The FromField typeclass, for converting a single value in a row returned by a SQL query into a more useful Haskell representation.

A Haskell numeric type is considered to be compatible with all PostgreSQL numeric types that are less accurate than it. For instance, the Haskell Double type is compatible with the PostgreSQL's 32-bit int type because it can represent a int exactly. On the other hand, since a Double might lose precision if representing PostgreSQL's 64-bit bigint, the two are not considered compatible.

Because FromField is a typeclass, one may provide conversions to additional Haskell types without modifying postgresql-simple. This is particularly useful for supporting PostgreSQL types that postgresql-simple does not support out-of-box. Here's an example of what such an instance might look like for a UUID type that implements the Read class:

import Data.UUID ( UUID )
import Database.PostgreSQL.Simple.BuiltinTypes
                 ( BuiltinType(UUID), builtin2oid )
import qualified Data.ByteString as B

instance FromField UUID where
   fromField f mdata =
      if typeOid f /= builtin2oid UUID
        then returnError Incompatible f ""
        else case B.unpack `fmap` mdata of
               Nothing   -> returnError UnexpectedNull f ""
               Just data ->
                  case [ x | (x,t) <- reads data, ("","") <- lex t ] of
                    [x] -> Ok x
                    _   -> returnError ConversionError f data

Note that because PostgreSQL's uuid type is built into postgres and is not provided by an extension, the typeOid of uuid does not change and thus we can examine it directly. Here, we simply pull the type oid out of the static table provided by postgresql-simple.

On the other hand if the type is provided by an extension, such as PostGIS or hstore, then the typeOid is not stable and can vary from database to database. In this case it is recommended that FromField instances use typename instead.