08 Lampiran A PDF
08 Lampiran A PDF
08 Lampiran A PDF
LAMPIRAN A
PERHITUNGAN REAKTOR
1. Reaktor Liquifikasi
Kondisi operasi :
Tekanan : 1 atm
Temperatur : 95 0C
pH :6
Reaksi Eksotermis
Reaksi
α-amilase
(C6H10O5)1000 100(C6H10O5)10
A-2
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴
CA0 = ∑ 𝐹𝑣
= 2,3615 × 10−6 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
Dimana :
r = kecepatan reaksi
Asumsi :
2. Reaksi irreversible.
𝑑(𝐶𝐴 )
= 𝑟𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴0 . 𝑥)
= 𝑟𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝐶𝐴0 ) 𝑑𝑥
− 𝐶𝐴0 = 𝑟𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
−𝐶𝐴0 = 𝑘. 𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
−𝐶𝐴0 = 𝑘. 𝐶𝐴0 (1 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑥
−𝑘 ∫ = ∫
𝑑𝑡 (1 − 𝑥)
−𝑘. 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑛(1 − 𝑥)
−𝐼𝑛(1 − 𝑥)
𝑘=
𝑡
A-4
Dimana :
B. Optimasi Reaktor
menggunakan excel :
V1 = 76990,4034 gallon
t = 11,2607 jam
X1 = 97,70 %
V1 = V2 = 10138,5809 gallon
t = 1,4829 jam
X1 = 84,83 %
A-5
X2 = 97,70 %
V1 = V2 = V3 = 4560,7786 gallon
t = 0,6671 jam
X1 = 71,56 %
X2 = 91,91 %
X3 = 97,70 %
V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = 2841,6577 gallon
t = 0,4156 jam
X1 = 61,05 %
X2 = 84,83 %
X3 = 94,09 %
X4 = 97,70 %
Kondisi Operasi : T = 95 oC
P = 1 atm
maka basis harga reaktor pada volume 1000 gallon sebesar $12000
𝐶 0,6
𝐸𝑏 = 𝐸𝑎 × (𝐶𝑏)
𝑎
Eb = $ 162,571.0471
Eb = $ 48,168.9908
Eb = $ 29,826.6613
Eb = $ 22,455.5816
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5
Jumlah Reaktor
Maka jumlah reaktor yang optimum sebanyak tiga buah reaktor disusun
optimum.
C. Perancangan Reaktor
= 17264,4286 liter
= 17,2644 m3
= 609,6881 ft3
= 20,7173 m3
= 731,6257 ft3
silinder tegak.
Diameter = 2,9773 m
= 117,2159 in
= 9,7641 ft
Sehingga tinggi = 12 ft
= 144 in
= 3,6575 m
Dimana :
= 1/4 in
A-10
ID shell = 119,2500 in
OD shell = 120 in
lain :
diameter kecil.
cukup mahal.
Hemispherical Head
OD
icr b
OA
B A
sf
r
ID
t
a
Keterangan gambar :
t : tebal head
b : deep of dish
sf : straight of flanged
OA : tinggi head
1 𝑟
𝑤= (3 + √𝑖𝑐𝑟)` (Eq. 7.76, P. 138, Brownell & Young)
4
A-12
Sehingga diperoleh :
ID = 119,2500 in
= 59,6250 in
AB = a- icr
= 52,3750 in
BC = r – icr
= 106,7500 in
AC = √𝐵𝐶 2 − 𝐴𝐵 2
= 93,0184 in
b = r - AC
= 20,9816
Young)
= 23,7941 in
= 0,6044 m
𝑉ℎ = 0,000049 × 𝐼𝐷3
Vh = 0,0456 ft3
= 78,8197 in3
= 0,0013 m3
1
𝑉𝑆𝑓 = 𝐷2 𝑆𝑓
4
= 76301,9695 in3
= 0,4416 m3
Sehingga diperoleh :
= 26942,3422 in3
= 1,2552 m3
= 21,6030 m3
= 4,1860 m
A-14
(kg/jam) massa, Xi
(C6H10O5)10 - - -
C6H12O6 - - -
Total 28812,3686 1
Diperoleh :
μ campuran = 0,4525 cp
= 1,0950 kg/L
Zr
ZL
L
H
Di Zi
Dt
A-15
Diketahui :
Dt = 2,9773 m
Dt / Di =3
Di = 1,0097 m
Zi / Di = 0,7500
Zi = 0,7572 m
W / Di = 0,1700
W = 0,1716 m
Zl / Di = 2,700
Zl = 2,7261 m
L = 0,25 Di = 0,2524 m
H = 0,2 Di = 0,2019 m
Sg = ρcairan / ρair
= 1,1325
WELH = hcairan x sg
= 3,0873 m
= 1,0193
Digunakan persamaan :
Dimana :
Diubah menjadi :
N = 234,0119 rpm
N = 3,9002 rps
A-17
𝑁 𝐷𝑖 2 𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
= 9.621.356,8435
Dimana :
sehingga :
Km = 0,3112
Dimana :
Km = 0,3112
N = 3,9002 rps
ρ = 1094,9944 kg/m3
D = 1,0097 m
Sehingga diperoleh :
P = 21208,9933 watt
= 28,4417 Hp
A-18
= 21,2089 kw
𝑃
𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖
= 32,3201 Hp
1. Reaktor-01
Reaksi
α - amilase
(C6H10O5)1000 100 (C6H10O5)10
∆HR 0 = -11061588,7771 kJ
A-19
Komponen n Cp dT Qinput
Komponen n Cp dT Qinput
= 13,0534 kJ
= 95062,9537 kJ
= -10966538,8768 kJ
= 10871488,9765 kJ
Tin = 30 oC = 303 K
Tout = 50 oC = 323 K
= 129995,0852 Kg/jam
A-21
2. Reaktor-02
Reaksi
α - amilase
(C6H10O5)1000 100 (C6H10O5)10
∆HR 0 = -4040388,5723 kJ
Komponen n Cp dT Qinput
Lanjutan
Komponen n Cp dT Qinput
Komponen n Cp dT Qinput
= 4,7679 kJ
A-23
= 34722,9751 kJ
= -4005670,3652 kJ
= 3970952,1580 kJ
Tin = 30 oC = 303 K
Tout = 50 oC = 323 K
= 47482,3886 Kg/jam
3. Reaktor-03
Reaksi
α - amilase
(C6H10O5)1000 100 (C6H10O5)10
A-24
∆HR 0 = -347346,7622 kJ
Komponen n Cp dT Qinput
Komponen n Cp dT Qinput
= 0,4099 kJ
= 2985,0874 kJ
= -347346,7622 kJ
= 341377,4072 kJ
A-26
Tin = 30 oC = 303 K
Tout = 50 oC = 323 K
= 4081,9970 Kg/jam
1. Reaktor-01
(𝑇2 − 𝑡1 ) − (𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
(𝑇 − 𝑡1 )
𝑙𝑛 2
(𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
∆TLMTD = 97,8993 oF
𝑄
𝐴 = (Eq. 5.13a, P. 89, D.Q.Kern, 1965)
𝑈𝐷 .∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
A-27
Dimana :
Diketahui :
Untuk fluida dingin light organics - water (viskositasnya < 0,5 cP)
Diambil UD = 92 Btu/ft2.ºF.jam
1144,0529 ft2.
= 39,1339 m2
= 421,2336 ft2
= 117,6924 m3/jam
(𝑇2 − 𝑡1 ) − (𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
(𝑇 − 𝑡1 )
𝑙𝑛 2
(𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
∆TLMTD = 97,8993 oF
(P.534, Coulson)
= 0, 0218 m2
4 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑖𝑟
Diameter dalam pipa =√ 𝜋𝑣
= 0,1666 m
OD = 6,625 in
A-29
ID = 6,065 in
A’ = 28,9 in2
𝑊𝑡
𝐺𝑡 =
𝐴′
Gt = 1427993,4071 lb/ft2.jam
= 449379,5090
v = 4,9213 ft/s
𝐼𝐷
ℎ𝑖𝑜 = ℎ𝑖 ×
𝑂𝐷
Dpipa
hio koil hio pipa 1 3.5
D
spiral koil
= 25,6275 ft
Dimana :
N = 234,0119 rpm
= 14040,7141 rph
= 68,6471 lb/ft3
= 0,0007 kg/m.s
= 1,6045 lb/ft.jam
= 9,7680 ft
= 3,3125 ft
Sehingga diperoleh :
hc = 110,7674 Btu/jam.ft2.oF
Menghitung Uc dan UD
Uc = 101,8960 Btu/jam.ft2.oF
A-31
UD = 92,4733 Btu/jam.ft2.oF
hD = 1000 Btu/jam.ft2.oF
𝑄
𝐴 =
𝑈𝐷 . ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
A = 1138,1969 ft2
= 105,7419 m2
𝐴
𝐿𝑘𝑜𝑖𝑙 =
𝐴′′
Lkoil = 656,3996 ft
= 200,0706 m
Diameter helix,
Dipilih,
DH = 0,8 ID reaktor
A-32
DH = 2,3818 m
Dipilih,
Jarak (Jsp) = 1 OD
1 1
𝐿ℎ𝑒 = 𝜋 (𝐷𝐻 2 + 𝐽𝑠𝑝2 ) + 𝜋𝐷𝐻
2 2
Lhe = 12,6907 m
𝐿
𝑁𝑡 =
𝐿ℎ𝑒
Nt = 16 lilitan
𝐻𝑐 = (𝑁𝑡 − 1) × 𝐽𝑠𝑝 + 𝑁𝑡 × 𝑂𝐷
Hc = 5,1375 ft
= 1,5659 m
Koil tercelup seluruhnya dalam cairan karena tinggi koil < tinggi
cairan.
Hc < Zl
𝜋
𝑉𝑘𝑜𝑖𝑙 = × 𝑂𝐷2 × 𝐿𝑘𝑜𝑖𝑙
4
Vkoil = 4,4473 m3
A-33
Vcairan = 20,7173 m3
𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑛 + 𝑉𝑘𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝐻𝐿 = 𝜋 2
4 𝐷𝑅
HL = 3,6164 m
Untuk Re = 449379,5090
Gt = 1427993,4069 lb/jam.ft2
𝑓 × 𝐺𝑡 2 × 𝐿
∆𝑃 =
5,22 × 1010 × 𝐼𝐷 × 𝑆 × 𝜃𝑡
∆P = 6,0881 psi
2. Reaktor-02
(𝑇2 − 𝑡1 ) − (𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
(𝑇 − 𝑡1 )
𝑙𝑛 2
(𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
∆TLMTD = 97,8993 oF
A-34
𝑄
𝐴 = (Eq. 5.13a, P. 89, D.Q.Kern, 1965)
𝑈𝐷 .∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
Dimana :
Diketahui :
Untuk fluida dingin light organics - water (viskositasnya < 0,5 cP)
Diambil UD = 92 Btu/ft2.ºF.jam
417,8801 ft2.
= 39,1339 m2
= 421,2336 ft2
= 3,2713 m
= 10,7825 ft
= 128,7901 in
Dimana :
Sehingga diperoleh :
tj = 0,2767 in
3. Reaktor-03
(𝑇2 − 𝑡1 ) − (𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
(𝑇 − 𝑡1 )
𝑙𝑛 2
(𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
∆TLMTD = 97,8993 oF
𝑄
𝐴 = (Eq. 5.13a, P. 89, D.Q.Kern, 1965)
𝑈𝐷 .∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
Dimana :
Diketahui :
Untuk fluida dingin light organics - water (viskositasnya < 0,5 cP)
Diambil UD = 92 Btu/ft2.ºF.jam
35,9246 ft2.
A-37
= 39,1339 m2
= 421,2336 ft2
= 3,2713 m
= 10,7325 ft
= 128,7901 in
Dimana :
Sehingga diperoleh :
tj = 0,2670 in
2. Reaktor Sakarifikasi
Kondisi operasi :
Tekanan : 1 atm
Temperatur : 60 0C
pH : 4,2
Reaksi Eksotermis
Reaksi glukoamilase
(C6H10O5)10 + 10H2O 10(C6H12O6)
A-39
Dimana :
r = kecepatan reaksi
Km = konstanta Michaelis-Menten
CA = konsentrasi pati
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 . 𝐶𝐴
𝑟=
𝐾𝑚 + 𝐶𝐴
𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑆0 , 𝑋)
Dimana :
= 242,4 /jam
= 0,552 Kg/L
= 0,000015 kmol/L
A-41
E = 3,2 g/L
= 0,0032 Kg/L
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛
S0 = ∑ 𝐹𝑣
= 1,4696 Kg/L
= 0,0009 kmol/L
t = 36 jam
1 kmol
𝑡= (𝑆0 𝑋 − (0,000015 ln(1 − 𝑋)))
1 kmol L
(242,4 )(8,8 x 10 − 8 )
jam L
C. Perancangan Reaktor
= 103653,1940 L
= 103,6532 m3
Vreaktor = 124,3838 m3
A-42
= 124383,8328 L
Diameter = 5,4113 m
= 213,0416 in
= 17,7535 ft
Sehingga tinggi = 18 ft
= 216 in
= 5,4864 m
Dimana :
= 3/16 in
ID shell = 226 in
OD shell = 228 in
lain :
diameter kecil.
A-44
cukup mahal.
Hemispherical Head
OD
icr b
OA
B A
sf
r
ID
t
a
Keterangan gambar :
t : tebal head
b : deep of dish
A-45
sf : straight of flanged
OA : tinggi head
1 𝑟
𝑤= (3 + √𝑖𝑐𝑟)` (Eq. 7.76, P. 138, Brownell & Young)
4
Sehingga diperoleh :
ID = 226 in
= 113 in
AB = a- icr
= 99,2500 in
BC = r – icr
= 166,2500 in
AC = √𝐵𝐶 2 − 𝐴𝐵 2
A-46
= 133,3740 in
b = r - AC
= 46,6265
Young)
= 50,6265 in
= 1,2859 m
𝑉ℎ = 0,000049 × 𝐼𝐷3
Vh = 0,2742 ft3
= 0,0078 m3
1
𝑉𝑆𝑓 = 4 𝐷2 𝑆𝑓
= 1,1677 m3
Sehingga diperoleh :
= 1,1623 m3
= 126, 7084 m3
A-47
= 7,9831 m
(kg/jam) Xi
C6H12O6 - - -
Total 28822,6451 1
Diperoleh :
μ campuran = 0,6113 cp
= 1,1123 kg/L
A-48
Zr
ZL
L
H
Di Zi
Dt
Jenis pengaduk = 6 flat blade turbine impeller
Diketahui :
Dt = 5,7404 m
Dt / Di =3
Di = 1,9135 m
Zi / Di = 0,7500
Zi = 1,4351 m
W / Di = 0,1700
W = 0,3253 m
Zl / Di = 2,700
Zl = 5,1664 m
L = 0,25 Di = 0,4784 m
H = 0,2 Di = 0,3827 m
Sg = ρcairan / ρair
= 1,1320
WELH = hcairan x sg
= 5,8460 m
= 1,2026
Digunakan persamaan :
Dimana :
Diubah menjadi :
N = 123,4237 rpm
N = 2,0570 rps
𝑁 𝐷𝑖 2 𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
= 13703112,0909
Dimana :
sehingga :
Km = 0,1641
A-51
Dimana :
Km = 0,1641
N = 2,0570 rps
ρ = 1112,2724 kg/m3
D = 1,9135 m
Sehingga diperoleh :
P = 40757,1114 watt
= 54,6561 Hp
= 40,7570 kw
𝑃
𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖
= 59,9974 Hp
1. Reaktor Sakarifikasi
Reaksi glukoamilase
(C6H10O5)10 + 10H2O 10(C6H12O6)
A-52
∆HR 0 = -23979106,6465 kJ
Komponen N Cp dT Qinput
Lanjutan
Komponen n Cp dT Qinput
Komponen n Cp dT Qinput
H2O)
= 221064,7708 kJ
= 518426,7028 kJ
= -23681744,7144 kJ
= 23384006,8394 kJ
Tin = 30 oC = 303 K
Tout = 50 oC = 323 K
𝑄
Kebutuhan air pendingin = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡−𝑇𝑖𝑛)
= 279613,2035 Kg/jam
1. Reaktor Sakarifikasi
(𝑇2 − 𝑡1 ) − (𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
(𝑇 − 𝑡1 )
𝑙𝑛 2
(𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
∆TLMTD = 32,7686 oF
𝑄
𝐴 = (Eq. 5.13a, P. 89, D.Q.Kern, 1965)
𝑈𝐷 .∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
Dimana :
Diketahui :
Untuk fluida dingin light organics - water (viskositasnya > 0,5 cP)
Diambil UD = 80 Btu/ft2.ºF.jam
8453,6669 ft2.
= 135,6433 m2
= 1460,0523 ft2
= 253,1509 m3/jam
A-57
(𝑇2 − 𝑡1 ) − (𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
(𝑇 − 𝑡1 )
𝑙𝑛 2
(𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
∆TLMTD = 32,7686 oF
(P.534, Coulson)
= 0, 0469 m2
4 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑖𝑟
Diameter dalam pipa =√ 𝜋𝑣
= 0,2444 m
OD = 10,75 in
ID = 10,02 in
A’ = 78,8 in2
𝑊𝑡
𝐺𝑡 =
𝐴′
Gt = 1126493,8924 lb/ft2.jam
= 585669,7873
v = 4,9213 ft/s
𝐼𝐷
ℎ𝑖𝑜 = ℎ𝑖 ×
𝑂𝐷
Dpipa
hio koil hio pipa 1 3.5
D
spiral koil
= 14,2028 ft
Dimana :
N = 123,4231 rpm
= 7405,3869 rph
= 68,6471 lb/ft3
= 0,0007 kg/m.s
= 1,6045 lb/ft.jam
A-59
= 17,7535 ft
= 6,2778 ft
Sehingga diperoleh :
hc = 93,3059 Btu/jam.ft2.oF
Menghitung Uc dan UD
Uc = 87,7049 Btu/jam.ft2.oF
UD = 80,6330 Btu/jam.ft2.oF
hD = 1000 Btu/jam.ft2.oF
𝑄
𝐴 =
𝑈𝐷 . ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
A-60
A = 8388,2982 ft2
= 779,2981 m2
𝐴
𝐿𝑘𝑜𝑖𝑙 =
𝐴′′
Lkoil = 2980,9162 ft
= 908,5833 m
Diameter helix,
Dipilih,
DH = 0,8 ID reaktor
DH = 4,3290 m
Dipilih,
Jarak (Jsp) = 1 OD
1 1
𝐿ℎ𝑒 = 𝜋 (𝐷𝐻 2 + 𝐽𝑠𝑝2 ) + 𝜋𝐷𝐻
2 2
Lhe = 36,3358 m
𝐿
𝑁𝑡 =
𝐿ℎ𝑒
A-61
Nt = 25 lilitan
𝐻𝑐 = (𝑁𝑡 − 1) × 𝐽𝑠𝑝 + 𝑁𝑡 × 𝑂𝐷
Hc = 13,3822 ft
= 4,0789 m
Koil tercelup seluruhnya dalam cairan karena tinggi koil < tinggi
cairan.
Hc < Zl
𝜋
𝑉𝑘𝑜𝑖𝑙 = × 𝑂𝐷2 × 𝐿𝑘𝑜𝑖𝑙
4
Vkoil = 53,1764 m3
Vcairan = 124,3838 m3
𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑛 + 𝑉𝑘𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝐻𝐿 = 𝜋 2
4 𝐷𝑅
HL = 7,7247 m
Untuk Re = 585669,7873
Gt = 1126493,8924 lb/jam.ft2
𝑓×𝐺𝑡 2 ×𝐿
∆𝑃 = 5,22×1010 ×𝐼𝐷×𝑆×𝜃𝑡
= 9,5465 psi
Jam
Reaktor
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Keterangan :
Waktu pengisian (tL) = 4 jam
Waktu reaksi (tR) = 36 jam
Waktu pengosongan (tK) = 4 jam