Neraca Massa di Reaktor

Komponen Masuk (kg/jam) keluar (kg/jam) Komponen

CH3CHO 1700.0459 270.3073 CH3CHO
HCHO 5216.0498 1316.7628 HCHO
NaOH 2318.2443 1018.4820 NaOH
H2O 11117.2918 11117.2918 C(CH2OH)4
C(CH2OH)4 4419.1919 NaHCOO
NaHCOO 2209.5960 HCOOH
Jumlah 20351.6317 20351.6317 H2O

Menentukan kecepatan volumetrik :

Yaws, hal. 193 Table 8.1 Density of liquid

Persamaan : ρ = (ρ=gr/ml ; T=K)

T= 60 oC = 333 K

Komponen A B n Tc (1-T/Tc)^n
CH3CHO 0.28207 0.26089 0.28253 469.15 0.7050
HCHO 0.26192 0.2224 0.2857 408 0.6164
NaOH 0.19975 0.09793 0.25382 2820 0.9686
H2 O 0.3471 0.274 0.28571 647.13 0.8134

Bahan yang masuk reaktor

Massa BM Massa konsentrasi
Komponen
(kg/jam) (kg/kgmol) (kgmol/jam) (kgmol/m3)
CH3CHO 1700.0459 44 38.6374 1.7083
HCHO 5216.0498 30 173.8683 7.6872
NaOH 2318.2443 40 57.9561 2.5624
H2O 11117.2918 18 617.6273 27.3072
888.0892 39.2651

Fv Fv Fv Fv
CA0 CA1 CAn-1 CAn
CB0 1 CB1 CBn-1 n CBn
i
XA0 XA1 XAn-1 XAn
Persamaan Neraca Massa pada Reaktor :
rate of input -rate of output - rate of reaction = rate of accumulation
Fv.CAi-1 - Fv.CAi - (-rA).V = 0
Fv.(CAi-1 - CAi) = -(rA).V

maka : dimana : untuk i = 1

CAi =CAo (1-XAi) CA1 =CAo (1-XA1)
CAi-1 =CAo (1-XAi-1)

sehingga :

Persamaan kecepatan reaksi

(-rA) = k CACB

dengan : CA = CAo (1-XA)

CB = CBo - 4CAo XA

maka :
(-rA) = k CAo (1-XA) (CBo - 4CAo.XA)

dengan :
XAo = 0
XA1 = 0.841
θ= 4 jam (US patent)

maka nilai k pada suhu 60oC dapat dihitung

k= 0.6814 m3/kgmol.jam
BM (g/gmol)
44
30
40
136
68
46
18

ρ (g/mL) ρ (kg/m3) Fv (m3/jam)

0.7274 727.3829 2.3372
0.6616 661.5661 7.8844
1.8962 1896.2439 1.2225
0.9950 994.9603 11.1736
Fv total = 22.6178
Perhitungan Optimasi Reaktor :
xA = 0.841 persamaan kecepatan reaksi :
T= 333 K
Fv = 22.6178 m3/jam
k= 0.6814 m3/kgmol.jam
CAo = 1.7083 kgmol/m3
CBo = 7.6872 kgmol/m3

waktu tinggal, θ dapat dihitung dengan persamaan : θ = (xAi - xAi-1)/{k*(1-xAi)*(CBo - 4CAo.xAi)}

Jika digunakan satu reaktor :

waktu tinggal, θ = 4 jam

V larutan = θ* Fv = 90.4710 m3

diambil over design 20%, maka Volume reaktor yang diperlukan V R = 108.5652

Jika digunakan 2 reaktor

xA0 = 0
xA2 = 0.841

Untuk reaktor 1 : θ1 = (xA1 - xAo)/{k*(1-xA1)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA1)}

Untuk reaktor 2 : θ2 = (xA2 - xA1)/{k*(1-xA2)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA2)}

agar volume kedua reaktor sama, maka θ1 = θ2

diselesaikan dengan metode Newton Raphson dengan f(x A1) = θ1 - θ2 = 0

ε= 0.01 ε= 0.01
θ1 θ2 f(xA1)
xA1 old = 0.5 0.3436 1.6219 -1.2782 xA1 old = 0.6913
xA1 + ε = 0.51 0.3635 1.5743 -1.2108 xA1 + ε = 0.7013
xA1 - ε = 0.49 0.3250 1.6694 -1.3445 xA1 - ε = 0.6813

f'(xA1) = 6.6821
xA1 new = 0.6913
maka diperoleh xA1 = 0.6566 dengan θ = 0.8769 jam

V larutan = θ* Fv = 19.83359 m3

diambil over design 20%, maka Volume reaktor yang diperlukan V R = 23.80031

Jika digunakan 3 reaktor

xA0 = 0
xA3 = 0.841

Untuk reaktor 1 : θ1 = (xA1 - xAo)/{k*(1-xA1)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA1)}

Untuk reaktor 2 : θ2 = (xA2 - xA1)/{k*(1-xA2)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA2)}

Untuk reaktor 3 : θ3 = (xA3 - xA2)/{k*(1-xA3)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA3)}

θ1 = θ3 xA2 = xA3 - {(1-xA3)*(CBo -4CAo. xA3)}*xA1/{(1-xA1)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA1)}

agar volume reaktor sama, maka θ1 = θ2

diselesaikan dengan metode Newton Raphson dengan f(x A1) = θ1 - θ2 = 0

ε= 0.01 ε=
xA2 θ1 θ2 f(xA1)
xA1 old = 0.3 0.8175 0.1116 1.98142627 -1.8699 xA1 old =
xA1 + ε = 0.31 0.8161 0.1184 1.91359636 -1.7952 xA1 + ε =
xA1 - ε = 0.29 0.8189 0.1051 2.04938718 -1.9443283 xA1 - ε =

f'(xA1) = 7.45636346
xA1 new = 0.55077317

maka diperoleh xA1 = 0.5468 dengan θ = 0.4483 jam

xA2 = 0.7468

V larutan = θ* Fv = 10.13849 m3
diambil over design 20%, maka Volume reaktor yang diperlukan V R = 12.16618

Jika digunakan 4 reaktor

xA0 = 0
xA4 = 0.841

Untuk reaktor 1 : θ1 = (xA1 - xAo)/{k*(1-xA1)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA1)}

Untuk reaktor 2 : θ2 = (xA2 - xA1)/{k*(1-xA2)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA2)}

Untuk reaktor 3 : θ3 = (xA3 - xA2)/{k*(1-xA3)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA3)}

Untuk reaktor 4 : θ4 = (xA4 - xA3)/{k*(1-xA4)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA4)}

θ1 = θ4 xA3 = xA4 - {(1-xA4)*(CBo -4CAo. xA4)}*xA1/{(1-xA1)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA1)}

θ3 = θ4 xA2 = xA3 - {(1-xA3)*(xA4-xA3)*(CBo -4CAo. xA3)}/{(1-xA4)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA4}

agar volume reaktor sama, maka θ1 = θ2

diselesaikan dengan metode Newton Raphson dengan f(x A1) = θ1 - θ2 = 0

ε= 0.01
xA3 xA2 θ1 θ2 f(xA1)
xA1 old = 0.3 0.8175 0.7884 0.1116 1.4727 -1.3612
xA1 + ε = 0.31 0.8161 0.7848 0.1184 1.3928 -1.2744
xA1 - ε = 0.29 0.8189 0.7918 0.1051 1.5535 -1.4485

f'(xA1) = 8.7022
xA1 new = 0.4564

maka diperoleh xA1 = 0.4724 dengan θ = 0.2948 jam

xA2 = 0.6741
xA3 = 0.7790
V larutan = θ* Fv = 6.6666 m3

diambil over design 20%, maka Volume reaktor yang diperlukan V R = 7.9999

Jika digunakan 5 reaktor

xA0 = 0
xA5 = 0.841

Untuk reaktor 1 : θ1 = (xA1 - xAo)/{k*(1-xA1)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA1)}

Untuk reaktor 2 : θ2 = (xA2 - xA1)/{k*(1-xA2)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA2)}

Untuk reaktor 3 : θ3 = (xA3 - xA2)/{k*(1-xA3)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA3)}

Untuk reaktor 4 : θ4 = (xA4 - xA3)/{k*(1-xA4)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA4)}

Untuk reaktor 5 : θ5 = (xA5 - xA4)/{k*(1-xA5)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA5)}

θ1 = θ5 xA4 = xA5 - {(1-xA5)*(CBo -4CAo. xA5)}*xA1/{(1-xA1)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA1)}

θ4 = θ5 xA3 = xA4 - {(1-xA4)*(xA5-xA4)*(CBo -4CAo. xA4)}/{(1-xA5)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA5}

θ3 = θ4 xA2 = xA3 - {(1-xA3)*(xA4-xA3)*(CBo -4CAo. xA3)}/{(1-xA4)*(CBo - 4CAo.xA4}

agar volume reaktor sama, maka θ1 = θ2

diselesaikan dengan metode Newton Raphson dengan f(x A1) = θ1 - θ2 = 0

ε= 0.01
xA4 xA3 xA2 θ1 θ2 f(xA1)
xA1 old = 0.3 0.8175 0.7884 0.7514 0.1116 1.0438 -0.9323
xA1 + ε = 0.31 0.8161 0.7848 0.7444 0.1184 0.9593 -0.8409
xA1 - ε = 0.29 0.8189 0.7918 0.7579 0.1051 1.1303 -1.0253

f'(xA1) = 9.2167
 xA1 new = 0.4012

maka diperoleh xA1 = 0.4178 dengan θ = 0.2180 jam

xA2 = 0.6161
xA3 = 0.7266
xA4 = 0.7952
V larutan = θ* Fv = 4.9297 m3

diambil over design 20%, maka Volume reaktor yang diperlukan V R = 5.915623

Untuk reaktor dengan V = 1562,73 gal, pada tahun 2014 seharga : $ 47600

Kapasitas Harga Jumlah Total Grafik Hubun

reaktor (gal) satuan ($) reaktor Harga
23899.7287329 244518.855404 1 244518.8554
250000
6287.32701437 109737.787742 2 219475.57548
245000
3213.94070852 73366.751081 3 220100.25324 240000

Harga Reaktor ($)

2113.3455235 57050.423961 4 228201.69584 235000
1562.73007104 47600 5 238000 230000
225000
220000
215000
210000
205000
0.5 1 1.5
 persamaan kecepatan reaksi : rA = kCACB

)/{k*(1-xAi)*(CBo - 4CAo.xAi)}
Ai-1

m3 = 23899.729 gal

ε= 0.01
θ1 θ2 f(xA1) θ1 θ2 f(xA1)
1.1089 0.7120 0.3969 xA1 old = 0.6596 0.8942 0.8628 0.0314
1.1901 0.6645 0.5256 xA1 + ε = 0.6696 0.9558 0.8152 0.1406
1.0347 0.7596 0.2751 xA1 - ε = 0.6496 0.8375 0.9103 -0.0728

f'(xA1) = 12.5228 f'(xA1) = 10.6690

xA1 new = 0.6596 xA1 new = 0.6567
m3 = 6287.327 gal

0.01 ε= 0.01
xA2 θ1 θ2 f(xA1) xA2 θ1
0.5508 0.7446 0.4586 0.4284 0.0302 xA1 old = 0.5468 0.7468 0.4483
0.5608 0.7388 0.4860 0.3791 0.1069 xA1 + ε = 0.5568 0.7411 0.4750
0.5408 0.7500 0.4329 0.4792 -0.0463 xA1 - ε = 0.5368 0.7520 0.4232

f'(xA1) = 7.6592
xA1 new = 0.5468
m3 = 3213.9407 gal

ε= 0.01 ε= 0.01
xA3 xA2 θ1 θ2 f(xA1)
xA1 old = 0.4564 0.7843 0.6920 0.2697 0.3794 -0.1096 xA1 old = 0.4721
xA1 + ε = 0.4664 0.7811 0.6811 0.2851 0.3258 -0.0407 xA1 + ε = 0.4821
xA1 - ε = 0.4464 0.7873 0.7020 0.2552 0.4355 -0.1802 xA1 - ε = 0.4621

f'(xA1) = 6.9760
xA1 new = 0.4721
m3 = 2113.3455 gal

ε= 0.01
xA4 xA3 xA2 θ1 θ2 f(xA1)
xA1 old = 0.4012 0.7992 0.7387 0.6452 0.1988 0.3080 -0.1093
xA1 + ε = 0.4112 0.7968 0.7316 0.6284 0.2101 0.2527 -0.0427
xA1 - ε = 0.3912 0.8015 0.7452 0.6605 0.1880 0.3670 -0.1789

f'(xA1) = 6.8141
 xA1 new = 0.4172

m3 = 1562.7301 gal

(www.matche.com)

Grafik Hubungan Harga Reaktor dan Jumlah

Reaktor
250000
245000
240000
Harga Reaktor ($)

235000
230000
225000
220000
215000
210000
205000
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Jumlah Reaktor
ε= 0.01 ε= 0.01
θ1 θ2 f(xA1) θ1 θ2
xA1 old = 0.6567 0.8770 0.8768 0.0002 xA1 old = 0.6566 0.8769 0.8769
xA1 + ε = 0.6667 0.9371 0.8292 0.1079 xA1 + ε = 0.6666 0.9370 0.8293
xA1 - ε = 0.6467 0.8217 0.9244 -0.1027 xA1 - ε = 0.6466 0.8216 0.9245

f'(xA1) = 10.5272 f'(xA1) =

xA1 new = 0.6566 xA1 new =
 ε= 0.01
θ2 f(xA1) xA2 θ1 θ2 f(xA1)
0.4482 0.000020 xA1 old = 0.5468 0.7468 0.4483 0.4483 0.000000
0.3983 0.0766 xA1 + ε = 0.5568 0.7411 0.4750 0.3984 0.0766
0.4996 -0.0764 xA1 - ε = 0.5368 0.7520 0.4232 0.4997 -0.0764

f'(xA1) = 7.6512 f'(xA1) = 7.6511

xA1 new = 0.5468 xA1 new = 0.5468
 ε= 0.01
xA3 xA2 θ1 θ2 f(xA1) xA3 xA2
0.7791 0.6745 0.2942 0.2964 -0.0021 xA1 old = 0.4724 0.7790 0.6741
0.7756 0.6621 0.3110 0.2470 0.0640 xA1 + ε = 0.4824 0.7755 0.6617
0.7825 0.6859 0.2784 0.3484 -0.0700 xA1 - ε = 0.4624 0.7824 0.6855

f'(xA1) = 6.7026
xA1 new = 0.4724
ε= 0.01 ε=
xA4 xA3 xA2 θ1 θ2 f(xA1)
xA1 old = 0.4172 0.7953 0.7271 0.6173 0.2172 0.2212 -0.0040 xA1 old =
xA1 + ε = 0.4272 0.7927 0.7191 0.5973 0.2295 0.1720 0.0576 xA1 + ε =
xA1 - ε = 0.4072 0.7978 0.7345 0.6353 0.2055 0.2742 -0.0687 xA1 - ε =

f'(xA1) = 6.3128
xA1 new = 0.4178
f(xA1)
0.0000
0.1076
-0.1029

10.5261
0.6566
θ1 θ2 f(xA1)
0.2948 0.2948 0.0000
0.3116 0.2455 0.0661
0.2789 0.3467 -0.0679

f'(xA1) = 6.6969
xA1 new = 0.4724
 0.01
xA4 xA3 xA2 θ1 θ2 f(xA1)
0.4178 0.7952 0.7266 0.6161 0.2180 0.2180 0.0000
0.4278 0.7926 0.7186 0.5960 0.2303 0.1690 0.0613
0.4078 0.7976 0.7340 0.6342 0.2062 0.2708 -0.0645

f'(xA1) = 6.2928
xA1 new = 0.4178
Reaksi yang terjadi
CH3CHO + 4 HCHO + NaOH C(CH2OH)4 + NaHCOO
(A) (B)

Dari optimasi reaktor didapatkan :

xA1 = 0.6566
xA2 = 0.841
θ= 0.8769 jam
VR = 23.8003 m3 = 6287.3270 gal

Neraca Massa pada reaktor 1 :

Bahan yang masuk reaktor 1 : Komponen yang bereaksi :

Komponen Massa BM Massa CH3CHO = 25.37052

(kg/jam) (kg/kgmol) (kgmol/jam) HCHO = 101.4821
CH3CHO 1700.0459 44 38.6374 NaOH = 25.37052
HCHO 5216.0498 30 173.8683
NaOH 2318.2443 40 57.9561
H2O 11117.2918 18 617.6273

Tabel Neraca Massa pada Reaktor 1

Input Output
Komponen
(kg/jam) (kg/jam)
CH3CHO 1700.0459 583.7430
HCHO 5216.0498 2171.5873
NaOH 2318.2443 1303.4235
H2O 11117.2918 11117.2918
C(CH2OH)4 3450.3908
NaHCOO 1725.1954
Jumlah 20351.6317 20351.6317

Neraca Massa pada reaktor 2 :

komposisi masuk reaktor 2 = komposisi keluar reaktor 1

Bahan yang masuk reaktor 2 : Komponen yang bereaksi :

CH3CHO = 13.2669 kgmol/jam = 583.7430 kg/jam CH3CHO = 7.1235
HCHO = 72.3862 kgmol/jam = 2171.5873 kg/jam HCHO = 28.4942
NaOH = 32.5856 kgmol/jam = 1303.4235 kg/jam NaOH = 7.1235
H2O = 617.6273 kgmol/jam = 11117.2918 kg/jam
C(CH2OH)4 = 25.3705 kgmol/jam = 3450.3908 kg/jam
NaHCOO = 25.3705 kgmol/jam = 1725.1954 kg/jam

Tabel Neraca Massa pada Reaktor2

Input Output
Komponen
(kg/jam) (kg/jam)
CH3CHO 583.7430 270.3073
HCHO 2171.5873 1316.7628
NaOH 1303.4235 1018.4820
H2O 11117.2918 11117.2918
C(CH2OH)4 3450.3908 4419.1919
NaHCOO 1725.1954 2209.5960
Jumlah 20351.6317 20351.6317

Neraca Massa Overall pada Reaktor

Input Output
Komponen
(kg/jam) (kg/jam)
CH3CHO 1700.0459 270.3073
HCHO 5216.0498 1316.7628
NaOH 2318.2443 1018.4820
H2O 11117.2918 11117.2918
C(CH2OH)4 - 4419.1919
NaHCOO - 2209.5960
Jumlah 20351.6317 20351.6317
 Komponen BM (g/gmol)
CH3CHO 44
HCHO 30
NaOH 40
C(CH2OH)4 136
NaHCOO 68
HCOOH 46
H2O 18

ang bereaksi : Komponen yang terbentuk : Komponen yang keluar reaktor 1

kgmol/jam C(CH2OH)4 = 25.37052 kgmol/jam CH3CHO =
kgmol/jam NaHCOO = 25.37052 kgmol/jam HCHO =
kgmol/jam NaOH =
H2O =
C(CH2OH)4 =
NaHCOO =

ang bereaksi : Komponen yang terbentuk : Komponen yang keluar reaktor 2

kgmol/jam C(CH2OH)4 = 7.1235 kgmol/jam CH3CHO =
kgmol/jam NaHCOO = 7.1235 kgmol/jam HCHO =
kgmol/jam NaOH =
H2O =
C(CH2OH)4 =
NaHCOO =
mponen yang keluar reaktor 1 :
13.2669 kgmol/jam = 583.7430 kg/jam
72.3862 kgmol/jam = 2171.5873 kg/jam
32.5856 kgmol/jam = 1303.4235 kg/jam
617.6273 kgmol/jam = 11117.2918 kg/jam
25.37052 kgmol/jam = 3450.3908 kg/jam
25.37052 kgmol/jam = 1725.1954 kg/jam

mponen yang keluar reaktor 2 :

 6.1433 kgmol/jam = 270.3073 kg/jam
43.8921 kgmol/jam = 1316.7628 kg/jam
25.4621 kgmol/jam = 1018.4820 kg/jam
617.6273 kgmol/jam = 11117.2918 kg/jam
32.4941 kgmol/jam = 4419.1919 kg/jam
32.4941 kgmol/jam = 2209.5960 kg/jam