R-7 (keluarga roket)
Keluarga roket R-7 (Rusia: Р-7) adalah serangkaian roket, berasal dari R-7 Semyorka Soviet, ICBM pertama di dunia. Lebih roket R-7 telah diluncurkan daripada keluarga roket besar lainnya.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Soviet_rocket_in_La_Coupole_Flickr_1391384251_f29c5bd867_o.jpg/200px-Soviet_rocket_in_La_Coupole_Flickr_1391384251_f29c5bd867_o.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Roket_Launcher_R-7.svg/200px-Roket_Launcher_R-7.svg.png)
R-7 ternyata tidak praktis sebagai rudal balistik, tetapi menemukan aplikasi panjang di Soviet dan program ruang Rusia kemudian. Keluarga R-7 terdiri dari kedua rudal, dan roket pembawa orbital. Derivatif termasuk Vostok, Voskhod dan roket Soyuz, yang telah digunakan untuk semua Soviet, dan kemudian spaceflights berawak Rusia. Jenis ini memiliki konfigurasi yang unik di mana empat mesin berbahan bakar cair break-away mengelilingi inti pusat. Inti bertindak sebagai "tahap kedua" berlaku setelah empat mesin yang lain dibuang.
Varian
suntingData dibawah merupakan data pengenalan. Sebagian besar roket R 7 telah pensiun. Versi aktif berwarna hijau.
Nama | GRAU index |
Fungsi | N° Core Stages[a] |
Penerbangan perdana | Penerbangan final | Peluncuran[b] | Keterangan | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Sukses | Gagal (+ partial) | |||||||
R-7 Semyorka | 8K71 | ICBM | 1 | 15 May 1957 | 27 February 1961 | 27 | 18 | 9 | World's first ICBM |
Sputnik-PS | 8K71PS | Carrier rocket | 1 | 4 October 1957 | 3 November 1957 | 2 | 2 | 0 | World's first carrier rocket Launched Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 |
Sputnik | 8A91 | Carrier rocket | 1 | 27 April 1958 | 15 May 1958 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Launched Sputnik 3 |
Luna | 8K72 | Carrier rocket | 2 | 23 September 1958 | 16 April 1960 | 9 | 2 | 7 | Launched first Lunar probes |
R-7A Semyorka | 8K74 | ICBM | 1 | 23 December 1959 | 25 July 1967 | 21 | 18 | 3 | |
Vostok-L | 8K72L | Carrier rocket | 2 | 15 May 1960 | 1 December 1960 | 4 | 3 | 1 | |
Molniya | 8K78 | Carrier rocket | 3 | 20 January 1960 | 3 December 1965 | 26 | 12 | 14 | |
Vostok-K | 8K72K | Carrier rocket | 2 | 22 December 1960 | 10 July 1964 | 13 | 11 | 2 | Used for manned Vostok missions First rocket to launch a man into space |
Molniya-L | 8K78L | Carrier rocket | 4 | ||||||
Vostok-2 | 8A92 | Carrier rocket | 2 | 1 June 1962 | 12 May 1967 | 45 | 40 | 5 | |
Polyot | 11A59 | Carrier rocket | 1 | 1 November 1963 | 12 April 1964 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
Voskhod | 11A57 | Carrier rocket | 2 | 16 November 1963 | 29 June 1976 | 300 | 277 | 23 | Launched manned Voskhod 1 and Voskhod 2 missions |
Molniya-M | 8K78M | Carrier rocket | 3 | 19 February 1964 | 30 September 2010[1] | 297 | 276 | 21 | |
Vostok-2M | 8A92M | Carrier rocket | 2 | 28 August 1964 | 29 August 1991 | 94 | 92 | 2 | |
Soyuz/Vostok | 11A510 | Carrier rocket | 3 | 27 December 1965 | 20 July 1966 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
Soyuz | 11A511 | Carrier rocket | 2 | 28 November 1966 | 24 May 1975 | 30 | 28 | 2 | Launched several manned Soyuz missions |
Soyuz-B | 11K55 | Carrier rocket | 2 | ||||||
Soyuz-V | 11K56 | Carrier rocket | 2 | ||||||
Soyuz-R | 11A514 | Carrier rocket | 2 | ||||||
Soyuz-L | 11A511L | Carrier rocket | 2 | 24 November 1970 | 12 August 1971 | 3 | 3 | 0 | |
Soyuz-M | 11A511M | Carrier rocket | 2 | 27 December 1971 | 31 March 1976 | 8 | 8 | 0 | |
Soyuz-U | 11A511U | Carrier rocket | 2 or 3 | 18 May 1973 | Active | 783 | 763 | 21[2] | Single most launched carrier rocket ever built Used for a number of manned Soyuz launches |
Soyuz-U2 | 11A511U2 | Carrier rocket | 2 | 23 December 1982 | 3 September 1995 | 72 | 72 | 0 | Used for a number of manned Soyuz launches |
Soyuz-FG | 11A511U-FG | Carrier rocket | 2 or 3 | 20 May 2001 | Active | 56 | 56 | 0 | Used for current manned Soyuz launches |
Soyuz-2.1a / STA | 14A14A | Carrier rocket | 2 or 3 | 8 November 2004 | Active | 28 | 26 | 1+1p | |
Soyuz-2.1b / STB | 14A14B | Carrier rocket | 2 or 3 | 27 December 2006 | Active | 30 | 28 | 1+1p | |
Soyuz-2-1v | 14A15 | Carrier rocket | 2 | 28 December 2013 | Active | 2 | 1 | 1p | |
Referensi
sunting- ^ Mu, Xuequan (1 October 2010). "Russia sends military satellite into space". Xinhua. Diakses tanggal 30 September 2010.
- ^ In 1983, flight Soyuz T-10a took fire on the launch pad before the end of the countdown, so it is not counted in the list of launches; this is why adding successes and failures yields 778 launches instead of 777.
- McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch List - R-7 Family". Jonathan's Space Page. Diakses tanggal 2008-12-21.
- Wade, Mark. "Soyuz". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Diakses tanggal 2008-12-21.
- Rocket R-7 Diarsipkan 2020-03-30 di Wayback Machine. from S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, a Russian rocket and space contractor