Limit
Limit
x a
Berikut adalah sedikit ilustrasi tentang masalah limit dan kekontinuan suatu fungsi. Bisa kita lihat, nilai lim f(x) belum tentu sama dengan nilai f(a).
x a
a
x a
lim f(x) = L
x a
a lim f(x) = L
x a
x a
x a
x a
lim f ( x )
11. 3. Limit fungsi Aljabar Pada contoh berikut nilai lim f(x) dapat langsung dihitung, yaitu lim f(x) = f(a).
x a x a
Seperti telah dijelaskan sebelumnya, kita katakan fungsi f(x) kontinu di a . Contoh : 1. lim (x3 + x) = 13 + 1 = 2
x 1
2. lim (2x2 x3 ) = 2 . 32 33 = 9
x 3
Pada bagian berikutnya, kita akan membahas penyelesaikan masalah limit fungsi aljabar bentuk tak tentu ( 0 , , , 0 )
0
173
174
11. 3. 1. Limit bentuk
0 0
Bentuk lim
dimana f(a) = 0 dan g(a) = 0 desebut bentuk 0 . Pada bentuk ini 0 f(x) dan g(x) akan mempunyai faktor yang sama (x a). Limit bentuk ini diselesaikan dengan pencoretan faktor (x a) yang sama tersebut.
x a
f (x ) g(x )
Contoh : 1. lim
x 2
x 2 x 6 x 2 + 9 x +14
= lim
x 2
( x + 2 )( x 3) ( x + 2 )( x + 7 )
x 3 = 23 = 1 = lim x 2+ 7 x 2 +7
2.
x 4
lim
2 x 2 7 x 4 3x 2 8 x 16
= lim =
x 4
2 x 2 7 x 4 3x 2 8 x 16
( x 4 ) ( 3x + 4 )
2
x 4
lim ( x 4 ) ( 2 x +1) =
2 x +1 5 x 1 4 x 16
x 4 3x +4
lim 2x +1 = 3 4
3.
x 2
lim
2 x +1 5x 1 4 x 16
2
= lim = =
= lim 4. lim
x 1
(x + 2)(x 2 + 4)(
(2x 1) 2x 2 +1 + 5x 1)
1 3 = 4 8 (3 + 3) 64
x 2 + bx 5 x 2 + 7 x 8
Jawab : Perhatikan
Penyebut bentuk limit ini 12 + 7 . 1 8 = 0. Karena limit terdefinisi, maka bentuk limit adalah
x 2 + bx 5 x 1 x 2 + 7 x 8 ( x 1)( x + 5) lim x 1 ( x 1)( x + 8 )
0 0
= 2 3
Limit
175
Contoh 1. 2. 3.
4 3x 2 +2 x 1 = lim 5x 2 x x + x 9
5 4 x 3 + x 2 +1 = 1 lim x +x 5 x 10 10x +x 3 9
3 2 lim 2x x 5+12x 11 = 0 x +x
Cara penyelesaian : 1. Kalikan dengan bentuk sekawannya (Baca : f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) f(x) g(x) lim f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) + g ( x ) = lim x x f ( x ) + g( x ) f (x ) + g( x ) 2. Bentuknya menjadi , yang dapat diselesaikan dengan cara seperti bentuk 7.3.1
lim
ax 2 + bx +c
px 2 +qx + r =
1. 2. 3.
2. 3. 4.
lim lim
lim
x 2 +2 x 5
5x 2 + x 13 = x 2 4 x +21 = 11( 4 ) =
2 1
x
x 2 +11x 10
15 2
(2x 3) 4 x 2 5x + 10 = lim
= lim
x
( 2 x 3)2
4 x 2 5x + 10
4 x 2 5x + 10
4 x 2 12 x + 9
= 12( 5) = 7 4 2 4 5.
x
lim
9x2 2x 4
9x2 2x 4
( 3x + 2)2
9x2 2x 4
9 x 2 + 12 x + 4
= 2 12 = 7 3 2 9
x
lim
p x n + a n 1x n 1 +... + a 0 n p x n + b n 1x n 1 +... + b 0 = a n 1 b n 1 n n p n 1
Limit
176
Contoh : 1. lim 3 8x 3 + 2 x 2 + 5 3 8x 3 3x 2 + x 10 =
x
2 ( 3) 3 8
3 2
5 = 12
2.
lim
243x x + 5x
5 4
243x 4 x + x + 3 =
5 5 4 2
1 (4) 5 5 ( 243 ) 4
1 = 135
x 0
sin 3x + sin5x
=
2
x 0
sin x
x 0
sin x
= lim
x 0 x 0
x 0
= lim =
1 cos 4x 1 + cos 4 x tan 2 x sinx 1 + cos 4 x 1 cos 4 x lim x 0 (tan 2 x sinx) (1 + cos 4x )
x 0
x 0
= lim
Cos 2 = 1 2 sin2
= lim
x 0
2 ( 2 )2 2 1 (1+ 0 )
=4
tan x sinx = lim tan x tanx cosx = lim tan x (1 cosx ) 4. lim x x cos 4x x x cos 4 x x 0 x 0 x 0 x (1 cos 4 x )
= lim
1 = 16
x 0
= lim
x 0
5.
x 4
x lim sin x cos x = lim sin x cos x = lim sin x cos x cos cos x 1 tan x sin x sin x x x 1 cos x 1 cos x 4 4 1 sin x cos x = ( 2 2 ) (1) = 1 = lim cosx 2 cos x sin x x
4
Limit
177
11. 4. 2. Limit bentuk dan 0 Limit trigonometri bentuk ini diselesaikan dengan mengubahnya ke bentuk 0 .
0
1.
lim ( 2 x 0 x2
sin 2 x x 2 tgx
)=
2 sin x cosx
sinx x 2 cosx
= lim
2. l i m tanx secx =
x 2
x 0
x 0
x sin x
l i m tanx secx =
= lim
sin2 x 1 cos2 x = lim x cos x (sin x +1) x cos x (sin x +1) 2 2 cos x 0 = lim = =0 1+ 1 x sin x +1
2
3.
3 x 2
lim ( x
3 2
) sec x = (C) 3
3 2
(D) 1
(E) 2
3 2
lim
(x
3 2
) = tlim 0
t cos( t + 3 )
2
Contoh :
4 + 3x 3 5x 2 +1 = lim 4x 3 + 9x 2 10x = 4 + 9 10 = 3 lim x 5 1. x 1 4x + x 4 2x 3 x 1 20x 4 + 4x 3 2 20 + 4 2 22
2.
x 2
lim
x 2 + 2x 3x 2 x 5 32
1 2x + 2 1 3 3 (x 2 + 3x 2) 2 2 = lim 4
x 2
3 3x 2
5x
3.
1 = 320 80 5 16 cos( 3x 1 ) sin x 3 sin (3x 1 ) cos x 6 6 lim = lim 1 1 ) 1 1 tan( x + 12 ) 1 sec 2 ( x + 12 x x
1 6 1 3 3 3 82 2 4
13 2 4
) cos( 1 ) 3sin( 1 3 6
sec 2 ( 1 ) 4
3 ( 1 )1 2 2
(1 )2 2
=2
Limit
178
Soal dan Pembahasan Matematika Ipa
1.
lim
x 2 + x + 5 x 2 2x + 3 =
a. 0
b.
3 2
c. 2
d. 2
e.
2 a
x + x + 5 x 2x + 3
2 2
= 1 ( 2) = 3
2 1 2
2 sin 2 x = 2 x 2 tgx x
a. 2
b. 1
c. 0
d. 1
e. 2
(Matematika 89 Rayon A)
Jawab : E
x 0
= lim
x 0
2 2 cos 2 x 2 x x2 2 (1 cos 2 x ) x2
= lim
x 0
2 2 cos 2 x x2
= lim 3. lim a.
x 0
= lim
x 0
2 sin 2 x x2
=2
x3
1 2 1 x 3 x 11 x 7 1 1 b. 32 24
= c. 0 d.
1 32
e.
1 24
lim
1 2 1 x 3 x 11 x 7
= lim = =
1 32
a.
1 2
b.
1 2
c.
1 2
d.
1 2
e.
1 2
Limit
179
Cara 1
h 0
lim
sin ( 1 + h ) sin 1
3 3
= lim = lim
h 0
h 0
2 sin 1 h cos ( 1 h + 1 ) 2 2 3 h
= 1
h 0
sin ( 1 + h ) sin 1 3 3 h
= f( 1 ) 3
2
4x
a.
1 2
b.
2 3
c.
3 4
d. 3 2
e. 3
(Matematika 89 Rayon C)
Jawab : D
x 0
lim
3x 1 cos 2 x = lim sin 4x x 0 x2 3x 1 (1 2 sin 2 x ) = lim sin 4x x 0 x2 2 3x 2 sin x = 32= 3 = lim sin 4x 2 x 0 x2 4
6. lim
x 0
4x 1 + 2x 1 2x
= c. 2 d. 4 e. (Matematika 89 Rayon C)
a. 0
Jawab : C
x 0
b. 1
lim
4x 1 + 2x 1 2x
x 0
4x 1 + 2x 1 2x
1 + 2x + 1 2x 1 + 2x + 1 2x
4x( 1 + 2x + 1 2x ) (1 + 2 x ) (1 2 x )
x 0 x 0
4x ( 1 + 2x 1 2x ) 4x
= lim 1 + 2 x + 1 2 x = 1 + 0 + 1 0 = 2
Cara lain menggunakan DHospital 4x 4 lim = lim
x 0
1 + 2x 1 2x
x 0
2 2 2 1 + 2x 2 1 2x 4 = 4 2 2 1 ( 1) 2 1+ 0 2 1 0
f(x) =
g(x)
2 g( x )
=2
f(x) = g '( x )
Limit
180
7. lim
x 0
x sin 3 x 1 cos 4 x
= b.
3 4
a. 3
8
c.
3 2
d.
1 4
e. 3
8
lim x sin 3 x
1 cos 4 x
= lim = lim
x 0
x 0
x sin 3 x 1 (1 2 sin 2 2 x )
sin 3 x x 2 sin 2 x sin 2 x
= lim
x 0
x sin 3 x 2 sin 2 2 x
1 3 22 2
3 8
8. lim
x 0
1 cos x x sin x
= b. 1 c. 2 d.
1 2
a. 0
Jawab : D
e.
1 4
(Matematika 90 Rayon B)
2 sin 2 1 x 2 =2(1 )2 = 1 lim 1 cos x = lim 2 2 x 0 x sin x x 0 x sin x 2 sin y ( x 1) = 9. Jika lim y = 1, maka lim 1 cos y 0 x 1 4 ( x 2 2 x + 1)
a. 0
b.
1 4
c.
1 2
d. 1
e.
(Matematika 90 Rayon C)
Jawab : B Misal y = x 1
2 lim 1 cos ( x 1) x 1 4 ( x 2 2 x + 1)
= lim
x 1
sin 2 ( x 1) 4 ( x 1) 2
= lim
y 0
sin 2 y 4 y2
1 4
10. lim a.
x2 x2 + 5
x 2
3 3 2
= b. 0 c.
2 3
3 d. 2
e. 3
(Matematika 91 Rayon A)
x2 + 5
x 2
2 x 2 +5 3 = 2 4+5 = 2
= lim 11.
3 lim 8 + h 2 h h 0
x 2
2 x2 + 5 2x
= b. 1 c. 0 d.
1 12
a.
e.
1 8
1 3 (8 + 0)
2 3
= 1 ( 23 ) 3
Limit
x 4
= b. 20 c. 30 d. 40 e. 60
(Matematika 91 Rayon C)
a. 10
5 x2 + 9
x 4
0 6x 2x 2 x2 + 9
f(x) =
g ( x ) f(x) = g' ( x )
2 g( x )
= lim
x 4
6x (2 x 2 + 9 ) 2x
24 2 16 + 9 8
= 30
a. 0
Jawab : E
b. 1
c. 1
d. 4
e. 5
(Matematika 92 Rayon A)
( 3x 2 ) 2
9x2 2x+5
lim
2 2 b p ax + bx +c ax + px + r = 2 a
12 ( 2 ) 2 9
= 10 = 5
6
14. lim
x 0
a. 0
x 1+ x 1 x b. 1 2
= c. 1 d. 2 e. 4
(Matematika 92 Rayon B)
Jawab : C
x 0
lim
x 1+ x 1 x
x 0
x 1+ x + 1 x 1+ x 1 x 1+ x + 1 x
x 0 x 0
x( 1 + x + 1 x ) (1 + x ) (1 x )
1+ x + 1 x 2
= lim
x( 1 + x + 1 x ) 2x 2 1+ 1 = =1 2 2
x 0
15. lim
x 1
x 2x 1 = x 1
a. 1
Jawab : B
x 1
b. 1 2
c. 0
d. 1 2
e. 1
(Matematika 92 Rayon C)
lim
x 2x 1 x 1
= lim = =
= lim
x 1
1 x + 2x 1
1 1+ 1
=1 2
Limit
182
b x = 3 , maka a + b = 16. Jika lim ax + 4 x4 x 4 a. 3 b. 2 c. 1 d. 1 e. 2 (Matematika 93 Rayon A, Rayon B, Rayon C) Jawab : D Limit tersebut merupakan limit tak tentu (untuk x = 4 nilai fungsinya 0 0)
(
2
( x + a )( x + b) x =
a. a b
Jawab : D Perhatikan
x
b.
c. 0
b d. a + 2
e. a + b
(Matematika 94 Rayon A)
x2
lim
2 b p ax 2 + bx +c ax + px + r = 2 a
b = a +b0 = a + 2 2 1
18. lim ( x x 2 2 x ) =
x
a.
Jawab : D
x
b. 0
c.
1 2
d. 1
e. 2
(Matematika 94 Rayon B)
lim ( x x 2 2 x ) = lim ( x 2 x 2 2 x ) =
x
0 ( 2) 2 1
=1
x 2 5x x 2
1 2
adalah d. 9 2 e. 1 2
(Matematika 94 Rayon C)
b.
c. 0
lim
x 2 5 x ( x + 2)
= lim = lim
x
x 2 5 x (x + 2)2
x 2 5x x 2 + 4 x + 4
= 54 = 9 2
2 1
20. lim a.
t 2
( t 2 )( t 3) sin( t 2 ) [( t 2 )( t + 1)] 2
= c. 0 d. 1
9
1 3
b. 1
9
e. 1
(Matematika 95 Rayon A)
Limit
183
Jawab : D
t 2
lim ( t 2 )( t 3) sin( t 2 )
[( t 2 )( t + 1)] 2
= lim = lim
t 2
t 2
( t 3 )( t 2 ) sin( t 2 ) ( t + 1) 2 ( t 2 ) 2 ( t 3) ( t + 1) 2
23 ( 2 + 1) 2
= 1
9
21. lim
x 0
( x 2 1) sin 6 x x 3 + 3x 2 + 2 x
= c. 0 d. 1 e. 6 (Matematika 95 Rayon B)
0 1 0+0+2
a. 3
Jawab : A
x 0
b. 1
lim
( x 2 1) sin 6 x ( x 2 + 3x + 2) x
1 cos (x + 2) x2 + 4x + 4
= lim =
x 0
x2 1 x 2 + 3x + 2
6x lim sin = x
x 0
6 = 3
22. lim a. 0
x 2
b. 1 4
c. 1
d. 2
e. 4
(Matematika 95 Rayon C)
x + 4x + 4
x 2
1 cos(x + 2) ( x + 2) 2
2
= lim
y 0
1 cosy y2
= lim = lim
1 (1 2 sin 1 y) y2 2 sin 1 y
2
y 0
y 0
y2
= 2 ( 1 )2 = 1
2
23. lim (
x 2
2x2 8 x 2
x2 2x 2x 4
)= c. 8
2x2 8 x 2
a. 5
Jawab : D
x 2
b. 6
x 8 ( 2x + 2
2
d. 9
x2 2x 2x 4
e.
(Matematika 96 Rayon A)
lim
x2 2x ) 2x 4
= lim =
x 2
+ lim
x 2
4x 0 lim x 2 1 0
x 2 + lim 22 0 = 8 + 1 = 9 x 2
24. lim a a b b =
a b
a b
a. 0
b. 3a
c. 3 b
d. 3b
e. (Matematika 96 Rayon B)
3 2 1 2
a2 0 1 a 2 0
= lim 3 a 2 a 2 = lim 3a = 3b
a b a b
Limit
=
1 2
a. 0
Jawab : C
x
b.
1 2
c.
d. 2
e. ~
(Matematika 96 Rayon C)
lim
2x + 2x 3 2x 2x 3 2
= =
1 lim 2 x 2 + 2 x 3 2 x 2 2 x 3 2 x 1 2 ( 2 ) = 1 = 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
26. lim
x 0 3
1+ x 1 1+ x 1
=
1 3
a. 0
Jawab : D
b.
c.
2 3
3 d. 2
e. 2
(Matematika 97 Rayon A)
lim 1 + x 1 x 0 3 1 + x 1
x 0
2 lim (1 + x ) 1 1
(1 + x ) 3 1
1
1 (1 + x ) 2 0 lim 2 2 x 0 1 (1 + x ) 3 0 3
1 (1 + 0 ) 2 2 1 (1 + 0 ) 3 3
2
2 = 3 = 1 2 3
27. lim x 2 2 x + 3 =
x 3
x 9
a.
1 3
b.
1 9
c.
1 6
d. 1
e. 0
(Matematika 97 Rayon B)
lim x 2 x + 3
x 9
2
= lim =
x 3
1 2 2x + 3 2x
f(x) =
g ( x ) f(x) = g' ( x )
2 g( x )
2 1 2 6+3 6
1 1 3 6
= 1 9
28. lim
x 1
x2 + 3 x 1 1 x2
=
4
a1
b. 1
c. 0
d. 1
e. 1
lim
x2 + 3 x 1 1 x2
3
2 lim 2 x + 3 2 x x 1
2 1 2 4 2
= 1
29. lim
x 1
a. 0
x2 2 3 x + 1 = ( x 1) 2 b. 1 3
c. 1
5
d. 1
e. 1
(Matematika 98 Rayon A)
Limit
185
Jawab : B
x 1
lim
x2 2 3 x + 1 ( x 1) 2
= lim = lim
x 1
x3 2 x3 + 1 ( x 1) 2
2 3
Bentuk
0 0
gunakan DHospital
1 3
x 1
2 x 3 2 ( x 1)
4 3
2 3
Bentuk
2 + 4 3 3
0 0
gunakan DHospital
= lim
2 x 3
5 3 +4x 3
x 1
= 1 3
x 0
3 9+ x
a. 30
Jawab : E
b. 1
c. 0
d. 1
e. 30 (Matematika 98 Rayon B)
2 2 lim 2 x 5 x = lim 2 x 5 x x 0 3 9 + x x 0 3 9 + x
3 + 9+ x 3 + 9+ x
2 = lim ( 2 x 5x ) (3 + 9+ x )
x 0
9 (9 x )
(3 + 9+ x ) = lim x ( 2 x 5) x
x 0
x 0
= lim (2x 5) (3 + 9+ x ) = 30
2n 31. lim x x =
x 1
1 x
a. 2n 1
b. 1 2n
c. 2n
d. 2n 2 e. 2n + 2 (Matematika 98 Rayon C)
Limit
186
Kumpulan soal Matematika Dasar 1.
xk
lim
xk sin( x k ) + 2 k 2 x
= .
(C)
1 3
(A) 1
(B) 0
(D)
1 2
2. lim 1 x = . 2
x 1
1 x
2
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C)
1 4
(D) 1
3.
(D)
1 2
(E)
1 4
( UMPTN 98 RAYON A ) 4.
x0
lim
x x= x +x
.
2
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 1
(D) 2
x0
6.
(D) 5
7.
(C) 2
(D) 3
(A) 0
(B) 2
(C) 4
(D) 6
9.
x 0
lim
tan x x2 + 2x
=
(C) 0 (D) 1 2 (E) 1 4 ( UMPTN 97 RAYON A )
(A) 2
(B) 1
(C) 1 3
(D) 1 2
3 (E) 4
( UMPTN 97 RAYON A )
Limit
187
11. lim
sin x 2 x 2 2 x (A) 1 2
x0
=
(B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 1 (E) 2 ( UMPTN 97 RAYON B )
12. lim
x 7
x 7 x 7
=
(B) 3 7 (C) 2 7 (D) 1
2 7
(A) 7 7
(E) 1
( UMPTN 97 RAYON B )
3 = 13. lim x x 3 x 3 (A) 1 3 (B) 1 6
(C) 1 (D) 3
sin x
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) 0
Limit