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Motorola 88000

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Motorola 88000
instruction set architecture (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Mai haɓakawa Motorola (en) Fassara

88000 (m88k don takaice) tsarin tsarin umarni ne na RISC wanda Motorola ta kirkira a cikin shekarun 1980. MC88100 ya isa kasuwa a cikin 1988, wasu shekaru biyu bayan SPARC da MIPS masu fafatawa. Saboda farkon marigayi da jinkiri mai yawa da ke sakin MC88110, m88k ya sami iyakantaccen nasara a waje da dandalin MVME da kuma mahalli mai sarrafawa. Lokacin da Motorola ta shiga kawancen AIM a cikin 1991 don haɓaka PowerPC, ci gaba da ci gaba na 88000 ya ƙare.

Motorola ta shiga cikin shekarun 1980 a matsayin karfi; Motorola 68000 da suka gabatar kwanan nan sun sauƙaƙe fiye da kowane microprocessor a kasuwa, kuma gine-ginen 32-bit ya dace da kasuwar tashar aiki mai tasowa. Intel ba ta motsawa cikin sararin samaniya na 32-bit, kuma kamfanonin da suka yi, musamman National Semiconductor, sun yi kuskure kuma sun bar Motorola a cikin iko da duk abin da ba Intel ba. A lokacin, Intel tana da kusan 80% na kasuwar kwamfuta gaba ɗaya, yayin da Motorola ke sarrafa 90% na sauran.

A cikin wannan ya zo farkon 1980 na gabatarwar manufar RISC. Da farko, akwai muhawara mai tsanani a cikin masana'antar ko ra'ayin zai inganta aikin, ko kuma idan shirye-shiryen harshe na inji masu tsawo zasu rage aiwatarwar ta hanyar ƙarin damar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Dukkanin irin wannan muhawara ta ƙare a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 lokacin da tashoshin aiki na farko na RISC suka fito; sabuwar Sun-3/80 da ke gudana a kan 20 MHz Motorola 68030 da aka ba da game da 3 MIPS, yayin da na farko na SPARC da aka ba su Sun-4/260 tare da 16 MHz SPARC ya ba da 10 MIPS.   Hewlett-Packard, DEC da sauran manyan masu siyarwa duk sun fara motsawa zuwa dandamali na RISC.

Wannan canjin a kasuwa yana da damar kulle Motorola daga kasuwar tashar aiki, ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke da riba. Apple ya kasance babban mai siyar da kamfanin ne kawai a waje da sararin aiki; wasu masu amfani da 68000, musamman Atari Corporation da Commodore International, suna raguwa a cikin kasuwar da ke saurin daidaitawa akan IBM PC.

Hanyar Motorola

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Zane-zane na RISC ƙoƙari ne na hankali don daidaita mai sarrafawa zuwa nau'ikan ayyukan da masu tarawa ke kira a wannan dandamali, game da tashoshin aiki na Unix, Harshen shirye-shiryen C. Aikin IBM 801 na asali ya lura cewa masu tarawa gabaɗaya ba su yi amfani da mafi yawan umarnin da ke gare su ba, kuma a maimakon haka sun yi amfani da umarni mafi sauƙi, sau da yawa saboda waɗannan sun yi sauri. Duk da haka samar da sauran sassan waɗannan umarni na asali sun kara sama da asali. Cire waɗannan umarnin da ba a yi amfani da su ba daga CPU ya kawar da wannan sama kuma ya saki babban ɗaki a kan guntu. Wannan ya ba da damar ƙara yawan rajistar mai sarrafawa, wanda ke da tasiri sosai akan aikin fiye da umarnin da aka cire na musamman. Saboda wannan dalili, ana iya cewa ra'ayin RISC yana motsawa ta hanyar ƙirar duniya ta masu tarawa.[1]

Labaran Motorola akan ƙirar 88000 suna magana ne game da umarni guda ɗaya, manyan fayilolin rajista na processor da sauran alamun ra'ayin RISC, amma ba su ambaci kalmar "RISC" ko da sau ɗaya ba.[2] Kamar yadda kayayyakin RISC na yanzu suka shiga kasuwa, kamfanin ya yanke shawarar cewa ba za su yi ƙoƙari su yi gasa da waɗannan ba kuma a maimakon haka za su samar da mai sarrafawa mafi ƙarfi a duniya. Don yin wannan, sun ɗauki bayanan ƙira daga ɗayan kwamfutocin da suka fi sauri na zamanin da ya gabata, supercomputer na CDC 6600. Musamman, sun karɓi ra'ayin 6600 na allon maki. Scoreboarding ya ba da damar CPU don bincika amfani da umarnin rajista kuma nan da nan ya aika waɗanda ba su dogara da lissafin da suka gabata waɗanda ba a kammala su ba; wannan ya ba da izinin sake tsara umarnin don ba da damar waɗanda ke da bayanan da ake buƙata su gudana yayin da wasu ke da bayanan su daga cache ko ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Wannan sake tsara umarni na iya inganta amfani har zuwa 35% .[2]

Zane kuma ya yi amfani da bayanai daban-daban da adireshin umarni. Wannan yana da tsada dangane da ƙididdigar pin; duka umarni da bayanan bayanan suna da pin 32 don adireshin su da pin 32 ga bayanan, ma'ana cikakken tsarin ya yi amfani da pin 128 akan "P-bus". Wannan ƙirar ta dogara ne akan lura cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ayyukan suna da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya; sauran suna aiki akan bayanan da aka riga aka karanta. Wannan ya fi son samun hanyar koyarwa ta musamman zuwa cache na koyarwa na waje. Cache, da kuma haɗin sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (MMU) da farko sun kasance na waje, ana iya haɗa mai kula da cache zuwa ko dai bayanan ko bas ɗin umarni, kuma ana iya amfani da masu sarrafawa huɗu a kowane bas. A ciki akwai motoci uku na 32-bit, waɗanda aka haɗa da raka'a na ciki a hanyoyi daban-daban kamar yadda ake buƙata don karatu da rubuta bayanai zuwa rajista.[2]

Wani fasalin sabon ƙirar shine goyon bayansa na ƙwarewa ga masu sarrafawa na musamman, ko "ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman", ko SFUs.[2] Baya ga umarnin ciki da aka goyi bayan daga akwatin, ya ware wasu tubalan umarni 256 waɗanda masu aiki zasu iya amfani da su. Wannan an yi shi ne ga masu zanen da suke so su tsara tsarin; za a iya ƙara sabbin sassan aiki ba tare da ya shafi tsarin tsarin umarni na yanzu ba, tabbatar da jituwa da software don babban aiki.[1] Kowane 88000 ya zo tare da SFU1 da aka riga aka shigar, na'urar da ke iyo (FPU). [4] Umurnin reshe da tsalle sun haɗa da zaɓi na reshe mai jinkiri (.n), wanda za'a iya ƙayyade shi don tabbatar da cewa ana aiwatar da umarnin da ya biyo baya kafin umarnin reshe, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin reshe ba.[1] Sanya umarnin reshe ko wasu umarni wanda zai iya canza maɓallin umarni, a cikin ramin jinkirin reshe an hana shi don kula da jituwa a nan gaba.[3]

By 1987 it was widely known that Motorola was designing its own RISC processor. Referred to by the computer industry as the "78000",[lower-alpha 1] an homage to the earlier 68000,[1] it became the 88000 when it was released in April 1988.

A matsayin sakamako na gefe na rikitarwa na ƙirar, CPU bai dace da guntu ɗaya ba. 68030, wanda aka saki shekara guda da ta gabata, yana da transistors 273,000, gami da sashin lissafi (ALU) da sashin kula da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (MMU) a kan guntu ɗaya, tare da sashin maɓallin ruwa (FPU) a matsayin guntu daban. Sabanin haka, 88000 sun kunshi ALU da FPU tare a kan 750,000 transistor MC88100, da kuma ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (MMU) da 16 KB static RAM cache a cikin 750,000 transist MC88200.  Ya bambanta da 68030 inda FPU ta kasance zaɓi ne da gaske, ba za a iya gina tsarin 88000 mai amfani ba tare da akalla MC88200 ɗaya ba. Tsarin na iya haɗawa da MC88200 fiye da ɗaya, samar da manyan ɓoyewa da ba da izini ga hanyoyi da yawa zuwa babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don ingantaccen aiki.[1]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Lid.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Alsup 1990.
  3. "MC88100 RISC Microprocessor User's Manual" (PDF). p. 88(3-33). Retrieved 2023-12-30.


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