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The article discusses eight Genizah fragments of small parts of the book of Genesis, which were possibly copied by Samuel ben Jacob. One of these fragments included Saadya Gaon’s translation, another was identified as Yefet ben Eli’s... more
The article discusses eight Genizah fragments of small parts of the book of Genesis, which were possibly copied by Samuel ben Jacob. One of these fragments included Saadya Gaon’s translation, another was identified as Yefet ben Eli’s translation, and the remaining six -  a mixed version of Saadya and Yefet ben Eli. The last seven fragments probably belonged to one manuscript.
This article presents several Genizah fragments containing passages of Saadya Gaon's translation of the Pentateuch in the handwriting of a copyist identified as Yedutun Ha-Levi ben Levi He-Ḥaver, who was active in the first half of the... more
This article presents several Genizah fragments containing passages of Saadya Gaon's translation of the Pentateuch in the handwriting of a copyist identified as Yedutun Ha-Levi ben Levi He-Ḥaver, who was active in the first half of the thirteenth century. These passages are transcribed in full in the article, together with a critical apparatus which compares them with early important manuscripts of Saadya Gaon's translation of the Pentateuch and the popular critical Derenbourg edition. The textual and grammatical analysis following these passages shows that their language should be regarded as post-Classical, and that both text and language broadly correspond with the early version of this translation, represented in MS St. Petersburg, RNL, MS Yevr. II C 1—the earliest inclusive manuscript of Saadya Gaon's translation of the Pentateuch copied by Samuel ben Jacob at the beginning of the eleventh century.
The article investigates three Genizah fragments of parts of Saadya Gaon’s translation of the Pentateuch that contain Karaite renditions and alternations. The largest and most important of them is the Genizah fragment St. Petersburg, RNL,... more
The article investigates three Genizah fragments of parts of
Saadya Gaon’s translation of the Pentateuch that contain Karaite
renditions and alternations. The largest and most important of
them is the Genizah fragment St. Petersburg, RNL, Yevr.-Arab. I
1753, which contains vestiges of Gen. 7-18; 32-44; Exod. 3-5; 9-19;
23-30; 39. Special attention is also given to alternate readings in
the latter that have parallels both in Ms. St. Petersburg, RNL,
Yevr. II C1 (~ 1009-1010, copied by Samuel ben Jacob), the earliest
comprehensive manuscript of Saadya Gaon’s translation of the
Pentateuch known to us, and in translation units of Saadya’s
exegesis of Exodus. An appendix following the article provides
a critical edition of the three Genizah fragments, including an
indication of the Karaite vestiges and comparative notes.
The article deals with Biblical Hebrew construct phrases, in which the second member is not a noun but a relative clause, also occasionally referred to as a noun governing a verb, in examples such as קִרְיַת חָנָה דָוִד (Isa. 29.1),... more
The article deals with Biblical Hebrew construct phrases, in which the second member is not a noun but a relative clause, also occasionally referred to as a noun governing a verb, in examples such as קִרְיַת חָנָה דָוִד (Isa. 29.1), תְּחִלַּת דִּבֶּר–יְהוָה בְּהוֹשֵׁעַ (Hos. 1.2). This construction, also known in other Semitic languages, is only occasionally attested in Biblical Hebrew, and has consequently caused some confusion among Bible and Biblical Hebrew scholars as to its analysis and interpretation. The article reexamines this construction by primarily dividing it into two sub-groups according to the type of relative clause in the genitive status, syndetic or asyndetic, and emphasizes their inherent common characteristics.
This volume presents the research insights of twelve new studies by fourteen linguists examining a range of Biblical Hebrew grammatical phenomena. The contributions proceed from the second international workshop of the Biblical Hebrew... more
This volume presents the research insights of twelve new studies by fourteen linguists examining a range of Biblical Hebrew grammatical phenomena. The contributions proceed from the second international workshop of the Biblical Hebrew Linguistics and Philology network (www.BHLaP.wordpress.com), initiated in 2017 to bring together theoretical linguists and Hebraists in order to reinvigorate the study of Biblical Hebrew grammar. Recent linguistic theory is applied to the study of the ancient language, and results in innovative insight into pausal forms, prosodic dependency, ordinal numeral syntax, ellipsis, the in nitive system, light verbs, secondary predicates, verbal semantics of the Hiphil binyan, and hybrid constructions.
The article discusses Biblical Hebrew construct phrases in which the second member is a relative clause, such as קרית חנה דוד (Isa 29:1), תחלת דבר-יהוה בהושע (Hos 1:2). This Semitic pattern only occasionally appears in Biblical Hebrew and... more
The article discusses Biblical Hebrew construct phrases in which the second member is a relative clause, such as קרית חנה דוד (Isa 29:1), תחלת דבר-יהוה בהושע (Hos 1:2). This Semitic pattern only occasionally appears in Biblical Hebrew and has caused some confusion among scholars as to its analysis and interpretation. The discussion covers all its linguistic aspects and suggests that grammaticalization process was involved in its development.
The article presents a full transcription and discussion of eighteen early Genizah fragments of Saadya's Bible translation made of parchment (sixteen from the Pentateuch and two from the book of Daniel) and copied by the scribe Samuel b.... more
The article presents a full transcription and discussion of eighteen early Genizah fragments of Saadya's Bible translation made of parchment (sixteen from the Pentateuch and two from the book of Daniel) and copied by the scribe Samuel b. Shechaniah b. Amram. Seventeen of them are long narrow pieces of parchment of uneven size, and some are two or more pieces sewn together. These fragments were bound in the form of a rotulus, that is, the pages are attached across their upper and lower margins to form a roll that is read vertically. The fragments are undated; nevertheless, codicological considerations, including their form and method of binding, the material onto which they were copied, and the type of handwriting allow us to assume that they were copied already in the tenth century, or at least no later than the beginning of the eleventh.
The article discusses variations in the orthography of Hebrew incipits in early Genizah fragments of Saadya Gaon’s translation of the Pentateuch (mostly from the eleventh to twelfth centuries). Among its findings is inconsistent variation... more
The article discusses variations in the orthography of Hebrew incipits in early Genizah fragments of Saadya Gaon’s translation of the Pentateuch (mostly from the eleventh to twelfth centuries). Among its findings is inconsistent variation in the Hebrew incipits’ use of Hebrew matres lectionis as compared to the Tiberian masoretic transmission. Moreover, the Genizah fragments provide cases in which the Hebrew words differ from those of the Tiberian masoretic transmission with regard to content; for example, omissions and alternations with other Hebrew words. These changes most probably did not arise from the copying of non-Tiberian masoretic versions of the Bible, but from the copyists’ reliance on memory in preparing copies of the Bible for personal use.
The article discusses JTS ENA NS 69.12, a Genizah fragment of Saadya Gaon’s translation of Numbers 27.18-22, 28.2-7, whose scribe can be identified as Mevōrākh b. Nāthān, a well-known scribe active in Fusṭāṭ in 1150–1180 CE. The article... more
The article discusses JTS ENA NS 69.12, a Genizah fragment of Saadya Gaon’s translation of Numbers 27.18-22, 28.2-7, whose scribe can be identified as Mevōrākh b. Nāthān, a well-known scribe active in Fusṭāṭ in 1150–1180 CE. The article includes its transcription, a critical apparatus, and its philological and linguistic analysis. This Genizah fragment shows similarities to other fragments of Saadya’s translation copied in the 12th century and reflects various Middle Judeo-Arabic features but also follows in various aspects the version found in the earliest dated inclusive manuscript of Saadya Gaon’s translation of the Pentateuch known to us, MS St. Petersburg RNL Yevr. II C 1, copied by Samuel ben Jacob in the beginning of the 11 th century
The article discusses JTS ENA NS 69.12, a Genizah fragment of Saadya Gaon’s translation of Numbers 27.18-22, 28.2-7, whose scribe can be identified as Mevōrākh b. Nāthān, a well-known scribe active in Fusṭāṭ in 1150–1180 CE. The article... more
The article discusses JTS ENA NS 69.12, a Genizah fragment of Saadya Gaon’s translation of Numbers 27.18-22, 28.2-7, whose scribe can be identified as Mevōrākh b. Nāthān, a well-known scribe active in Fusṭāṭ in 1150–1180 CE. The article includes its transcription, a critical apparatus, and its philological and linguistic analysis. This Genizah fragment shows similarities to other fragments of Saadya’s translation copied in the 12th century and reflects various Middle Judeo-Arabic features but also follows in various aspects the version found in the earliest dated inclusive manuscript of Saadya Gaon’s translation of the Pentateuch known to us, MS St. Petersburg RNL Yevr. II C 1, copied by Samuel ben Jacob in the beginning of the 11 th century.
Content clauses are subordinate clauses substituting for nouns. The paper focuses on the types of content clauses which existed in four Northwest Semitic languages of the second and first millennia bc: the Akkadian language of the Amarna... more
Content clauses are subordinate clauses substituting for nouns. The paper focuses on the types of content clauses which existed in four Northwest Semitic languages of the second and first millennia bc: the Akkadian language of the Amarna tablets, Ugaritic, Biblical Hebrew and Biblical and Egyptian Aramaic. It seeks to find out whether all the four types of content clauses existing, for example, in English and Modern Hebrew, viz. subject content clauses, predicate content clauses, attributive content clauses and object content clauses, also existed in these four Northwest Semitic languages of the second and first millennia bc, and if not, which types existed in them, and to what extent.
The paper surveys the state of research of Hebrew syntax from approximately the mid-20th century onward. It indicates the themes which have already received the attention of scholars to varying extents and points out areas of research... more
The paper surveys the state of research of Hebrew syntax from approximately the mid-20th century onward. It indicates the themes which have already received the attention of scholars to varying extents and points out areas of research which deserve the attention of scholars in the future. Among the topics discussed are the syntactic roles of word classes; the main syntactic functions, viz. subject, predicate, object, attribute, and adverbial; syntactic relations, viz. the predicative relation, the attributive relation, and the object/adverbial relation; verb government and valency; grammatical agreement; annexation; clause patterns, parataxis and hypotaxis; verbal moods, copulas and auxiliary verbs, and negation.
The study of the Samaritan version of Saadya Gaon’s translation of the Pentateuch (the tafsīr), mainly based on MS London BL OR7562, shows that a Saadyan version in Arabic Characters was adopted by the Samaritans and adapted to the... more
The study of the Samaritan version of Saadya Gaon’s translation of the Pentateuch (the tafsīr), mainly based on MS London BL OR7562, shows that a Saadyan version in Arabic Characters was adopted by the Samaritans and adapted to the Samaritan Hebrew Pentateuch. The transmission of this version in MS London BL OR7562 continued after the early Samaritan Arabic translation of the Pentateuch and perhaps also its later revision had already been created, since many of their translations were preserved in MS BL OR7562, mixed with its Saadyan basic text. As MS London BL OR7562 also contains numerous words and phrases paralleled only in Christian Arabic translations of the Pentateuch and Saadyan adaptations, mainly related to the Peshitta tradition, it is reasonable to assume that these were the sources of this Samaritan Saadyan version and possibly also of the other Samaritan Arabic translations. The Samaritan version of Saadya’s translation of the Pentateuch also reveals some parallels to tenth- and eleventh-century Karaite translations and it contains prominent Aramaic and Islamic vocabulary, unfamiliar in other versions of Saadya’s tafsīr.
The article examines the methods of rendering personal names and place names in the Samaritan version of Saadya Gaon's translation of the Pentateuch in MS BL OR7562. The examination is based on examples from Genesis 11 to Exodus 1, which... more
The article examines the methods of rendering personal names and place names in the Samaritan version of Saadya Gaon's translation of the Pentateuch in MS BL OR7562. The examination is based on examples from Genesis 11 to Exodus 1, which are part of the first hand stage in the manuscript. The renderings are compared to those found in various manuscripts and printed editions of Saadya Gaon's translation of the Pentateuch in Hebrew and Arabic script, in the Samaritan Arabic translation of the Pentateuch, given in two different versions, the old one and its later revision, in Shehadeh's edition, and in pre-Saadyan Arabic translations.
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And 26 more

Energicus Energicus/energic/energetic and an-nūn al-muʾakkida/nūn at-tawkīd (al-xafīfa wa-ṯ-ṯaqīla) in Arabic are parallel names for an optional ending of either single or geminate-n-which is occasionally suffixed to certain Semitic verb... more
Energicus Energicus/energic/energetic and an-nūn al-muʾakkida/nūn at-tawkīd (al-xafīfa wa-ṯ-ṯaqīla) in Arabic are parallel names for an optional ending of either single or geminate-n-which is occasionally suffixed to certain Semitic verb conjugations, particles, and prepositions. In Arabic, the energicus appears mostly in Classical Arabic and is found in many
This is the Doctoral Dissertation of the late Dr. Mikhal Oren, who passed away in 2017. I was fortunate to be the supervisor of this outstanding study. I thank her father Arie Oren for kindly giving me the permission to make it available... more
This is the Doctoral Dissertation of the late Dr. Mikhal Oren, who passed away in 2017. I was fortunate to be the supervisor of this outstanding study. I thank her father Arie Oren for kindly giving me the permission to make it available here.
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The Humanities and Social Sciences Fund Conference titled the Society of Judeo-Arabic Studies: JUDEO-ARABIC STUDIES AFTER THE ERA OF JOSHUA BLAU AND NORMAN GOLB 14-17 August 2022 Ben Zvi Institute, Jerusalem & The University of Haifa... more
The Humanities and Social Sciences Fund Conference titled the Society of Judeo-Arabic Studies: JUDEO-ARABIC STUDIES AFTER THE ERA OF JOSHUA BLAU AND NORMAN GOLB
14-17 August 2022
Ben Zvi Institute, Jerusalem & The University of Haifa

הכינוס הבינלאומי העשרים של החברה לחקר התרבות הערבית-היהודית של ימי הביניים: חקר הערבית היהודית אחרי עידן יהושע בלאו ונורמן גולב
י"ז-כ' באב ה'תשפ"ב, 17-14 באוגוסט 2022
יד יצחק בן צבי, ירושלים, ואוניברסיטת חיפה
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Paper presented at the Online Worshop: New Discoveries in Late Biblical Hebrew Syntax and Beyond, International Research Workshop of the Israel Science Foundation, Bar Ilan University, 13-15 June 2022
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Biblical Hebrew grammars usually treat extensively standard syntactic constructions, which are used on a regular basis and form the essence of Biblical Hebrew syntax, e.g. genitive phrases, nominal and verbal clauses, relative clauses,... more
Biblical Hebrew grammars usually treat extensively standard syntactic constructions, which are used on a regular basis and form the essence of Biblical Hebrew syntax, e.g. genitive phrases, nominal and verbal clauses, relative clauses, interrogative clauses, circumstantial clauses, various adverbial clauses, conditional sentences, etc. This lecture will focus on Biblical Hebrew constructions that do not fully fit any of the conventional syntactic classifications and share some properties of more than one construction. Such constructions, which usually initially reflect syntactic fluctuation, may sometimes be subject to reanalysis and can occasionally emerge into new constructions which deserve their own independent treatment within the same language phase or in later phases.
Lecture delivered on May 17 2017 at the University of Haifa in the workshop:  FROM FUSTAT TO HAIFA:
AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH WORKSHOP OF THE ISRAEL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CELEBRATING 120 YEARS OF GENIZAH RESEARCH
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תרגום רס"ג לתורה, שחיבר רב סעדיה גאון במחצית הראשונה של המאה העשירית, נמסר באותיות עבריות ובאותיות ערביות. את המסירה המזרחית באותיות עבריות, שלא ממסורת תימן, מייצגים באופן מהימן כ"י סנט פטרסבורג, הספרייה הלאומית הרוסית, Evr. II C1, שהעתיק... more
תרגום רס"ג לתורה, שחיבר רב סעדיה גאון במחצית הראשונה של המאה העשירית, נמסר באותיות עבריות ובאותיות ערביות. את המסירה המזרחית באותיות עבריות, שלא ממסורת תימן, מייצגים באופן מהימן כ"י סנט פטרסבורג, הספרייה הלאומית הרוסית, Evr. II C1, שהעתיק שמואל בן יעקב, מעתיק כתב יד לנינגרד הנודע למקרא, סביב 1009–1010 לערך (להלן ס), וכ"י אוקספורד, הספרייה הבודליאנית, Poc. 395, 396, שהוא כתב יד מזרחי המתוארך לשנת 1449 (להלן א). על אף קדמותו וחשיבותו של ס, לא נשתמר בו חלק ניכר מספר ויקרא, הכולל את פרקים א-טו, וכן פסוקים וחלקי פסוקים במקומות רבים נוספים. לשם השלמת הידוע משני כתבי יד אלה על שלביו המוקדמים של ענף המסירה המזרחי באותיות עבריות של תרגום רס"ג לתורה, כדאי לפנות אל שרידי כתבי היד של תרגום זה, שנשתמרו בקטעי הגניזה הרבים שמקורם בגניזות קהיר.
המהדורה הביקורתית המובאת במאמר זה, כמפורט להלן, נועדה להשלים את החסר על הנוסח המוקדם של תרגום רס"ג לפרקים יא-טו בספר ויקרא, החסרים בס, ולפסוקים רבים נוספים החסרים בו גם מפרק טז ואילך, ולאפשר השוואה בין המקורות הנכללים בה לאותם חלקים של תרגום רס"ג שנשתמרו בס מפרק טז ואילך. השווינו אף לכ"י א בשל חשיבותו ומהימנותו, ולמהדורות דירינבורג (להלן ד), משום שהיא המהדורה הביקורתית היחידה העומדת לרשותנו כיום ובשל תפוצתה הרבה
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This article presents several Genizah fragments containing passages of Saadya Gaon's translation of the Pentateuch in the handwriting of a copyist identified as Yedutun Ha-Levi ben Levi He-Ḥaver, who was active in the first half of the... more
This article presents several Genizah fragments containing passages of Saadya Gaon's translation of the Pentateuch in the handwriting of a copyist identified as Yedutun Ha-Levi ben Levi He-Ḥaver, who was active in the first half of the thirteenth century. These passages are transcribed in full in the article, together with a critical apparatus which compares them with early important manuscripts of Saadya Gaon's translation of the Pentateuch and the popular critical Derenbourg edition. The textual and grammatical analysis following these passages shows that their language should be regarded as post-Classical, and that both text and language broadly correspond with the early version of this translation, represented in MS St. Petersburg, RNL, MS Yevr. II C 1—the earliest inclusive manuscript of Saadya Gaon's translation of the Pentateuch copied by Samuel ben Jacob at the beginning of the eleventh century.