe.[19] Ehi na-ewepụta methane buru ibu site na usoro mgbari nri ha, usoro nke ịkwadebe na ibuga anụ ehi na-ebute mmepụta dị elu nke carbon dioxide. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị zuru ụwa ọnụ, gụnyere United Nations, ekwuola na mmepụta anụ ehi bụ isi ihe na-akpali mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma na-adụ ọdụ na a ga-agbaso mbelata zuru ụwa ọnụ na oriri anụ.[20]
Ụdị
| Mkpụrụ | Mmalite | Nkọwa |
|---|---|---|
| Onye na-eme mgbanwe | Australia | Ụdị Bos taurus nke na-eme nke ọma, nke sitere na crossings n'etiti Herefords na Shorthorns. |
| Ehi ndị Afrikaner | Saụt Afrịka | Ndị Afrikaners na-adịkarị uhie uhie ma ọ bụ oji na ogologo mpi na-agbasa. Ha nwere obere cervico-thoracic hump nke dị ka ehi Sanga. |
| Aberdeen Angus | Scotland | Ọcha ojii, mgbe ụfọdụ na-acha ọcha na udder. Polled. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa. |
| Alentejana | Portugal | |
| Ankole | Uganda | |
| Braford nke Australia | Australia | Mepụtara maka iguzogide akọrọ na maka ịnagide okpomọkụ site na ịgafe Brahmans Ndị Herefords. |
| Brangus nke Australia | Australia | Mkpụrụ Polled mepụtara site na ịgwakọta Angus na Brahman |
| Charbray nke Australia | Australia | Mepụtara site na ịgafe Charolais na Brahman ma họrọ maka iguzogide okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, nje na ọrịa. |
| Bali | Indonesia | |
| Barzona | United States (Arizona) | Mepụtara n'ọzara dị elu, mpaghara ugwu nke Arizona. |
| Ịchụ Anụ | United States | Ngwakọta n'etiti ehi na Anụ ọhịa bea nke America. |
| Anụ ehi dị mkpirikpi | England na Scotland | Ọ dị mma maka mmiri ara ehi na anụ ehi. |
| Onye na-azụ ehi | United States (Texas) | Mepụtara site n'ịzụlite Brahman, Shorthorn, na Hereford. |
| Blue Belgium | Belgium | Roan na-acha ntụ ntụ, ma ọ bụ na-acha ọcha na-acha odo odo n'isi. Ọ nwere nnukwu uru ahụ (mmiri abụọ). Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. |
| Belmont Red | Australia | Ụdị ngwakọta nke na-eji Africander (African Sanga) na Hereford-Shorthorn |
| Galloway nwere eriri | Scotland | Ọcha na-acha ọcha gburugburu etiti, nnukwu, ogologo ntutu, polled. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya ma na-echekwa ego. |
| Black Hereford | Great Britain | Mkpụrụ a na-emepụta site n'ịgwakọta ehi Hereford na ehi Holstein ma ọ bụ Friesian; nke a na-eji enweta ụmụ ehi site na ehi mmiri ara ehi. A naghị edebe ya dị ka ụdị dị iche, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike iji ụmụ nwanyị mee ihe maka ịmụba ya na ehi ndị ọzọ. |
| Blonde nke Aquitaine | France | Anya na-acha nchara nchara, anya gbara gburugburu na imi. Ọkpụkpụ. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. |
| Bonsmara | Saụt Afrịka | Mepụtara site na ehi 10/16 Afrikaner, 3/16 Hereford na 3/16 Shorthorn. |
| Boran | Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka (Etiopia-Kenya) | Ọ na-adịkarị ọcha, na ehi na-agba ọchịchịrị (mgbe ụfọdụ ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ oji). |
| Brahman | India, Pakistan na United States | Nnukwu ntị, na-agbagharị agbagharị na igirigi, na-agbadata n'ubu. |
| Brangus | United States | Mepụtara site na ịgafe Angus na Brahman. |
| Ndị ọcha Britain | Great Britain | Ahụ ọcha, nwere ntị ojii (ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ọbara ọbara), imi na ụkwụ; polled (enweghị mpi). Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa. |
| Caracu | Brazil | |
| Charolais | France | Ọ na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ na-acha creme, na-acha odo odo, ma ọ bụ polled. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. |
| Chianina | Ịtali | Ebumnuche abụọ, nke buru ibu na mbụ, e mechara họrọ ya maka anụ ehi. |
| Ihe na-aga n'ihu | Mexico | Hardy, obere, onye na-eme egwuregwu, ụdị criollo, sitere na ehi Iberian. A na-eji ya eme ihe na egwuregwu rodeo, a maara ya maka anụ dị nro. Mpi dị mkpirikpi, ụcha dị iche iche, na-enwekarị ntụpọ. A na-akpọkwa ya Criollo ma ọ bụ Chinampo. |
| Crioulo Lageano | Ala Iberian Peninsula | Longhorn dị afọ 400 na-amụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 700 bi nso na plateau nke Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. |
| Akpụkpọ Akpụkpọ Mmiri | United Kingdom | Ọ dị mma maka mmiri ara ehi na anụ ehi. |
| Dexter | Ireland | Obere, oji ma ọ bụ dun, mpi ojii. Mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe obere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na-eduga na ụkwụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa. |
| Onye Nlekọta Oké Iju | Australia | Mepụtara site na ịgwakọta Ehi Brahman na ụdị taurine, ọkachasị Beef Shorthorn. Ọ na-anabata okpomọkụ na akọrọ. |
| Longhorn nke Bekee | England | Ọ na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ brindle, na-acha ọcha azụ na afọ. Ogologo mpi cylindrical na-agbasakarị n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ n'ala, na-agbakarị ma na-emecha gbaa gburugburu. Ọ dị n'etiti, sie ike. |
| Fleckvieh | Switzerland | Red pied ma ọ bụ solid red, polled ma ọ bụ horned. Ebumnuche abụọ siri ike maka anụ ehi na mmiri ara ehi. Ọ bụbu nke nwere ebumnuche atọ (anụ ehi, mmiri ara ehi na mmiri ara ehi). Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. |
| Florida Cracker ehi | United States | Obere, ụdị criollo sitere na ehi ndị Spain meriri na Southern US. Emegharịrị ihu igwe subtropical, na-eguzogide nje. Ụdị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. |
| Galloway | Scotland | Ọcha, siri ike, ntutu dị ogologo, nke a na-enyocha. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya ma na-echekwa ego. |
| Ehi ndị Gascon | France | Gray, hardy, nne nne. Ezigbo uto na ọdịdị nke ụmụ ehi. Ọ dị mma maka usoro ọrụ ugbo niile, zụlitere dị ọcha ma ọ bụ jikọta ya na nna ikpeazụ. |
| Gelbvieh | Germany | Ọ na-acha uhie uhie, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na-enyocha. Ịmụ nwa dị elu, ịdị mfe ịmụ nwa, ikike ịmụ nwa, na uto nke ụmụ ehi.[21] |
| Hanwoo | Korea | |
| Herens | Switzerland | |
| Hereford | England | Isi na-acha ọbara ọbara, isi na-acha ọcha, na-acha odo odo n'olu, na-agbanwe agbanwe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. |
| Ugwu | Scotland | Obere, buru ibu; oji, ọbara ọbara, dun ma ọ bụ ọcha. Uwe ogologo na mpi dị ogologo na-acha odo odo, nke a na-etinye n'ụmụ ehi na ụmụ ehi. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya ma na-echekwa ego. |
| Gray nke Hungary | Hungary | Nkwado siri ike, dị mfe ịkpụ ma dịrị ogologo ndụ. Mpi dị ogologo, gbagọrọ agbagọ ma na-aga n'elu. Ọ dị gịrịgịrị ma dị ogologo. Ọ na-eme nke ọma na usoro ịta ahịhịa sara mbara. |
| Ndị Irish a na-egweri egweri | Ireland | Ọ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha ọcha n'azụ na afọ, ma ọ bụ na-acha ọbara ọbara na ntị, imi na ụkwụ. Polled. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa. |
| Jabres | Central Java, Indonesia | Agba dịgasị iche site na nchara nchara ruo nchara nchere na akara ojii site n'azụ ruo n'ọdụ. |
| Akpụkpọ Akpụkpọ Akwụkwọ nke Japan | Japan | Ụdị obere ehi. |
| Limousin | Mpaghara Limousin na Marche nke France | Anya na-acha nchara nchara, anya gbara gburugburu na imi. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. |
| Lincoln Red | England | |
| Ala Dị Ala | Australia | Mepụtara site n'ịzụlite obere ehi Angus. |
| Ịgụ Ihe | Luing na gburugburu Inner Hebrides, Scotland | Uwe siri ike, na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-agba agba. A zụlitere ya site na ịgafe Beef Shorthorn na Highland. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya ma na-echekwa ego. |
| Ịmata etozu | Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Java, Indonesia | Obere ahụ, ụkwụ dị mkpụmkpụ, ntutu na-acha odo odo. |
| Maine-Anjou | Ógbè Anjou na France | Ụkwụ na-acha ọbara ọbara na-acha ọcha, nke a na-enyo enyo, nke na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. |
| Mirandesa | Portugal | |
| Mocho National | Brazil | Polled |
| Murray Grey | Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ AustraliaEbe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Australia | Ehi na-acha ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ ọlaọcha sitere na ehi Roan Shorthorn na ehi Angus. Ehi ndị dị mfe nlekọta dịgasị iche iche nke a na-ebupụ n'ọtụtụ mba. |
| N'dama | Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka | |
| Nelore | India | A na-ebupụ ya na Brazil, ebe ọ ghọwo ụdị kachasị. |
| Nguni | Saụt Afrịka | Ụdị siri ike nke agbụrụ Nguni mepụtara maka ọnọdụ siri ike nke Africa. O sitere na ehi Sanga nke Africa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị nnọọ iche. A maara obere ìgwè atọ: Makhatini, Swazi na Pedi. |
| Ebe Ugwu Devon | Devon, Cornwall na Somerset, England | Ruby-red, white tail switch, white horns. |
| Ndị Piedmont | Piedmont, Ịtali | A zụlitere ya maka anụ ehi na mmepụta mmiri ara ehi; nwere ike abụọ. Ọ na-acha ọcha ma nwee mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa myostatin. |
| Osisi pine | Gulf Coast, US | Ihe nketa Landrace nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, dị mkpụmkpụ, obere, na-anabata ihu igwe nke Deep South, na-eguzogide ọrịa. Mpi dị mkpirikpi, ụcha dị iche iche, na-enwekarị ntụpọ. |
| Pinzgauer | Austria | Ụmụ amaala nke Ndagwurugwu Pinz. Ehi mmiri ara ehi na Europe, mana ha maara nke ọma n'ebe ndị kpọrọ nkụ nke US, Australia na South Africa, ebe a na-edebe ha maka mmepụta anụ ehi. Ọ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha ọcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ site na nkụda mmụọ, gbadaa n'ọnụ ọdụ na n'okpuru. |
| Red Angus | Australia, United States | Ụdị ụcha Angus na mba ụfọdụ: ọbara ọbara siri ike. Polled. |
| Nnyocha uhie | East Anglia na England | Red na-acha ọcha, polled (na-enweghị mpi), abụọ-purpose. |
| Red Sindhi | Sindh na Pakistan | Ehi Red Sindhi bụ ndị kachasị ewu ewu n'ime ụdị mmiri ara ehi zebu niile. Na Pakistan, a na-edebe ha maka mmepụta anụ ehi ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi. |
| Romagnola | Ịtali | A zụlitere ya maka mmepụta anụ ehi; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka anụ na-adọkpụ n'oge gara aga. Ọ na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ na-acha ntụ ntụ na akpụkpọ ahụ na-acha oji na mpi na-agbadata n'elu. |
| Romosinuano | Colombia | |
| Rubia Gallega | Spain | Ụdị ehi a mụrụ n'obodo Galicia na-achị onwe ya n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Spain. A na-azụ ya maka anụ. A na-ekesa ya na Galicia dum, ebe ihe dị ka 75% nke ndị bi na mpaghara Lugo. Akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ọbara ọbara, ọka wit, ma ọ bụ sinamọn. |
| Ndị na-eme nnu | France | Ọbara. Nkwụsi ike, ọ dị mfe ịmụ nwa. |
| Santa Gertrudis | Ndịda Texas, US | Mepụtara site na ịgafe Shorthorn na Brahman. |
| Sibi bhagnari | Sibi Baluchistan | Ụdị ahụ na-enwekarị ahụ na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ na-acha ntụ ntụ ma na-eji oji gburugburu olu ma nwee ọdụ ojii. Isi ya dị n'etiti na olu dị mkpirikpi siri ike, obere ntị, mpi dị mkpirisi, obere dewlap, azụ kwụ ọtọ, obi sara mbara na oghere dị n'agbata. Ebumnuche abụọ (anụ ehi na mmiri). |
| Simmental | Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Switzerland | Isi na-acha odo odo, na-acha ọcha. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. Ebumnuche atọ (anụ ehi, mmiri ara ehi na nri). |
| Shorthorn/Beef ShorthornAnụ ehi dị mkpirikpi | Ebe Ugwu England | Ọ na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-acha uhie uhie na-acha ọcha n'azụ na afọ, ma ọ bụ na-acha odo odo. |
| Ogige Nri | New South Wales, Australia | Obere, ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ ọlaọcha, polled; yiri Murray Grey. |
| Ime ka ọ kwụsie ike | America | A zụlitere ya maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, ehi dị nro, ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ oji, nke a na-enyo enyo, nke nwere ụdị ala na nke kọntinent - nke mbụ bụ Angus, Hereford, Simmental na Gelbvieh. |
| Sussex | Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ England | Ọgaranya chestnut red na-acha ọcha ọdụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa. |
| Tabapuan | Brazil | |
| Tajima | Japan | Black Wagyu zụlitere maka anụ ehi a ma ama n'ụwa niile dịka Kobe na Matsuzaka. |
| Texas Longhorn | United States | Agba dịgasị iche iche, nke nwere ogologo, nke na-, mpi dị elu - na-agbasa ruo sentimita 80 (2.0 site n'isi ruo n'isi. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya n'oge ọkọchị. Ọ bụ obere anụ ahụ, ya mere a na-ejikarị ehi eme ihe maka ụmụ ehi mbụ. |
| Wagyū | Japan | Ọcha, nwere mpi, ma mara maka marbling dị arọ (mkpụrụ abụba intramuscular). |
| Ndị Ọcha Welsh | Wales | Ọcha, na-acha ọcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na isi ojii. Nkwado. |
| Ogige White | Great Britain, Ireland | Ọcha, nwere ntị ojii (ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ọbara ọbara), imi na ụkwụ; mpi ọcha nwere isi ojii. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa. |
| Żubroń | Poland | Ngwakọta n'etiti ehi na atụ Europe. |
Hụkwa
- Acid linoleic jikọtara ọnụ
- Ndepụta nke ụdị ehi
Ebem si dee
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Beef Production. University of Guelph, Animal Sciences. Retrieved on April 6, 2013."Beef Production". University of Guelph, Animal Sciences. Retrieved April 6, 2013. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "aps2350beef" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Beef Research School: What's the Latest Research on Antimicrobial Resistance?. RealAgricultureOnline (4 April 2013). Retrieved on April 6, 2013.
- ↑ The History of Fleckvieh Dual Purpose Cattle. Better Dairy Cow (10 October 2014). Retrieved on February 1, 2018.
- ↑ Pregnant cows, timing of pregnancy, open cows, pregnancy rate. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved on February 1, 2018.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef cattle. Agriculture Canada. Retrieved on April 6, 2013.
- ↑ Eadie (May 16, 2017). Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Beef Cattle (en). Beef Producer. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved on May 30, 2020.
- ↑ Code of practice for the care and handling of beef cattle: Review of scientific research on priority issues. Agriculture Canada. Retrieved on February 1, 2018.
- ↑ How much feed will my cow eat. Ministry of Agriculture Alberta. Retrieved on April 6, 2013.
- ↑ nap.edu: "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle Eighth Revised Edition (2016)"
- ↑ National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition: "Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, sixth revised edition 1984"
- ↑ www.carc-crac.ca: "Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef Cattle", p.2 of the 1991 edition
- ↑ [https://archive.org/details/beefcattlefeedin1025weic/page/8 Weichenthal, B. A; Russell, H. G (1970): "Beef cattle feeding suggestions : nutrient requirements, balancing rations, protein supplements, suggested rations" Urbana, IL : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service
- ↑ Feeding Beef Cattle: Tips for a Healthy, Pasture-Based Diet. Mother Earth News. Retrieved on February 1, 2018.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Pollan (2006). The Omnivores Dilemma. Penguin. Pollan, Michael (2006). The Omnivores Dilemma. Penguin. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Pollan 2006" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Beef Cattle: The codes of practice. Agriculture Canada. Retrieved on April 6, 2013.
- ↑ 5 Freedoms of Animal Welfare. Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Archived from the original on February 2, 2018. Retrieved on February 1, 2018.
- ↑ What is Marbling in Meat?. The Spruce. Retrieved on March 22, 2018.
- ↑ Meat processing - Livestock slaughter procedures. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on March 27, 2018.
- ↑ Fact check: How bad is eating meat for the climate? – DW – 10/30/2022 (en). dw.com. Retrieved on 2023-06-27.
- ↑ The UN says we need to reduce our meat consumption to fight climate change and improve food security (en). World Economic Forum (2019-08-09). Retrieved on 2023-06-27.
- ↑ Breeds of Livestock. Gelbvieh. Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved on November 11, 2008.