Spiritual (musik)
| Spiritual | |
|---|---|
| Sumber aliran | karyya musik, himne Kristen |
| Sumber kebudayaan | Budak Afrika di A.S. |
| Alat musik yang biasa digunakan | Vocal |
| Bentuk turunan | Blues, musik injil |
Spirituals (atau Spiritual negro[1][2][3][4][5][6]) adalah musik-musik keagamaan (utamanya Kristen) yang dibuat oleh budak orang Afrika di Amerika Serikat.
Terminologi dan asal mula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Istilah spiritual berasal dari musik spiritual. Efesus 5:19 berkata: "dan berkata-katalah seorang kepada yang lain dalam mazmur, kidung puji-pujian dan nyanyian rohani. Bernyanyi dan bersoraklah bagi Tuhan dengan segenap hati."
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Sejarah perbudakan di Amerika Serikat
- Deep River Boys
- Musik keagamaan
- Musik Afrika-Amerika
- Musik injil
Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ "The "Negro Spiritual" Scholarship Foundation". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-06-28. Diakses tanggal 2014-03-08.
- ^ "The Negro Spiritual Singers". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-07-29. Diakses tanggal 2014-03-08.
- ^ Negro Spirituals Heritage Day
- ^ "The Negro Spiritual Workshop". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-01-04. Diakses tanggal 2014-03-08.
- ^ negrospirituals.com
- ^ Negro Spirituals: Songs of Survival
Bacaan tambahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- William Eleazar Barton (1899/1972), Old Plantation Hymns: A Collection of Hitherto Unpublished Melodies of the Slave and the Freeman, with Historical and Descriptive Notes, reprint, New York: AMS Press.
- Marc A. Bauch: Extending the Canon: Thomas Wentworth Higginson and African-American Spirituals (Munich, Germany, 2013)
- Nash, Elizabeth (2007). "Autobiographical Reminiscences of African-American Classical Singers, 1853-Present". Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-5250-8
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- The Spirituals Project
- Sweet Chariot: the story of the spirituals Diarsipkan 2009-05-11 di Wayback Machine.
- Fisk Jubilee Singers
- Marian Anderson: A Life in Song Diarsipkan 2002-12-20 di Wayback Machine.
- Historical Notes on African American melodies, including 75 Negro spirituals with downloadable arrangements for solo instrument
- Free Gospel scores Diarsipkan 2011-06-14 di Wayback Machine.
Contoh rekaman
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Listen to "Pharaoh's Army Got Drowned," artists unknown (765 KB)
- Gordon Collection; performed by unknown persons in the Bay Area of California in the early 1920s
- Download recording of "Deep Down in My Heart", from the Library of Congress' Gordon Collection; performed by W. M. Givens in Darien, Georgia, on about March 19, 1926
