Hukuman buang
Hukuman buang adalah pemindahan terpidana penjahat, atau orang lain yang dianggap tidak diinginkan, ke tempat yang jauh, seringkali ke koloni, untuk jangka waktu tertentu; kemudian, koloni hukuman yang didirikan secara khusus menjadi tujuan mereka. Meskipun para tahanan mungkin telah dibebaskan setelah hukuman dijalani, mereka umumnya tidak mempunyai sumber daya untuk kembali ke rumah.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Pardons & Punishments: Judges Reports on Criminals, 1783 to 1830: HO (Home Office) 47 Volumes 304 and 305, List and Index Society, The [British] National Archives
- Beattie, J. M. (1986). Crime and the Courts in England 1660–1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820058-7..
- Beattie, J. M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London 1660–1750. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820867-7..
- Ekirch, A. Roger (1987). Bound for America. The transportation of British convicts to the colonies, 1718–1775
. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820092-7.. - Hitchcock, Tim; Shoemaker, Robert (2006). Tales From the Hanging Court. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-340-91375-8..
- Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2010). "Convict Transportation from Britain and Ireland 1615–1870". History Compass. 8 (11): 1221–1242. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2010.00722.x.
- "Punishments at the Old Bailey". Old Bailey Proceedings Online. Diakses tanggal 11 November 2015.
- Robson, L. L. (1965). The Convict Settlers of Australia. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-83994-0.
- Sharpe, J. A. (1999). Crime in early modern England 1550–1750. Harlow, Essex: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-23889-3.
- Shoemaker, Robert B. (1999). Prosecution and Punishment. Petty crime and the law in London and rural Middlesex, c. 1660–1725. Harlow, Essex: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-23889-3.
