Bapak Pendiri Amerika Serikat
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/300px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg)
Bapak Pendiri Amerika Serikat adalah tokoh-tokoh Tiga Belas Koloni Britania di Amerika Utara yang memimpin Revolusi Amerika Serikat melawan kekuasaan Kerajaan Britania Raya dan mendirikan Amerika Serikat. Istilah ini juga ditafsirkan lebih sempit sehingga hanya mencakup penandatangan Deklarasi Kemerdekaan 1776 atau delegasi Konvensi Konstitusi 1787 dan terlibat dalam perumusan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat. Daftarnya juga mencakup penandatangan Asosiasi Kontinental atau Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi.[2] Sepanjang abad ke-19, mereka disebut "Pendiri" atau "Bapak".
Sejumlah sejarawan mengartikan "Bapak Pendiri" sebagai kelompok besar yang mencakup tidak hanya Penandatangan dan Perumus, tetapi juga terlibat dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat dan pembentukan Amerika Serikat seperti politikus, hakim, negarawan, tentara, diplomat, dan warga sipil.[3] Sejarawan Richard B. Morris pada tahun 1973 mengidentifikasi tujuh tokoh berikut sebagai Bapak Pendiri utama: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, dan George Washington.[4] Adams, Jefferson, dan Franklin mengerjakan draf Deklarasi Kemerdekaan. Hamilton, Madison, dan Jay menulis The Federalist Papers yang mendukung ratifikasi Konstitusi. Washington memimpin pasukan revolusi. Semua tokoh tersebut pernah memegang jabatan penting di pemerintahan pertama Amerika Serikat.
Daftar Bapak Pendiri
[sunting | sunting sumber]Penandatangan dokumen bersejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg/250px-BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PeytonRandolph.jpeg/250px-PeytonRandolph.jpeg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Committee_of_Five%2C_1776.png/250px-Committee_of_Five%2C_1776.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_hancock.jpg/250px-John_hancock.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Dickinson_portrait.jpg/250px-John_Dickinson_portrait.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Henry_laurens.jpg/250px-Henry_laurens.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/250px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart_1804.jpeg/250px-James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart_1804.jpeg)
Singkatan berikut dipakai di tabel di bawah ini: CA = Asosiasi Kontinental (1774) • DI = Deklarasi Kemerdekaan (1776) AC = Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi (1777) • USC = Konstitusi Amerika Serikat (1787) |
Pendiri lain
[sunting | sunting sumber]Tokoh-tokoh berikut juga disebut sebagai bapak pendiri Amerika Serikat di berbagai sumber tepercaya.
- Abigail Adams, penasihat, istri, dan ibu presiden.[5]
- Ethan Allen, pemimpin militer dan politik di Vermont.[6]
- Richard Allen, uskup Afrika-Amerika.[7]
- John Bartram, botanis, hortikulturis, dan penjelajah.[8]
- Egbert Benson, politikus dari New York.[9]
- Elias Boudinot, delegasi New Jersey untuk Kongres Kontinental.[10]
- Aaron Burr, Wakil Presiden Jefferson.[11]
- George Rogers Clark, jenderal angkatan darat.[12]
- George Clinton, gubernur New York dan Wakil Presiden A.S.[3]
- Tench Coxe, ekonom di Kongres Kontinental.[13]
- Albert Gallatin, politikus dan Menteri Keuangan.[14]
- Horatio Gates, jenderal angkatan darat.[12]
- Nathanael Greene, jenderal angkatan darat.[12]
- Nathan Hale, tentara A.S. yang ditawan dan dieksekusi tahun 1776.[5]
- James Iredell, pendukung Konstitusi, hakim.[3]
- John Paul Jones, kapten angkatan laut.[12]
- Henry Knox, jenderal angkatan darat, Secretary of War.[3]
- Tadeusz Kościuszko, jenderal angkatan darat Polandia.[14]
- Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, jenderal angkatan darat Prancis.[14]
- Henry Lee III, perwira angkatan darat dan gubernur Virginia.[12]
- Robert R. Livingston, diplomat dan juris.[5]
- William Maclay, politikus Pennsylvania dan Senator A.S.[3]
- Dolley Madison, istri Presiden James Madison.[5]
- John Marshall, Hakim Agung Amerika Serikat ke-4.[5]
- George Mason, penulis era revolusi yang menolak menandatangani Konstitusi.[15]
- Philip Mazzei, dokter, pedagang, dan penulis Italia.[16]
- James Monroe, Presiden Amerika Serikat ke-5[17]
- Daniel Morgan, pahlawan militer dan anggota kongres Virginia.[12]
- James Otis, Jr., pengacara dan politikus Massachusetts.[18]
- Thomas Paine, penulis Common Sense.[19][20]
- Andrew Pickens, jenderal angkatan darat dan anggota kongres South Carolina.[12]
- Timothy Pickering, Menteri Luar Negeri A.S. dari Massachusetts.[21]
- Israel Putnam, jenderal angkatan darat.[22]
- Edmund Randolph, Jaksa Umum Amerika Serikat ke-1.[23]
- Comte de Rochambeau, jenderal angkatan darat Prancis.[14]
- Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, istri Alexander Hamilton[24][25]
- Thomas Sumter, pahlawan militer dan anggota kongres South Carolina.[12]
- Haym Solomon, pemodal dan mata-mata Angkatan Darat Kontinental.[26]
- Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, perwira Prusia.[14]
- Joseph Warren, dokter, pemimpin revolusi.[22]
- Mercy Otis Warren, penulis politik.[3]
- Anthony Wayne, jenderal angkatan darat dan politikus.[12]
- Noah Webster, penulis, leksikografer, pengajar.[27]
- Thomas Willing, bankir.[28]
- Paine Wingate, penyintas tertua, Kongres Kontinental.[29][30]
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Daftar pendiri bangsa (seluruh dunia)
- Sejarah Konstitusi Amerika Serikat
- Rights of Englishmen
- Patriot (Revolusi Amerika Serikat)
- Sons of Liberty
- Kepemimpinan militer pada Perang Revolusi Amerika Serikat
- Orang putih mati
- Teori Tokoh Besar
Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ americanrevolution.org Key to Trumbull's picture
- ^ Stanfield, Jack. America's Founding Fathers: Who Are They? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots (Universal-Publishers, 2001).
- ^ a b c d e f R. B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
- ^ Richard B. Morris, Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
- ^ a b c d e Encyclopaedia Britannica. Founding fathers: the essential guide to the men who made America (John Wiley and Sons, 2007).
- ^ McWilliams, J. (1976). "The Faces of Ethan Allen: 1760-1860". The New England Quarterly. 49 (2): 257–282. doi:10.2307/364502. JSTOR 364502.
- ^ Newman, Richard. Freedom's Prophet: Bishop Richard Allen, the AME Church, and the Black Founding Fathers (NYU Press, 2009).
- ^ Jane Goodall (27 August 2013). Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants. Grand Central Publishing. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1-4555-1321-5.
- ^ Ballenas, Carl. Images of America: Jamaica (Arcadia Publishing, 2011).
- ^ Holmes, David. The Faiths of the Founding Fathers. (Oxford University Press US, 2006).
- ^ Wood, Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters, What Made the Founding Fathers Different. (New York: Penguin Books, 2007) 225–242.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Buchanan, John. "Founding Fighters: The Battlefield Leaders Who Made American Independence (review)". The Journal of Military History (Volume 71, Number 2, April 2007), pp. 522–524.
- ^ Stephen Yafa (2006). Cotton: The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber. Penguin. hlm. 75.
- ^ a b c d e Dungan, Nicholas. Gallatin: America's Swiss Founding Father (NYU Press 2010).
- ^ Broadwater, Jeff (2006). George Mason, Forgotten Founder. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3053-6. OCLC 67239589.
- ^ LaGumina, Salvatore. The Italian American experience: an encyclopedia, page 361 (Taylor & Francis, 2000).
- ^ Unger, Harlow (2009). James Monroe: The Last Founding Father. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81808-6.
- ^ Kann, Mark E. (1999). The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy. ABC-CLIO. hlm. xi. ISBN 978-0-275-96112-1.
- ^ "Founding Father Thomas Paine: He Genuinely Abhorred Slavery". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (48): 45. 2005. doi:10.2307/25073236.
- ^ David Braff, "Forgotten Founding Father: The Impact of Thomas Paine," in Joyce Chumbley. ed., Thomas Paine: In Search of the Common Good (2009) pp. 39–43
- ^ Burstein, Andrew. "Politics and Personalities: Garry Wills takes a new look at a forgotten founder, slavery and the shaping of America", Chicago Tribune (November 09, 2003): "Forgotten founders such as Pickering and Morris made as many waves as those whose faces stare out from our currency."
- ^ a b Rafael, Ray. The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Founding Fathers: And the Birth of Our Nation (Penguin, 2011).
- ^ "Founding Fathers: Virginia". FindLaw Constitutional Law Center. 2008. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-14.
- ^ Roberts, Cokie. "Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation". Harper Perennial, 2005
- ^ Roberts, Cokie. "Ladies of Liberty: The Women Who Shaped Our Nation". Harper, 2008
- ^ Schwartz, Laurens R. Jews and the American Revolution: Haym Solomon and Others, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 1987.
- ^ Kendall, Joshua. The Forgotten Founding Father: Noah Webster's Obsession and the Creation of an American Culture (Penguin 2011).
- ^ Wright, R. E. (1996). "Thomas Willing (1731-1821): Philadelphia Financier and Forgotten Founding Father". Pennsylvania History. 63 (4): 525–560. doi:10.2307/27773931. JSTOR 27773931.
- ^ "A Patriot of Early New England", New York Times (December 20, 1931). This book review referred to Wingate as one of the "Fathers" of the United States, per the book title.
- ^ The New Yorker, Volume I, page 398 (September 10, 1836): "'The Last of the Romans' — This was said of Madison at the time of his decease, but there is one other person who seems to have some claims to this honorable distinction. Paine Wingate of Stratham, N.H. still survives."
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- American National Biography Online, (2000).
- Richard B. Bernstein, Are We to Be a Nation? The Making of the Constitution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987).
- R. B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
- Richard D. Brown. "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A Collective View," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul. 1976), pp. 465–480 online at JSTOR.
- Henry Steele Commager, "Leadership in Eighteenth-Century America and Today," Daedalus 90 (Fall 1961): 650–673, reprinted in Henry Steele Commager, Freedom and Order (New York: George Braziller, 1966).
- Joseph J. Ellis. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.
- Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001).
- Jack P. Greene. "The Social Origins of the American Revolution: An Evaluation and an Interpretation," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 88, No. 1 (Mar. 1973), pp. 1–22 online in JSTOR.
- P.M.G. Harris, "The Social Origins of American Leaders: The Demographic Foundations, " Perspectives in American History 3 (1969): 159–364.
- Mark E. Kann; The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1999).
- Adrienne Koch; Power, Morals, and the Founding Fathers: Essays in the Interpretation of the American Enlightenment (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1961).
- K. M. Kostyal. Funding Fathers: The Fight for Freedom and the Birth of American Liberty (2014)
- Franklin T. Lambert. The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. (Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 2003).
- Martin, James Kirby. Men in Rebellion: Higher Governmental Leaders and the coming of the American Revolution, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973; reprint, New York: Free Press, 1976).
- Morris, Richard B. Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
- Robert Previdi; "Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999
- Rakove, Jack. Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2010) 487 pages; scholarly study focuses on how the Founders moved from private lives to public action, beginning in the 1770s
- Cokie Roberts. Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation (New York: William Morrow, 2005); popular
- Gordon S. Wood. Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York: Penguin Press, 2006)
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- NARA – America's founding fathers (retrieved 09-20-2010)
- Founders Online: Correspondence and Other Writings of Six Major Shapers of the United States
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, The Founding Fathers and Slavery (retrieved 09-20-2010)
- What Happened to the Signers of the Declaration of Independence? (retrieved 09-20-2010)
- Debunks – along with other fact finding sites – the Internet Myth of "What Happened to The Signers of the Declaration of Independence" (retrieved 01-30-15)
- "What Would the Founding Fathers Do Today?" (retrieved 09-20-2010) (Link not working as of 01-30-15) Diarsipkan 2007-01-14 di Wayback Machine.
- Booknotes interview with Bernard Bailyn on To Begin the World Anew, March 23, 2003. Diarsipkan 2012-11-20 di Wayback Machine.
- "Founding Father Quotes, Biographies, and Writings"
- America's Four United Republics Many original documents from www.historic.us