Matsayin fitar da gurbatacciyar iska

Matsayin fitar da gurbataccciyar iska
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	environmental standard (en)

Matsayin fitarwa su ne ka'idodin doka da ke kula da gurɓataccen iska da aka fitar a cikin yanayi. Ka'idodin fitar da iska sun saita iyaka masu ƙididdigewa akan halaltaccen adadin ƙayyadaddun gurɓataccen iska waɗanda za'a iya fitar dasu daga takamaiman tushe akan takamaiman ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Kuma An tsara su gabaɗaya don cimma daidaiton ingancin iska da kuma kare rayuwar ɗan adam. Yankuna da ƙasashe daban-daban suna da ma'auni daban-daban na hayaƙin abin hawa.

Kafaffen tushe

Yawancin mizanan fitar da hayaki sun fi mayar da hankali kan daidaita gurɓatattun abubuwan da motoci ke fitarwa (motocin motoci) da sauran ababen hawa masu ƙarfi. Sannan Wasu kuma suna daidaita hayaki daga masana'antu, masana'antar wutar lantarki, ƙananan kayan aiki kamar injin yankan lawn da injinan dizal, da sauran hanyoyin gurɓataccen iska.

An kafa ka'idojin fitar da motoci na farko a cikin shekarata 1963 a cikin Amurka, galibi a matsayin martani ga matsalolin hayaki na Los Angeles . Shekaru uku bayan haka Japan ta kafa ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na farko, sannan tsakanin 1970 zuwa Shekarar 1972 ta Canada, Australia, da kasashen Turai da dama. Matsayin farko ya shafi carbon monoxide (CO) da hydrocarbons (HC). An gabatar da ka'idoji kan fitar da iskar nitrogen oxide (NO _x ) a cikin Amurka, Japan, da Kanada a cikin shekarata 1973 da 1974, tare da Sweden ta biyo baya a cikin 1976 da Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai a shekarata 1977. A cikin hankali waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun ƙaru sosai amma ba a taɓa samun haɗin kai ba. ^[1]

Akwai manyan ma'auni guda uku: Amurka, Jafananci, da Turai, tare da kasuwanni daban-daban galibi suna amfani da waɗannan azaman tushe. ^[1] Sweden, Switzerland, da kuma Ostiraliya suna da ma'auni daban-daban na fitar da hayaki na shekaru masu yawa amma tun daga lokacin sun karɓi ƙa'idodin Turai. Indiya, Sin, da sauran sabbin kasuwanni suma sun fara aiwatar da ka'idojin fitar da abin hawa (wanda aka samo daga buƙatun Turai) a cikin ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya, yayin da manyan motocin hawa suka haifar da matsalolin ingancin iska a can ma.

Matsayin aikin fitar da abin hawa

Ma'aunin aikin fitar da hayaƙi shine iyaka wanda ke saita ƙofofin sama waɗanda za'a iya buƙatar nau'in fasaha na sarrafa hayaki na daban. Yayin da aka yi amfani da ƙa'idodin aikin fitarwa don ƙaddamar da iyaka ga abubuwan gurɓatawa na yau da kullun kamar oxides na nitrogen da oxides na sulfur (NO _x da SO _x ), ana iya amfani da wannan dabarar ka'ida don daidaita iskar gas, musamman carbon dioxide ( CO ). A cikin Amurka, ana ba da wannan a cikin fam na carbon dioxide a kowace megawatt-hour (lbs. CO / MWhr), da kilogiram CO / MWhr a wani wuri.

Amirka ta Arewa

Kanada

A Kanada, Dokar Kariyar Muhalli ta Kanada, a shekarata 1999 (CEPA 1999) tana canja wurin ikon majalisa don daidaita hayaki daga motocin kan hanya da injuna zuwa Muhalli Kanada daga Dokar Kare Motoci ta Kanada. Dokokin sun daidaita ka'idojin fitar da hayaki tare da ka'idojin tarayya na Amurka kuma sun shafi motocin masu haske (misali, motocin fasinja), manyan motoci masu haske (misali, motocin haya, manyan motocin daukar kaya, motocin motsa jiki), motocin masu nauyi (misali, manyan motoci da sauransu). bas), injuna masu nauyi da babura.

Amurka

Amurka tana da nata tsarin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki wanda duk sabbin motoci dole ne su cika su. A Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ce ke sarrafa ka'idojin fitar da hayaki. A ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya, an ba wa jihar California damar ƙaddamar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin fitar da abin hawa (ƙarashin amincewar EPA), kuma wasu daga cikin jihohi na iya zaɓar bin ƙa'idodin ƙasa ko California. California ta samar da ma'aunin ingancin iska kafin EPA, tare da matsananciyar matsalolin ingancin iska a cikin babban birni na Los Angeles . LA shine birni na biyu mafi girma a ƙasar, kuma ya dogara sosai akan motoci kuma yana da ƙarancin yanayin yanayin yanayi fiye da manya da manyan birane na uku (New York da Chicago).

Wasu jihohin suna da yankuna a cikin jihar da ke buƙatar gwajin hayaki yayin da sauran garuruwan da ke a cikin jihar ba sa buƙatar gwajin hayaƙi. Wuraren gwajin fitar da hayaƙi na Arizona suna da farko a cikin manyan yankuna biyu mafi girma (Phoenix da Tucson). Kuma Ba a bukaci mutanen da ke wajen wadannan yankuna su mika motarsu domin yin gwaji domin wadannan wuraren ne kadai suka gaza a gwajin ingancin iska da jihar ta yi.

Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Jiragen Sama ta California (CARB) ce ta tsara ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaƙin California. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2009, wasu jihohi 16 sun amince da dokokin CARB; da aka ba da girman kasuwar California tare da waɗannan sauran jihohi, masana'antun da yawa sun zaɓi gina ma'auni na CARB lokacin sayarwa a duk jihohi 50. Manufofin CARB kuma sun yi tasiri ga ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaƙin EU.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

California na kokarin daidaita hayaki mai gurbata muhalli daga motoci, amma tana fuskantar kalubalen kotu daga gwamnatin tarayya. Har ila yau, jihohin suna ƙoƙarin tilasta Hukumar EPA ta Tarayya ta tsara yadda ake fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, wanda ya zuwa shekarata 2007 ta ƙi yin hakan. A ranar 19 ga Mayu, shekarar 2009, rahotannin labarai sun nuna cewa EPA ta Tarayya za ta yi amfani da ƙa'idodin California game da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi.

California da wasu jahohin yamma da dama sun zartas da kudurorin da ke buƙatar tsarin aiki na tushen iskar gas daga samar da wutar lantarki.

A ƙoƙarin rage hayaki daga injunan diesel masu nauyi cikin sauri, Shima Shirin Carl Moyer na CARB yana ba da kuɗin haɓakawa waɗanda ke gaban ƙa'idodi.

Ma'auni na ARB na California don fitar da abin hawa haske ƙa'ida ce ta kayan aiki da farko, kuma tare da tabbatar da hayaƙi na biyu. Ba a yarda mai abin hawa ya gyara, inganta, ko Kuma ƙirƙira mafita don ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun hayaki-kawai da aka saita don abin hawan su akan manyan titunan jama'a. Don haka, yunƙurin California na daidaita hayaki tsari ne na kayan aiki, ba na ingancin iska ba. Sannan An keɓe masu abin hawa daga gyara kayansu ta kowace hanya da CARB ba ta yi bincike mai zurfi ba kuma ta amince da su kuma har yanzu tana sarrafa su akan manyan titunan jama'a.

EPA tana da ƙa'idodi daban-daban don ƙananan injuna, kamar kayan aikin ƙasa . Dole ne kuma jihohin su fitar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki iri-iri domin su bi ka'idojin ingancin iska na kasa .

Turai

Kafin Tarayyar Turai ta fara daidaita ka'idojin fitar da hayaki, akwai ka'idoji daban-daban. Membobin Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Turai (EEC) suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi guda ɗaya, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi fiye da na Amurka ko Japan. An ƙarfafa waɗannan a hankali, farawa daga ƙaurawar motoci sama da lita biyu saboda hauhawar farashin ba zai yi tasiri a wannan ɓangaren ba. Farashin ECE 15/05 ka'idoji (wanda kuma aka sani da yarjejeniyar Luxemburg, mai tsananin isa don ainihin buƙatar masu canzawa) ya fara aiki a hankali: matakin farko da aka yi amfani da motocin sama da kimanin 2000 cc a matakai biyu, a cikin Oktoba shekarar 1988 da Oktoba 1989. ^[1] Akwai motocin da ke biye tsakanin lita 1.4 zuwa 2.0, a cikin Oktoba shekarata 1991 da Oktoba 1993. Motoci kasa da 1400 cc dole ne ya hadu da ka'idoji guda biyu masu zuwa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Oktoba shekarata 1992 da Oktoba 1994 bi da bi. ^[2] Kamfanonin kera motoci na Faransa da Italiya, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi a cikin ƙananan nau'in mota, sun kasance suna yin adawa da waɗannan ƙa'idodin a cikin shekarun 1980.

A cikin EEC, Jamus ta kasance jagora wajen daidaita hayakin motoci. Jamus ta ba da ƙarfafan kuɗi ga masu siyan motoci waɗanda suka cika ka'idodin Amurka ko ECE, tare da ƙarancin ƙididdigewa ga waɗanda suka cika buƙatun. Waɗannan abubuwan ƙarfafawa sun yi tasiri mai ƙarfi; kashi 6.5 cikin 100 na sababbin motocin da aka yi wa rajista a Jamus a cikin shekarata 1988 ba su cika buƙatun fitar da hayaki ba kuma kashi 67.3 cikin ɗari sun cika ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin Amurka ko ECE.

Sweden ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka kafa tsauraran ƙa'idodi (na 1975), suna sanya iyaka mai ƙarfi akan adadin motocin da ake samu a wurin. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin kuma sun haifar da matsalolin tuƙi da ƙara yawan amfani da mai - a wani ɓangare saboda masana'antun ba za su iya ba da hujjar kashe kuɗin don biyan takamaiman ƙa'idodi waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙaramin kasuwa ɗaya kawai. A cikin shekarata 1982, Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta ƙididdige cewa ƙa'idodin Sweden sun karu da yawan man fetur da kashi 9 cikin dari, yayin da ya sanya motoci da kashi 2.5 cikin 100 mafi tsada. Domin 1983 Switzerland (sa'an nan Ostiraliya) shiga a cikin wannan sa na dokokin, wanda sannu a hankali ƙara yawan bokan injuna. Matsala ɗaya ta ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin ita ce ba su da lissafin injunan catalyzed, ma'ana cewa motocin da aka sanye da su dole ne a cire na'urori masu motsi kafin a yi musu rajista ta dokar.

A shekarar 1985 motoci na farko da aka katange sun shiga wasu kasuwannin Turai kamar Jamus. Da farko dai, samar da man fetur ba tare da leda ba yana da iyaka kuma tallace-tallace kadan ne. A Sweden, an ba da izinin ababen hawa a cikin 1987, suna cin gajiyar ragi na haraji don haɓaka tallace-tallace. A shekara ta 1989 an tsaurara dokokin fitar da hayaki na Swiss/Swidish har ta kai ga ba a iya siyar da motocin da ba su da ƙarfi. Kuma A farkon 1989 aka gabatar da BMW Z1, wanda kawai yana samuwa tare da injunan catalyzed. Wannan matsala ce a wasu wurare kamar Portugal, inda har yanzu man fetur maras lede ya kasance kusan babu shi, kodayake ƙa'idodin Turai suna buƙatar "samuwa" a kowace ƙasa kafin 1 Oktoba 1989. ^[3]

Tarayyar Turai

Tarayyar Turai tana da nata tsarin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki wanda dole ne duk sabbin motoci su cika su. Kuma A halin yanzu, an kafa ma'auni ga duk motocin titi, jiragen ƙasa, jiragen ruwa da 'na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka marasa kan hanya' (kamar tarakta). Sannan Babu ma'auni da ya shafi jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku ko jiragen sama.

Doka ta EU mai lamba 443/2009 tana saita matsakaita buƙatun CO don sabbin motocin fasinja na gram 130 a kowace kilomita. A hankali an aiwatar da manufar a tsakanin shekarata 2012 da 2015. Maƙasudin gram 95 a kowace kilomita zai yi aiki daga shekarar 2021.

Don abin hawan kasuwanci mai haske, manufa ta 175 g/km tana aiki daga shekarar 2017, da 147 g/km daga 2020, raguwar 16%.

EU ta gabatar da Yuro 4 mai tasiri a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2008, Yuro 5 mai tasiri 1 Janairu 2010, da Yuro 6 mai tasiri a ranar 1 ga Janairu shekarata 2014. An dage wadannan ranakun na tsawon shekaru biyu don baiwa matatun mai damar sabunta shukarsu.

Birtaniya

Hukumomin gida da dama a Burtaniya sun gabatar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na Euro 4 ko Yuro 5 don motocin haya da motocin haya masu zaman kansu masu lasisi don yin aiki a yankinsu. Ba a yi gwajin fitar da hayaki a kan motocin dizal ba a lokacin MOT a Ireland ta Arewa tsawon shekaru 12, duk da cewa ana buƙata ta doka.

Jamus

A cewar ofishin kera motoci na Tarayyar Jamus 37.3% (miliyan 15.4) a cikin Jamus (jimilar yawan motoci miliyan 41.3) sun dace da ƙa'idar Euro 4 daga Janairu shekarata 2009.

Asiya

China

Sakamakon karuwar arziki da wadata cikin sauri, yawan kamfanonin makamashin kwal da motoci a kan titunan kasar Sin na karuwa cikin sauri, lamarin da ke haifar da matsalar gurbatar yanayi. A shekarar 2000, kasar Sin ta kafa dokar hana fitar da hayaki ta farko kan motoci, daidai da ka'idojin Yuro I. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta kasar Sin (SEPA) ta sake inganta tsarin sarrafa hayaki a ranar 1 ga Yulin shekarata 2004 zuwa ma'aunin Yuro II. Mafi tsauri na tsaye, misali na kasa III, daidai da ka'idojin III III, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli shekarar 2007. Shirye-shiryen sun kasance don ƙa'idodin Euro IV don aiwatarwa a cikin shekarar 2010. Beijing ta gabatar da ma'auni na Euro IV a gaba a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2008, wanda ya zama birni na farko a babban yankin kasar Sin da ya dauki wannan matakin.

Hong Kong

Daga 1 ga Janairu, shekarata 2006, duk sabbin motocin fasinja masu injunan kunna walƙiya a Hong Kong dole ne su dace da daidaitattun man fetur na Yuro IV, ma'aunin Heisei 17 na Japan ko ma'aunin US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5. Don sabbin motocin fasinja masu injunan kunna wuta, dole ne su dace da ma'aunin US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5.

Matsayi na yanzu shine Euro 6C, an tsara shi tun 2019.

Indiya

Ka'idojin fitar da matakin Bharat sune ka'idojin fitarwa da Gwamnatin Indiya ta kafa don daidaita fitar da gurɓataccen iska daga kayan injin konewa na ciki, gami da motocin. Kuma Ma'auni da lokacin aiwatarwa an tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Guba ta Tsakiya a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli & Dazuzzuka.

Ma'auni, bisa ƙa'idodin Turai an fara gabatar da su a cikin shekarar 2000. An fitar da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri tun daga lokacin. Duk sabbin motocin da aka kera bayan aiwatar da ka'idoji dole ne su kasance masu bin ka'idoji. A shekara ta 2014, ƙasar ta kasance ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar Yuro 3 da ƙa'idodin Euro 4, tare da aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Yuro 4 a wasu manyan biranen 13. Har zuwa Afrilu shekarata 2017, duk ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin ka'idodin BS IV, wanda ya dogara da Yuro 4.

Ya zuwa yanzu an fara kera da rajistar motocin BS VI, daga Afrilu shekarata 2020 duk masana'antar BS VI ya zama tilas, bi da bi.

Japan

Fage

Tun daga ranar 10 ga Yuni, shekarar 1968, gwamnatin Jafananci ta zartar da ( Japanese ) wanda ya tsara duk hanyoyin da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska. Sakamakon dokar ta 1968, an zartar da shawarwari a ƙarƙashin 1970 ( Japanese ) . Sakamakon dokar ta 1970, a cikin 1973 an gabatar da kaso na farko na sabbin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki guda hudu. An gabatar da ka'idojin wucin gadi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1975, da kuma na 1976. An gabatar da ma'auni na ƙarshe don 1978. Yayin da aka gabatar da matakan ba a sanya su nan da nan ba, maimakon haka an ba da harajin haraji ga motocin da suka wuce su. Ma'auni sun dogara ne akan waɗanda ainihin Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Ruwa ta Amurka ta shekarar 1970 ta karbe, amma zagayowar gwajin ya haɗa da ƙarin tuƙi cikin jinkirin don nuna halin da Jafananci ke ciki daidai. Ƙididdiga na 1978 don matsananciyar hayaki yayin "Gwajin Farawa mai zafi" na CO, hydrocarbons, da sun kasance 2.1 grams per kilometre (3.38 g/mi) na CO, 0.25 grams per kilometre (0.40 g/mi) na HC, da 0.25 grams per kilometre (0.40 g/mi) na bi da bi. ^[4] Matsakaicin iyaka shine 2.7 grams per kilometre (4.35 g/mi) na CO, 0.39 grams per kilometre (0.63 g/mi) na HC, da 0.48 grams per kilometre (0.77 g/mi) na . Wani daki-daki mai ban sha'awa na ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na Japan shine cewa an gabatar da su a cikin yanayi mai laushi; wato ana iya siyar da motoci na shekarar 1978 da ba su cika ka'idojin shekarata 1978 ba, amma za su fuskanci hukuncin haraji daban-daban. Wannan ya ba masana'antun dakin numfashi don samar da ingantattun hanyoyin injiniyan da ya dace da kuma karfafa gyara samfuran da aka fi siyar da farko, wanda ke haifar da sauƙin ɗaukar matakan iska mai tsabta da ƙarancin damuwa na tuƙi fiye da sauran kasuwanni.

Gwajin " Zazzaɓi Yanayin 10 - 15 ", da aka yi amfani da shi don tantance ƙimar tattalin arzikin man fetur da hayaƙin da aka gani daga motar da ake gwadawa, yi amfani da takamaiman tsarin gwaji. ^[5]

In 1992, to cope with Samfuri:NOx pollution problems from existing vehicle fleets in highly populated metropolitan areas, the Ministry of the Environment adopted the (Samfuri:Lang-ja), called in short The Motor Vehicle Samfuri:NOx Law. The regulation designated a total of 196 communities in the Tokyo, Saitama, Kanagawa, Osaka and Hyogo Prefectures as areas with significant air pollution due to nitrogen oxides emitted from motor vehicles. Under the Law, several measures had to be taken to control Samfuri:NOx from in-use vehicles, including enforcing emission standards for specified vehicle categories.

An gyara dokar a watan Yunin shekarata 2001 don ƙarfafa abin da ke akwai bukatun kuma don ƙara abubuwan sarrafawa na PM. Dokar da aka yi wa kwaskwarima ana kiranta da “Dokar da ta shafi Matakai na Musamman don Rage Jimillar Naitrogen Oxide da Bargarin Matter da Ke Fitowa daga Motoci a Keɓaɓɓen Wurare”, ko kuma a takaice Motoci. da PM Law.

Ka'idojin fitarwa

The da Dokar PM ta gabatar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan motocin da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan motocin da suka haɗa da motocin kasuwanci (kayan kaya) irin su manyan motoci da manyan motoci, bas, da motoci na musamman, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in mai ba. Sannwn Kuma Dokar kuma ta shafi motocin fasinja masu amfani da dizal (amma ba ga motocin mai ba).

Motocin da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan dole ne su cika ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na shekarata 1997/98 don sabon nau'in abin hawa (cikin yanayin injina masu nauyi). = 4.5 g/kWh, PM = 0.25 g/kWh). A takaice dai, sabbin matakan abin hawa na shekarar 1997/98 ana amfani da su a baya ga tsofaffin motocin da ke kan hanya. Masu abin hawa suna da hanyoyi guda biyu don yin biyayya:

Maye gurbin tsofaffin ababen hawa tare da sabbin samfura masu tsabta
Sake gyara tsofaffin motocin tare da yarda da na'urorin sarrafa PM

Motoci suna da lokacin alheri, tsakanin shekaru 8 zuwa 12 daga rijistar farko, don cikawa. Lokacin alheri ya dogara da nau'in abin hawa, kamar haka:

Motocin kasuwanci masu haske (GVW ≤ 2500 kg: 8 shekaru
Motocin kasuwanci masu nauyi (GVW> 2500 kg: 9 shekaru
Micro bas (11-29 kujeru): shekaru 10
Manyan bas (≥ 30 kujeru): shekaru 12
Motoci na musamman (dangane da motar daukar kaya ko bas): shekaru 10
Motocin fasinja dizal: shekaru 9

Bugu da ƙari, ƙa'idar ta ba da damar cika buƙatunta da za a jinkirta da ƙarin shekaru 0.5-2.5, sannan dangane da shekarun abin hawa. An gabatar da wannan jinkiri a wani bangare don daidaitawa da Dokar PM tare da shirin sake fasalin diesel na Tokyo.

The kuma ana aiwatar da dokar PM dangane da shirin duba abubuwan hawa na Japan, inda motocin da ba su bi ba ba za su iya gudanar da binciken a wuraren da aka keɓe ba. Wannan, bi da bi, na iya haifar da umarni kan aikin abin hawa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Sufuri na Hanyar.

Isra'ila

Tun daga watan Janairun shekarata 2012 motocin da ba su cika ka'idojin fitar da Euro 6 ba ba a yarda a shigo da su zuwa Isra'ila ba.

Turkiyya

Diesel da man fetur sulfur abun ciki ana kayyade a 10 ppm. A halin yanzu Turkiyya tana bin Euro VI don manyan motocin kasuwanci masu nauyi, kuma, a cikin shekarata 2016 shekaru biyu bayan EU, Turkiyya ta karɓi Yuro 6 don sabbin nau'ikan motocin lauyoyi masu sauƙi (LDV) da sabbin nau'ikan motocin fasinja. Turkiyya na shirin yin amfani da tsarin gwajin motocin da ba su dace ba (WLTP).

Koyaya, duk da waɗannan ƙa'idodin fitar da bututun wutsiya na sabbin nau'ikan abin hawa akwai tsofaffin motocin diesel da yawa, babu yankuna masu ƙarancin hayaki kuma babu iyaka na ƙasa akan abubuwan PM2.5 don haka gurɓatar gida, gami da manyan motocin, har yanzu babban haɗarin lafiya ne. a wasu garuruwa, kamar Ankara . Abubuwan da aka tattara na PM2.5 sune 41 µg/m ³ a Turkiyya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kasar da tafi kowacce kasa gurbacewar iska a Turai. Dokokin gwada iskar gas ɗin abin hawa shine lambar Jarida ta hukuma mai lamba 30004 wacce aka buga 11 ga Maris Na shekarar 2017.

Matsakaicin 135 g CO /km don LDVs idan aka kwatanta da kyau da sauran ƙasashe a cikin shekarata 2015, duk da haka sabanin EU babu iyaka akan hayaƙin carbon dioxide.

Afirka

Afirka ta Kudu

An fara aiwatar da shirin tsabtace mai na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 2006 tare da hana gubar dalma daga man fetur da kuma rage yawan sulfur a dizal daga kashi 3,000 a kowace miliyan (ppm) zuwa 500ppm, tare da babban darajar 50. ppm.

Ma'aunin Tsabtace Fuels 2, ana tsammanin farawa a cikin shekarar 2017, ya haɗa da rage sulfur zuwa 10 ppm; ragewar benzene daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 1 na girma; rage yawan aromatics daga kashi 50 zuwa kashi 35 na girma; da ƙayyadaddun olefins a kashi 18 cikin ɗari na girma.

Tafkuna

Ostiraliya

Matsayin fitar da hayaƙin Australiya sun dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin Turai don motocin masu nauyi da nauyi (kaya masu nauyi), tare da yarda da zaɓaɓɓun ƙa'idodin Amurka da Jafananci. Manufar yanzu ita ce ta daidaita ƙa'idodin Australiya tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ka'idodin Hukumar Tattalin Arziƙi na Turai (ECE). A cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2013, an ƙaddamar da matakin farko na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin fitarwa na Euro 5 don motocin haske, wanda ya haɗa da motoci da motocin kasuwanci masu haske. Haɓaka ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki na manyan motoci da injuna ana gudanar da su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta ƙasa (NTC) da ƙa'idodin - Dokokin Ƙirƙirar Australiya (ADR) - ana gudanar da su ta Sashen Kaya da Sufuri.

Duk sabbin motocin da aka kera ko aka sayar a cikin ƙasa dole ne su bi ka'idodin, waɗanda ake gwada su ta hanyar sarrafa abin hawa ko injin a daidaitaccen tsarin gwaji.

Duba wasu abubuwan

Gurbacewar iska
C. Arden Paparoma
Carbon dioxide daidai
Cibiyar Tsabtace Tsabtace Tsabtace Tsabtace iska (a Amurka)
Fasali na fitarwa
Zagayowar gwajin fitarwa
Kasuwancin hayaki
Matsayin muhalli
Matsayin fitarwa na Turai
Zagayen tuƙi
Motar mai sassauƙan mai
Ingantaccen mai
Rage ƙima ta wayar hannu
Fitowar abin hawa
Ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na ƙasa don gurɓacewar iska mai haɗari
Ultra-low-sulfur dizal
Ikon fitar da hayaki

Manazarta

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Dicorato, p. 152
↑ Dicorato, p. 154
↑ Dicorato, p. 155
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WC78j
↑ http://www.walshcarlines.com/pdf/Global%20Vehicle%20Emissions%20Standards%20Tables.pdf Archived 2022-01-23 at the Wayback Machine Japanese gasoline emission limits page 28

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

Shafukan Dieselnet akan ka'idojin fitar da abin hawa .
EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emission Laboratory .
(141 KB) don injunan ayyuka masu nauyi da marasa kan titi .
Ƙididdigar Harajin Kuɗi na Tarayya don Haɓaka da aka sanya cikin sabis .
EPA: Tarihin Rage Gurbacewar iska daga Sufuri a Amurka

EU

(140 KB) .
Umarnin Majalisar 80/1268/EEC Amfani da man fetur na motoci .

[QR399152-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Dicorato, p. 152

[QR399154-2] Dicorato, p. 154

[QR399155-3] Dicorato, p. 155

[WC78j-4] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WC78j

[5] ttps://www.walshcarlines.com/pdf/Global%20Vehicle%20Emissions%20Standards%20Tables.pdf Archived 2022-01-23 at the Wayback Machine Japanese gasoline emission limits page 28

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