Introduction To Machine Learning

2
nd
Edition 2010
Resume by Ardytha Luthfiarta, M.Kom, M.Cs
1.1 What is Machine Learning
Apa itu Machine Learning
Untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan komputer kita memerlukan algoritma.
Algoritma adalah urutan instruksi yang harus dikerjakan untuk mengubah
input menjadi output.
Contohnya algoritma sorting, sangat mungkin muncul banyak algoritma
sorting, namun tentu saja kita tertarik untuk mencari algoritma yang paling
efisien yaitu yang paling sedikit instruksinya dan paling ringan di memori.
Akan tetapi untuk beberapa kasus, mungkin saja kita tidak temukan
algoritmanya, sebagai contoh : untuk membedakan mana email yang
mengandung spam dan mana yang tidak.
Pada contoh kasus Email : Kita tahu inputannya yaitu dokumen email (atau file
berisi karakter) dan kita juga tahu inputannya adalah Yes/No. Dan kita ingin
agar komputer meng-ekstrak algoritma secara otomatis untuk menyelesaikan
tugas tersebut.
Saat ini, Kita tidak lagi perlu mempelajari bagaimana cara sorting data, akan
tetapi banyak aplikasi yang kita tidak bisa temukan algoritmanya, akan tetapi
kita memiliki contoh datanya.
Apa itu Machine Learning
Dengan kemajuan teknologi komputer, saat ini kita memiliki kemampuan
untuk menyimpan dan mengolah data dalam jumlah besar, serta dapat
mengakses data yang berada di tempat lain melalui jaringan komputer.
Mayoritas data diproduksi dalam bentuk digital dan dapat diandalkan.
Sebagai contoh, supermarket chain (jaringan supermarket) yang memiliki
ratusan toko (cabang) di seluruh negara, yang menjual ratusan hingga
jutaan barang ke pelanggan.
Detil data yang disimpan setiap transaksi meliputi, tanggal, id pelanggan,
barang yang dibeli beserta jumlahnya, jumlah total yang dibelanjakan.
Semuanya itu dapat mencapai besaran gigabytes setiap harinya.
Apa yang ingin diketahui oleh supermarket chain adalah bagaimana
caranya agar dapat memprediksi, barang apa sajakah yang potensi dibeli
oleh pelanggan.
Dan sek
Apa itu Machine Learning
The stored data becomes useful only when it is analyzed and turned
into information that we can make use of, for example, to make
predictions.
Though we do not know the details of the process underlying the
generation of datafor example, consumer behaviorwe know
that it is not completely random.
We may not be able to identify the process completely, but we
believe we can construct a good and useful approximation. This is
the niche of machine learning.
Assuming that the future, at least the near future, will not be much
dierent from the past when the sample data was collected, the
future predictions can also be expected to be right.
Application of machine learning methods to large databases is
called data mining.
Apa itu Machine Learning
In addition to retail, in nance banks analyze their past
data to build models to use in credit applications, fraud
detection, and the stock market. In manufacturing,
learning models are used for optimization, control, and
troubleshooting. In medicine, learning programs are
used for medical diagnosis. In telecommunications, call
patterns are analyzed for network optimization and
maximizing the quality of service. In science, large
amounts of data in physics, astronomy, and biology can
only be analyzed fast enough by computers. The World
Wide Web is huge; it is constantly growing, and
searching for relevant information cannot be done
manually.
Apa itu Machine Learning
Machine learning tidak hanya melulu/semata
permasalahan tentang database, tetapi artificial
intelligence juga termasuk bagian didalamnya.
Agar menjadi cerdas, sistem harus mampu
mempunyai kemampuan belajar(beradaptasi)
dengan baik terhadap perubahan lingkungan.
Machine learning also helps us nd solutions to
many problems in vision, speech recognition, and
robotics.
Let us take the example of recognizing faces:
Apa itu Machine Learning
Machine learning is programming computers to
optimize a performance criterion using example
data or past experience.
We have a model dened up to some
parameters, and learning is the execution of a
computer program to optimize the parameters of
the model using the training data or past
experience.
The model may be predictive to make predictions
in the future, or descriptive to gain knowledge
from data, or both.
Apa itu Machine Learning
Machine learning uses the theory of statistics in
building mathematical models, because the core task is
making inference from a sample.
The role of computer science is two fold: First, in
training, we need ecient algorithms to solve the
optimization problem, as well as to store and process
the massive amount of data we generally have. Second,
once a model is learned, its representation and
algorithmic solution for inference needs to be ecient
as well.
In certain applications, the eciency of the learning or
inference algorithm, namely, its space and time
complexity, may be as important as its predictive
accuracy.
Example of Machine Learning Applications
1. Learning Associations
In the case of retailfor example, a
supermarket chainone application of
machine learning is basket analysis, which is
nding associations between products bought
by customers:
If people who buy X typically also buy Y, and if
there is a customer who buys X and does not buy
Y, he or she is a potential Y customer.
Once we nd such customers, we can target them
for cross-selling.
Example of Machine Learning Applications
2. Classification
A credit is an amount of money loaned by a nancial
institution, for example, a bank, to be paid back with
interest (dibayar dengan kelebihan), generally in
installments (biasanya mencicil atau mengangsur).
It is important for the bank to be able to predict in
advance the risk associated with a loan, which is the
probability that the customer will default (tidak
sanggup) and not pay the whole amount back. This is
both to make sure that the bank will make a prot and
also to not inconvenience (membuat tidak nyaman) a
customer with a loan over his or her nancial capacity.
Example of Machine Learning Applications
.... Classification
A credit is an amount of money loaned by a nancial
institution, for example, a bank, to be paid back with
interest (dibayar dengan kelebihan), generally in
installments (biasanya mencicil atau mengangsur).
It is important for the bank to be able to predict in
advance the risk associated with a loan, which is the
probability that the customer will default (tidak
sanggup) and not pay the whole amount back. This is
both to make sure that the bank will make a prot and
also to not inconvenience (membuat tidak nyaman) a
customer with a loan over his or her nancial capacity.
Example of Machine Learning Applications
.... Classification
In credit scoring (Hand 1998), the bank calculates the risk
given the amount of credit and the information about the
customer. The information about the customer includes
data we have access to and is relevant in calculating his or
her nancial capacitynamely, income, savings, collaterals
(jaminan), profession, age, past nancial history, and so
forth.
The bank has a record of past loans containing such
customer data and whether the loan was paid back or not.
From this data of particular applications, the aim is to infer
a general rule coding the association between a customers
attributes and his risk. That is, the machine learning system
ts a model to the past data to be able to calculate the risk
for a new application and then decides to accept or refuse
it accordingly.
Example of Machine Learning Applications
.... Classification
Above is an example of a classication
problem where there are two Classification
classes: low-risk and high-risk customers. The
information about a customer makes up the
input to the classier whose task is to assign
the input to one of the two classes.
After training with the past data, a
classication rule learned may be of the form :

Example of Machine Learning Applications
.... Classification