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Bambanci tsakanin canje-canjen "Ilimi a Maroko"

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An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "Education in Morocco"
(Babu bambanci)

Canji na 17:21, 21 ga Yuni, 2024

Jami'ar Al Akhawayn da ke Ifrane .

Tsarin ilimi a Maroko ya ƙunshi matakan makarantar sakandare, firamare, sakandare da sakandare. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kasa ce ke kula da ilimin makaranta, tare da sauyawa mai yawa ga matakin yanki. Ilimi mafi girma ya fada karkashin Ma'aikatar Ilimi mafi Girma da Horar da Zartarwa.

Shigar da makaranta wajibi ne har zuwa shekara 13. Kimanin kashi 56% na matasa sun yi rajista a makarantar sakandare, kuma kashi 11% suna cikin ilimi mafi girma. Gwamnati ta kaddamar da sake dubawa da yawa don inganta inganci da samun damar ilimi, kuma musamman don magance matsalar ci gaba da jahilci. An sami tallafi daga kungiyoyi da yawa na kasa da kasa kamar USAID, UNICEF da Bankin Duniya. Wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan bayan da aka kafa sabuwar gwamnati a shekarar 2017 ya sanya Larabci da Faransanci a Makarantar Jama'a.

Tarihi

Wani daki-daki na maɓuɓɓugar a cikin tsakiya na Madrasat Al-Attarine (Makarantar Kasuwancin Abincin) a Fes, wani medersa da aka kammala a cikin 1325 a ƙarƙashin Marinids.

Musulunci

A cikin shekara ta 859, Fatima al-Fihri ta kafa Masallacin Al-Qarawiyiin a Fes, kuma wasu cibiyoyin kamar UNESCO da Guinness World Records suna ɗaukar madrasa da ke da alaƙa da ita a matsayin mafi tsufa da ke akwai, ci gaba da aiki a matsayin cibiyar ilimi mafi girma a duniya.[1][2] Masanin tarihin Maroko Mohamed Jabroun [ar] ya rubuta cewa an fara gina makarantu a Maroko a ƙarƙashin Almohad Caliphate (1121-1269). [3] Shekaru da yawa, ilimin jama'a a Maroko ya faru ne da farko a -" data-linkid="41" href="./Madrasa" id="mwMQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Madrasa">Madrasas da kuttabs (كُتَّاب) - ko kuma kamar yadda ake kiransu a Maroko, msids (مسيد). [4] Ilimi a MSD ya kasance Musulunci kuma an ba da shi a Larabci.[4] Baya ga koyar da fassarar Alkur'ani (tafseer) da shari'ar Islama (fiqh), makarantun Islama galibi suna koyar da batutuwa iri-iri, gami da adabi, kimiyya da tarihi.[5] Marinids sun kafa wasu daga cikin wadannan makarantu, ciki har da wadanda ke Fes, Meknes, da Salé, yayin da Saadi suka fadada Ben Youssef Madrasa a Marrakesh.

Yahudawa

Bayan korar mellah na Tetuan a cikin Yakin Hispano-Moroccan, Alliance Israélite Universelle, ƙungiyar Faransa da ke aiki don karfafa Yahudawa a duniya ta hanyar ilimin Faransanci, ta kafa makarantar ta farko a Tetuan cikin 1862, sannan makarantu a Tangier (1864), Essaouira (1866), da Asfi (1867), daga ƙarshe ta kai jimlar makarantu 83 - fiye da duk makarantun AIU a sauran duniya .[6]

Kafin Faransanci Protectorate, makarantun 'yan mata na Yahudawa suna koyar da karatu da rubutu, da kuma horar da sana'a ta hanyar ƙwarewa kamar gyaran tufafi da wanki, kuma daga baya karatu, rubutu, da taƙaitawa. A cikin 1913, hukumomin Faransa sun sake maimaita wannan tsarin ga 'yan mata Musulmi a Salé kuma daga baya wasu biranen.

Tsaro na Faransa

Bayan Yarjejeniyar Fes ta 1912 da kuma kafa Faransanci Protectorate, Faransa ta kafa makarantun jama'a inda aka ba da ilimi a Faransanci.[4]

Jami'an kariya sun yi jinkiri game da ilimi ga jama'a gaba ɗaya, suna tsoron cewa jama'a masu ilimi za su zama tushen adawa da mulkin mallaka.[7] Mazaunin Janar Hubert Lyautey na tsara tsarin ilimi a ƙarƙashin Tsaron Faransa, kuma samun damar samun ilimi na zamani ya dogara da kabilanci da aji na dalibi, tare da damar ilimi daban-daban ga Turawa, Yahudawa, da Musulmai. Kashi ɗaya ne kawai na yaran da ke halartar makaranta Musulmai ne, kuma daga cikin waɗannan, mafi yawansu sun halarci makarantun Kur'ani na gargajiya, ko msids, waɗanda suka wuce ikon Protectorate.[7] Yawancin ɗaliban Musulmai da ke karatu a cikin tsarin ilimi na Protectorate sun sami ilimin sana'a don yin aiki a cikin sana'o'i daban-daban.[7]

An kafa makarantu biyar don "ya'yan sanannun mutane" bayan 1916 don yara maza daga manyan iyalai na Maroko. Har ila yau akwai collèges biyu da aka kafa a Fes (1914) da Rabat (1916). [7] Wadannan makarantun shiga, wanda Susan Gilson Miller ta kwatanta da Kwalejin Eton, sun yi aiki don ƙirƙirar hangen nesa na Lyautey don aji na al'adun Maroko "maza" - wanda ke cike da manufofi na gargajiya amma yana da inganci wajen kewaya tsarin mulkin zamani - don cika matsayi a cikin gwamnatin ƙasar.[7]

A cikin 1920, Lyautey ya kafa Institut des Hautes Études Marocaines, wanda ke cikin Bibliothèque Générale kusa da hedkwatar mulkin mallaka a Rabat, don masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka waɗanda ke son ƙarin koyo game da tarihin Maroko da al'umma.

Bayan 1920, instituteurs na Faransanci, waɗanda aka shirya su sosai a cikin Yaren Amazigh kuma an horar da su a matsayin malamai da masu tattara bayanan sirri, an sanya su a makarantu a yankunan karkara don masu magana da yarukan Amazigh. Collège d'Azrou, ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan makarantun da aka haɓaka zuwa collège, yana ɗaya daga cikin kayan aiki don aiwatar da Berber Dhahīr [7] "taimaka wajen samar da ƙwararrun Amazigh waɗanda za su taimaka wa Faransa ta aiwatar da manufofin rarrabuwa da mulki. " Ya horar da ɗaliban Amazigh don matsayi mai girma a cikin mulkin mallaka, da kuma ya kafa "ƙwararrun Berber da ke cikin al'adun Faransanci, a cikin yanayin da aka ware tasirin Larabci sosai ga ƙawancensa na jama'a".

Rashin isasshen ilimin gargajiya a Msid ya zama bayyananne, kuma 'yan ƙasar Morocco masu zaman kansu, musamman na rukunin' yan kasuwa, sun fara samun abin da daga baya za a san shi da "makarantu kyauta" - tare da tsarin karatun zamani da koyarwa a Larabci - ba tare da juna ba.[4] Ingancin koyarwa a waɗannan makarantun kyauta ya bambanta sosai, daga "fqîhs marasa wahayi, da wuya a cire su daga msîds" zuwa "mafi kyawun ƙasar da kuma tunanin ''ulama". [4] matasan malamai a Fes suna karbar darussan a Jami'ar al-Qarawiyyin, kuma da yawa za su ci gaba da jagorantar Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Maroko.

'Yancin kai

A cikin shekaru 44 na Tsaron Faransa, jimlar Maroko 1415 ne kawai suka sami difloma na baccalaureate, 640 daga cikinsu Musulmai ne kuma 775 daga cikinsu Yahudawa ne. Bugu da ƙari, a ƙarƙashin Protectorate, kawai 15% na yara masu zuwa makaranta suna makaranta.[7] Ya zama dole a bunkasa tsarin ilimi da cibiyar sadarwa ta jami'a daga iyakantaccen albarkatun da Faransanci suka bari don fuskantar ƙalubalen da ke jiran sabuwar ƙasa mai zaman kanta, kamar "halicci da karfafa cibiyoyin jihar, gina tattalin arzikin ƙasa, shirya jama'a da jam'iyyun siyasa masu tasowa, kafa kariya ta zamantakewa ga yawan masu bukata. "[and][7]

Arabisation ya zama dole. Ahmed Boukmakh [ar] ya buga Iqra' [ar] (اِقْرَأ, "Karanta"), jerin litattafan Larabci na farko a Maroko, a cikin 1956, 1957, da 1958. [8][9] A shekara ta 1957, Muhammad al-Fasi [ar] ya yi ƙoƙari ya zama na farko, amma wannan ƙoƙari bai yi nasara ba.[10] An kafa Cibiyar Nazarin da Bincike kan Arabization a cikin 1960 kuma an gudanar da Taron farko na Arabization ne a Rabat a cikin 1961.[10]

Yarjejeniyar Al'adu ta 1957, da gwamnatocin Maroko da Faransa suka sanya hannu, ta ba da izinin ci gaba da ilimin Faransanci a Maroko wanda wata kungiya da aka sani da Mission universitaire et culturelle française au Maroc (wanda AEFE ta maye gurbinsa a 1990). [11][12]

A shekara ta 1958, magajin Muhammad al-Fasi, Abdelkarim Ben Jelloun [ar] , ya kafa tsari don sake fasalin ilimi a cikin manufofi huɗu:

  1. haɗa tsarin gargajiya da na zamani
  2. Arabiya duk batutuwa
  3. kaɗaita karatu da rubutu
  4. Moroccanize, watau horar da 'yan ƙasa don maye gurbin malamai na ƙasashen waje [10]

A cikin 1963 ne aka tilasta ilimi ga duk yaran Maroko tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 13 kuma a wannan lokacin duk batutuwa sun zama Arabiya a cikin aji na farko da na biyu, yayin da aka kiyaye Faransanci a matsayin harshen koyar da lissafi da kimiyya a duka matakan firamare da sakandare.

A shekara ta 1965, da ke neman 'yancin samun ilimi mafi girma ga Maroko, Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Maroko ta Kasa (الاتحاد الوطني لطلبة ناورب, UNEM) ta shirya tafiya daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Muhammad V a Casablanca, wanda ya koma rana mai zuwa cikin rikice-Rikicin Maroko na 1965. [13] Sarki Hassan II ya zargi malamai da iyaye da abubuwan da suka faru, kuma ya bayyana cewa: "Bari in gaya muku cewa babu wata babbar haɗari ga Jiha fiye da mai hankali, kuma kai masu ilimi ne. Da ya fi kyau idan duk kun jahilci." [14] Bayan haka, an tsananta wa malamai. [15][16]

A karkashin Hassan II, an rushe Cibiyar Ilimin Jama'a (معهد السولوجيا) da Abdelkebir Khatibi ke gudanarwa a shekarar 1970. [17] A shekara ta 1973, an sanya ilimin ɗan adam a jami'o'in da gwamnati ke sarrafawa, inda shugaban Istiqlal Allal al-Fassi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, kuma an canza tsarin karatun sosai.[18] An yi amfani da Arabization don murkushe tunani mai mahimmanci, [17] yunkuri wanda Dokta Susan Gilson Miller ya bayyana a matsayin "mummunan yunkuri na inganta yanayin ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin ilimi da kuma rage sha'awar tasirin da ke fitowa daga Turai. Ministan Ilimi Azzeddine Laraki, bayan rahoton da kwamitin Masarawa hudu suka gudanar ciki har da biyu daga Jami'ar al-Azhar, ya maye gurbin ilimin zamantakewa da tunanin Islama a 1983.

Don biyan buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa don ilimin sakandare a cikin shekarun 1970, Maroko ta shigo da malamai masu magana da Faransanci daga ƙasashe kamar Faransa, Romania, da Bulgaria don koyar da lissafi da kimiyya, da malamain Larabawa don koyar da ilimin ɗan adam da Nazarin zamantakewa.

Wani labarin 1973 a cikin Lamalif ya bayyana al'ummar Maroko a matsayin masu lalacewa da raguwa, tare da makamashi mara kyau daga masu sanyin gwiwa da jin kunya da ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙananan ma'auni na ilimi.[19]

A shekara ta 1989, an kammala Arabization na dukkan batutuwa a duk maki a cikin ilimin firamare da sakandare na jama'a. Koyaya, Faransanci ya kasance matsakaici na koyarwa don batutuwan kimiyya a makarantun sakandare na fasaha da ƙwararru, cibiyoyin fasaha da jami'o'i.[20]

Gwamnati ta gudanar da sauye-sauye da yawa don inganta damar samun ilimi da rage bambance-bambance na yanki a samar da ilimi. A cikin 1999, Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da sanarwar Yarjejeniyar Kasa don Ilimi da Horarwa (الميثاق الوطني للتربية و التكوين).[21][22] A cikin wannan shekarar, an kafa kwamitin ilimi tare da burin sake fasalin tsarin ilimi a Maroko.[23] A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2002, dokar lamba 2.02.382 ta kafa Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kasa, Ilimi na Farko, da Wasanni.[23]

Sarki ya sanar da lokacin tsakanin 1999 da 2009 a matsayin "Shekaru goma na Ilimi". A wannan lokacin shirin sake fasalin gwamnati ya mayar da hankali kan manyan jigogi biyar don sauƙaƙe rawar da ilimi ke takawa a ci gaban tattalin arziki; mahimman jigogi sune ilimi, shugabanci, ci gaban kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, e-commerce da samun dama. Bankin Duniya da sauran hukumomin da suka hada kai sun taimaka wa Morocco don inganta tsarin ilimi na asali.

A karkashin Said Amzazi, Morocco ta zartar da tsarin-doka 51.17 lokacin rani na 2019. [24]

Makarantu na Faransa

Har zuwa yau, makarantun Faransanci - waɗanda ake kira "la mission", ko suna da alaƙa da Mission Laïque Française ko a'a - har yanzu suna da babban kasancewar a Maroko. A cikin waɗannan makarantu, Faransanci shine harshen koyarwa, kuma ana koyar da Larabci ne kawai a matsayin yare na biyu idan har yanzu.

Makarantu suna da takardar shaidar Hukumar Ilimi ta Faransa a kasashen waje, kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Faransa ce ke gudanar da su, kuma ɗaliban ɗalibai galibi sun haɗa da yara na ƙwararrun Maroko da masu arziki. Wadannan makarantu, irin su Lycée Lyautey a Casablanca, galibi suna cikin manyan birane kamar Casablanca.

Faransa ita ce wuri na farko ga ɗaliban Maroko da ke barin ƙasar don yin karatu a ƙasashen waje, suna karɓar kashi 57.7% na duk Maroko da suke karatu a waje da Maroko. Daliban Maroko kuma suna wakiltar babbar ƙungiyar ɗaliban ƙasashen waje a Faransa, a 11.7% na dukan ɗaliban ƙasa da ƙasa a jami'o'i a Faransa, bisa ga binciken UNESCO na 2015.[25]

Tsarin tsarin ilimi

Tsarin ilimi a Maroko ya ƙunshi matakan makarantar sakandare, firamare, sakandare da sakandare. Kokarin gwamnati na kara yawan ayyukan ilimi ya haifar da karuwar damar shiga dukkan matakan ilimi. Tsarin ilimi na Maroko ya ƙunshi shekaru 6 na firamare, shekaru 3 na makarantar sakandare / matsakaici, shekaru 3 da sakandare, da kuma ilimi na sakandare.

Tsarin ilimi yana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kasa (MNE) da Ma'aikatu na Ilimi mafi girma da Horar da Zartarwa. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kasa ta rarraba ayyukanta zuwa matakan yanki da aka kirkira a 1999 lokacin da larduna 72 suka shiga cikin sassan gudanarwa na yanki 12. Sa'an nan kuma alhakin samar da ayyukan ilimi yana raguwa a hankali zuwa matakin yanki. Wannan tsari na rarraba zai tabbatar da cewa shirye-shiryen ilimi suna amsawa ga bukatun yanki kuma ana gudanar da kasafin kuɗi a cikin gida. Kowace yanki tana da Kwalejin Ilimi da Horarwa ta Yankin da kuma darektan yanki wanda yake babban jami'in lardin a cikin yankin. Kwalejin yanki za su kuma kasance da alhakin bunkasa kashi 30 cikin 100 na tsarin karatun don ya dace da yankin. Matsayi na tsakiya na MNE yana ci gaba da sarrafa sauran kashi 70. Hakanan ana cajin wakilan da samar da sabis don ilimi a yankunansu.

Kafin makaranta

Dangane da Yarjejeniyar Kasa, ilimin firamare tilas ne kuma yana samuwa ga duk yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 6. Wannan matakin yana buɗewa ga yara masu shekaru 4-6. Akwai nau'ikan makarantun firamare guda biyu a Maroko: makarantar sakandare da makarantun Kur'ani. Makarantar jariri makarantar sakandare ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da ilimi galibi a cikin birane da garuruwa; makarantun Kur'ani suna shirya yara don ilimin firamare ta hanyar taimaka musu wajen bunkasa ilimin karatu da rubutu da ƙwarewar lissafi. Makarantu na Alkur'ani suna da damar zama babban karfi a yaki da jahilci. (timss) tare da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na dukkan yara da ke halartar wani nau'i na makarantar Alkur'ani don wasu sassan shekarun makaranta. A shekara ta 2007 yawan ɗaliban makarantar firamare a Maroko ya kai kusan kashi 60, tare da GER na maza kashi 69.4 kuma na mata kashi 49.6. GER ga mata yana ƙaruwa tun daga 'yan shekarun da suka gabata kuma ga maza ya kasance kusan kashi 69 cikin dari tun shekara ta 2003.

Firamare

Ilimi na firamare ya kunshi shekaru 6 ga yara masu shekaru 6-12. Ana buƙatar ɗalibai su wuce Certificat d'etudes firamare don su cancanci shiga makarantun sakandare.

Yawan shiga (GER) a matakin firamare ya ci gaba da karuwa a cikin 2000s. A shekara ta 2007 jimlar GER a matakin firamare ya kasance kashi 107.4, tare da kashi 112 ga maza da kashi 101 ga mata. Amma Gender Parity Index don GER ya kasance 0.89, wanda ya nuna cewa batun rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya ci gaba a matakin farko. Yawan maimaitawa a matakin firamare shine kashi 11.8; yawan maimaitawa ga maza a matakin firaminare shine kashi 13.7 kuma ga mata shine kashi 9.7 kuma ƙimar tana raguwa a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ga maza da mata. Adadin da aka sauke a matakin firamare a shekara ta 2006 ya kasance kashi 22 cikin dari, kuma ya fi 'yan mata girma fiye da yara maza, a kashi 22 da 21 cikin dari bi da bi. Yawan masu barin ya raguwa tun shekara ta 2003, amma har yanzu yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashen Larabawa, kamar Aljeriya, Oman, Masar da Tunisiya.[26]

Sakandare

Akwai shekaru uku na makarantar sakandare. Ana ba da irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar abin da ake kira Collège . Bayan shekaru 9 na ilimi na asali, ɗalibai suna fara makarantar sakandare ta sama kuma suna ɗaukar tsarin karatun shekara guda, wanda ko dai a cikin zane-zane ko kimiyya. Dalibai na shekara ta farko suna ɗaukar zane-zane da kimiyya, lissafi ko ilimi na asali. Dalibai na shekara ta biyu suna ɗaukar kimiyyar ƙasa da rayuwa, kimiyyar lissafi, kimiyyar noma, karatun fasaha ko kuma suna cikin hanyar lissafi ta A ko B.

Adadin shiga (GER) a matakin sakandare a 2007 ya kasance kashi 55.8. Amma a cikin ilimin sakandare maimaitawar aji da ƙimar saukewa musamman sun kasance masu girma. Matsayin daidaito tsakanin jinsi na GER a matakin sakandare ya kasance 0.86 a cikin 2007; ba shi da kyau fiye da sauran ƙasashen Larabawa kuma yana nuna bambancin da ke tsakanin jinsi a cikin rajista a matakin sakandaren.

Makarantar sakandare

Tushen: [27]

Tsarin ilimi mafi girma ya ƙunshi cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Kasar tana da manyan jami'o'i goma sha huɗu na jama'a, ciki har da Jami'ar Mohammed V a Rabat da Jami'an Al-Karaouine, [28] tare da makarantu masu ƙwarewa, kamar su conservatories na kiɗa na Maroko da Ma'aikatar Al'adu ke tallafawa. Jami'ar Karaouine a Fes tana koyarwa tun 859, yana mai da ita tsohuwar jami'a a duniya da ke ci gaba da aiki.[29] Koyaya, akwai jami'o'i da yawa na ƙasa da na duniya kamar Jami'ar SIST ta Burtaniya waɗanda ke aiki tare da jami'oʼin jama'a don inganta ilimi mafi girma a Maroko. Bugu da kari, akwai jami'o'i masu zaman kansu da yawa. Adadin wadanda suka kammala karatu a matakin sakandare a shekara ta 2007 ya kasance 88,137: yawan masu shiga a matakin sakatare shine kashi 11 cikin dari kuma bai canza sosai ba a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.[26] Shigarwa zuwa jami'o'in jama'a yana buƙatar baccalaureate kawai, yayin da shigarwa zuwa wasu manyan ilimin jama'a, kamar Makarantar injiniya, yana buƙatar gwaje-gwaje na musamman na gasa da horo na musamman kafin jarrabawa.

Wani filin da ke girma ban da injiniya da magani shine Gudanar da kasuwanci. A cewar Ma'aikatar Ilimi rajista a Gudanar da Kasuwanci ya karu da kashi 3.1 cikin dari a cikin shekara ta 2003-04 idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata 2002-2003. Gabaɗaya, digiri na digiri na kasuwanci yana buƙatar shekaru uku da matsakaicin shekaru biyu don digiri na biyu.

Jami'o'i a Maroko sun kuma fara amfani da fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa. Jami'o'i da yawa sun fara samar da darussan injiniyan software da kayan aiki; a kowace shekara bangaren ilimi yana samar da masu digiri 2,000 a fagen fasahar bayanai da sadarwa.[30]

Cibiyoyin Maroko sun kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyi a Turai da Kanada kuma suna ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na hadin gwiwa a fannoni daban-daban daga sanannun jami'o'i.

Don kara yawan lissafin jama'a, an kimanta jami'o'in Maroko tun daga shekara ta 2000, tare da niyyar yin sakamakonsa ga duk masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da iyaye da dalibai.[20]

Sakamakon a bangaren ilimi

Cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu

Duk da samun cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu da yawa rajista a cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu har yanzu ba su da yawa, ƙasa da kashi 3.5 cikin dari na yawan jama'ar jami'a. Cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu suma suna fama da ƙarancin ƙwarewa ko ƙarancin ma'aikata. Wannan ya faru ne da farko saboda hana farashin karatun. Tsarin karatun musamman makarantun kasuwanci ya wuce zamani kuma yana buƙatar a sake dubawa bisa ga canje-canjen buƙatun kasuwar ma'aikata. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma ba sa ba da isasshen gudummawa wajen samar da ilimin aiki ga cibiyoyin kwararru na yanayin kasuwanci na yanzu.

Samun damar zuwa makaranta

Har ila yau, ingancin ciki yana da ƙarancin raguwa da maimaitawa. Har ila yau, akwai buƙatar da ba a biya ba na karuwar buƙatun makarantun tsakiya bayan samun damar samun dama a ilimin firamare.[31] Matsalar ta fi tsanani a makarantun karkara saboda rashin isasshen wadata da ingancin kayan koyarwa. Rashin ingancin ilimi ya zama matsala mafi girma saboda matsalolin harshen Larabci-Berber: yawancin yara daga iyalai na Berber ba su san wani Larabci ba, wanda shine matsakaici na koyarwa a makarantu, lokacin da suka shiga matakin firamare.[32]

Karatun karatu da rubutu

Yankin Maghreb yana da ƙididdigar karatu da rubutu. A Maroko, yawan mutanen da suka iya karatu da rubutu har yanzu yana da yawa a kusan kashi 74 cikin dari a cikin 2018, godiya ga kokarin da aka yi tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1956 don rage yawan mutanen da ba su iya karatu da rubutawa wanda a wannan lokacin ya kasance kashi 32 cikin dari. Maroko ita ce kasa 16 mafi yawan karatu a cikin kasashen Larabawa.

Shige da fice

Har ila yau, akwai yawan ƙaura na ƙwararrun ma'aikata, wato, yawan ƙwararrun ƙaura tsakanin masu ilimi yana da yawa. Ta wannan hanyar Maroko tana rasa yawancin ƙwararrun ma'aikatanta ga ƙasashen waje, suna samar da mafi yawan ƙaura tsakanin 'yan Arewacin Afirka a Turai.[20]

Kokarin gyare-gyare

Karatun karatu da rubutu

UIS Rashin Ilimi Maroko yawan mutanen da suka kai shekaru 15 1980-2015

Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1980 gwamnatocin ƙasashen Maghreb suna haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin farar hula don yaki da jahilci. Shirin NGO da aka ƙaddamar a cikin 1988 yana ba da karatu da rubutu ga kashi 54% na duk masu koyo da suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen karatu da rubutu na manya. Shirin Ministoci da Janar kuma suna mai da hankali kan ma'aikatu daban-daban da al'umma don isar da shirye-shiryen karatu da rubutu. Shirye-shiryen cikin Kamfanin suna biyan bukatun masu aiki da ke mai da hankali kan ci gaba da horo a cikin kamfani. Maroko da sauran ƙasashen Maghreb yanzu sun himmatu ga kawar da jahilci. Maroko a hukumance ta karɓi dabarun ilimantarwa na ƙasa da na yau da kullun a shekara ta 2004. Wani hadin gwiwa na hangen nesa na karatu da rubutu, ci gaba da rage talauci ya inganta ta hanyar National Initiative for Human Development (INDH), wanda Sarki Mohammed VI ya kaddamar a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005. [33]

Binciken gwamnati

Inganta ingancin sakamako a bangaren ilimi ya zama babban fifiko ga gwamnatin Maroko. An haɓaka cikakken sabuntawa na tsarin ilimi da horo a cikin hanyar shiga a cikin 1998-99, wanda ya haifar da hangen nesa don fadada wannan ɓangaren na dogon lokaci don mayar da martani ga bukatun ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na ƙasar.[34] Sakamakon shi ne gabatar da Yarjejeniyar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Kasa ta 1999 (CNEF). CNEF, tare da yarjejeniya mai karfi na kasa, ya ayyana 2000-2009 shekaru goma na ilimi da horo, kuma ya kafa ilimi da horo a matsayin fifiko na kasa, na biyu kawai ga amincin yanki. Shirin sake fasalin, kamar yadda CNEF ta tsara, ya kuma sami goyon baya mai ƙarfi daga al'ummar masu ba da gudummawa. Duk da haka, a lokacin aiwatar da shi, shirin sake fasalin ya gamu da jinkiri.

A shekara ta 2005 gwamnatin Maroko ta karɓi dabarun da ke da manufar yin ICT a duk makarantun jama'a don inganta ingancin koyarwa; ababen more rayuwa, horar da malamai da ci gaban abubuwan koyarwa suma suna cikin wannan shirin na ƙasa.[30] A watan Agustan 2019, gwamnati ta zartar da doka don fara gyare-gyare kan ilimi ciki har da koyar da batutuwan kimiyya a harshen Faransanci.[35] A cikin 2021, Maroko sun yi jerin kamfen da yawa don cire Harshen Faransanci da maye gurbinsa da Harshen Ingilishi a matsayin yare na biyu.[36][37][38] Wanda daga baya aka sanar da cewa ba za a yi canji ba game da Harshen Faransanci.

Jikin waje

Yawancin masu ba da gudummawa ciki har da USAID da UNICEF suna aiwatar da shirye-shirye don inganta ingancin ilimi a matakin asali da kuma samar da horo ga malamai. Bankin Duniya kuma yana ba da taimako a cikin inganta ababen more rayuwa ga dukkan matakan ilimi kuma yana ba le horo na ci gaban ƙwarewa da dabarun samar da aiki ga masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban. A buƙatar manyan hukumomin Gwamnati, an tsara shirin gaggawa na Ilimi (EEP) don kama wannan tsarin sake fasalin. EEP, wanda ya kunshi lokacin 2009-12, ya samo asali ne daga darussan da aka koya a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. A cikin wannan mahallin, Gwamnati ta nemi manyan masu ba da gudummawa guda biyar (Taron Turai (EU), Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB), Agence française de développement (AFD), Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (AfDB) da Bankin Duniya) don taimakawa aiwatar da ajandar sake fasalin EEP.[39]

Bayanan da aka ambata

  1. ↑ Oldest University
  2. ↑ "Medina of Fez". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  3. ↑ "تاريخ المغرب الأقصى، من الفتح الإسلامي إلى الاحتلال". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Damis, J. (1975). "The origins and signifiance of the free school movement in Morocco, 1919-1931". Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée. 19 (1): 75–99. doi:10.3406/remmm.1975.1314. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ "IBN YUSUF MADRASA in Marrakesh, Morocco". www.ne.jp. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
  6. ↑ Emily Gottreich, The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007, 9
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  8. ↑ Yabiladi.com. "Ahmed Boukmakh, the teacher behind Morocco's first Arabic-language textbooks". en.yabiladi.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  9. ↑ "أحمد بوكماخ .. من المسرح والسياسة إلى تأليف سلسلة "اقرأ"". Hespress (in Larabci). Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Alalou, Ali (2006). "Language and Ideology in the Maghreb: Francophonie and Other Languages". The French Review. 80 (2): 408–421. ISSN 0016-111X. JSTOR 25480661. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ "Mission universitaire et culturelle française au Maroc". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 2020-05-17.
  12. ↑ Castagnos, Jean-Claude (1973). "Aspects socio-économiques de la coopération culturelle française au Maroc". Revue française de pédagogie. 22 (1): 36–41. doi:10.3406/rfp.1973.1825.
  13. ↑ Miller, A History of Modern Morocco (2013), pp. 162–168–169.
  14. ↑ "لماذا كان الحسن الثاني لا يحب المثقفين؟". مغرس (in Larabci). Retrieved 2020-04-20. أقول لكم انه لا خطر على أي دولة من الشبيه بالمثقف ، وأنتم أشباه المثقفين ..وليتكم كنتمْ جُهّالا
  15. ↑ Susan Ossman, Picturing Casablanca: Portraits of Power in a Modern City; University of California Press, 1994; p. 37.
  16. ↑ "مقالات . .انتفاضة 23 مارس 1965". مغرس. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "هكذا قضى الحسن الثاني على الفلسفة". تيل كيل عربي (in Larabci). Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  18. ↑ "تاريخ.. عندما وجه علال الفاسي نداءا من أجل التعريب عام 1973" (in Larabci). Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  19. ↑ "Le dossier de l'arabisation". Lamalif. 58: 14. April 1973.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "MENA Flagship Report. "The Road Not Traveled: Education Reforms in MENA."". World Bank, Washington, DC. 2008. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "web.worldbank.org" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ "الميثاق الوطني للتربية و التكوين". www.men.gov.ma. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  22. ↑ "Charte Nationale d'Education et de Formation". www.men.gov.ma. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "تقديم حول هيكلة الوزارة". www.men.gov.ma. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  24. ↑ "Enseignement : La loi-cadre adoptée à la chambre des représentants". Telquel.ma (in Faransanci). Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  25. ↑ "Campus France Chiffres Cles August 2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "World Bank 2009.Edstats"."World Bank 2009.Edstats". Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WorldBank" defined multiple times with different content
  27. ↑ "Morocco Academia | moroccodemia English, Arabic and French". moroccodemia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-10-02.
  28. ↑ Morocco Country Study Guide - Page 23 IBP USA - 2006 "Morocco is home to 14 public universities. Mohammed V University in Rabat is one of the country's most famous schools, with faculties of law, sciences, liberal arts, and medicine. Karaouine University, in Fes, is a longstanding center ...
  29. ↑ The Report: Morocco 2009 - Page 252 Oxford Business Group "... yet for many Morocco's cultural, artistic and spiritual capital remains Fez. The best-preserved ... School has been in session at Karaouine University since 859, making it the world's oldest continuously operating university. ..."
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Hamdy, Amr (June 2007). "Survey of ICT and Education in Africa: Egypt Country Report. ICT in Education in Morocco".Hamdy, Amr (June 2007). "Survey of ICT and Education in Africa: Egypt Country Report. ICT in Education in Morocco". Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Hamdy" defined multiple times with different content
  31. ↑ "World Bank 2005. "Basic Education Reform Support Program." Project Appraisal Document. World Bank, Washington, DC" (PDF).
  32. ↑ "Strengthening Education in the Muslim World: Country Profile and Analysis (pp18)" (PDF). USAID. 2004."Strengthening Education in the Muslim World: Country Profile and Analysis (pp18)" (PDF). USAID. 2004.[dead link] [permanent dead link]
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named UnitedNations
  34. ↑ "Kingdom of Morocco Policy Notes, Conditions for Higher and Inclusive Growth (pp215), Ch 11" (PDF). World Bank, Washington, DC. 2008.
  35. ↑ "Moroccan parliament passes law on education reform". The North Africa Post (in Turanci). 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2019-08-14.
  36. ↑ CMS, ES. "Is Morocco Ready to Get Rid of French Cultural Colonization?". Al-Estiklal Newspaper (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-10-31.
  37. ↑ "Morocco campaign to adopt English instead of French". Middle East Monitor (in Turanci). 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
  38. ↑ "Moroccans want English to replace French as country's first official foreign language". Middle East Eye (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-10-31.
  39. ↑ "EEP". Ministry of National Education. Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
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