drgn (pronounced "dragon") is a debugger with an emphasis on programmability. drgn exposes the types and variables in a program for easy, expressive scripting in Python. For example, you can debug the Linux kernel:

>>> from drgn.helpers.linux import list_for_each_entry
>>> for mod in list_for_each_entry('struct module',
...                                prog['modules'].address_of_(),
...                                'list'):
...    if mod.refcnt.counter > 10:
...        print(mod.name)
...
(char [56])"snd"
(char [56])"evdev"
(char [56])"i915"

Although other debuggers like GDB have scripting support, drgn aims to make scripting as natural as possible so that debugging feels like coding. This makes it well-suited for introspecting the complex, inter-connected state in large programs.

Additionally, drgn is designed as a library that can be used to build debugging and introspection tools; see the official tools.

drgn was developed at Meta for debugging the Linux kernel (as an alternative to the crash utility), but it can also debug userspace programs written in C. C++ support is in progress.

Documentation can be found at drgn.readthedocs.io.

drgn can be installed using the package manager on some Linux distributions.

• Fedora >= 32

  $ sudo dnf install drgn

• RHEL/CentOS >= 8

  Enable EPEL. Then:

  $ sudo dnf install drgn

• Oracle Linux >= 8

  Enable the ol8_addons or ol9_addons repository and install drgn:

  $ sudo dnf config-manager --enable ol8_addons  # OR: ol9_addons
  $ sudo dnf install drgn

  See the documentation for drgn in Oracle Linux 9 and Oracle Linux 8 for more information.

• Arch Linux

  $ sudo pacman -S drgn

• Debian >= 12 (Bookworm)

  $ sudo apt install python3-drgn

• Gentoo

  $ sudo emerge dev-debug/drgn

• openSUSE

  $ sudo zypper install python3-drgn

• Ubuntu

  Enable the michel-slm/kernel-utils PPA. Then:

  $ sudo apt install python3-drgn

If your Linux distribution doesn't package the latest release of drgn, you can install it with pip.

First, install pip. Then, run:

$ sudo pip3 install drgn

This will install a binary wheel by default. If you get a build error, then pip wasn't able to use the binary wheel. Install the dependencies listed below and try again.

Note that RHEL/CentOS 6, Debian Stretch, Ubuntu Trusty, and Ubuntu Xenial (and older) ship Python versions which are too old. Python 3.6 or newer must be installed.

To get the development version of drgn, you will need to build it from source. First, install dependencies:

• Fedora

  $ sudo dnf install autoconf automake check-devel elfutils-devel gcc git libkdumpfile-devel libtool make pkgconf python3 python3-devel python3-pip python3-setuptools

• RHEL/CentOS/Oracle Linux

  $ sudo dnf install autoconf automake check-devel elfutils-devel gcc git libtool make pkgconf python3 python3-devel python3-pip python3-setuptools

  Optionally, install libkdumpfile-devel from EPEL on RHEL/CentOS >= 8 or install libkdumpfile from source if you want support for the makedumpfile format. For Oracle Linux >= 7, libkdumpfile-devel can be installed directly from the corresponding addons repository (e.g. ol9_addons).

  Replace dnf with yum for RHEL/CentOS/Oracle Linux < 8.

  When building on RHEL/CentOS/Oracle Linux < 8, you may need to use a newer version of GCC, for example, using the devtoolset-12 developer toolset. Check your distribution's documentation for information on installing and using these newer toolchains.

• Debian/Ubuntu

  $ sudo apt install autoconf automake check gcc git liblzma-dev libelf-dev libdw-dev libtool make pkgconf python3 python3-dev python3-pip python3-setuptools zlib1g-dev

  Optionally, install libkdumpfile from source if you want support for the makedumpfile format.

• Arch Linux

  $ sudo pacman -S --needed autoconf automake check gcc git libelf libkdumpfile libtool make pkgconf python python-pip python-setuptools

• Gentoo

  $ sudo emerge --noreplace --oneshot dev-build/autoconf dev-build/automake dev-libs/check dev-libs/elfutils sys-devel/gcc dev-vcs/git dev-libs/libkdumpfile dev-build/libtool dev-build/make dev-python/pip virtual/pkgconfig dev-lang/python dev-python/setuptools

• openSUSE

  $ sudo zypper install autoconf automake check-devel gcc git libdw-devel libelf-devel libkdumpfile-devel libtool make pkgconf python3 python3-devel python3-pip python3-setuptools

Then, run:

$ git clone https://github.com/osandov/drgn.git
$ cd drgn
$ python3 setup.py build
$ sudo python3 setup.py install

See the installation documentation for more options.

drgn debugs the running kernel by default; run sudo drgn. To debug a running program, run sudo drgn -p $PID. To debug a core dump (either a kernel vmcore or a userspace core dump), run drgn -c $PATH. Make sure to install debugging symbols for whatever you are debugging.

Then, you can access variables in the program with prog['name'] and access structure members with .:

$ sudo drgn
>>> prog['init_task'].comm
(char [16])"swapper/0"

You can use various predefined helpers:

>>> len(list(bpf_prog_for_each()))
11
>>> task = find_task(115)
>>> cmdline(task)
[b'findmnt', b'-p']

You can get stack traces with stack_trace() and access parameters or local variables with trace['name']:

>>> trace = stack_trace(task)
>>> trace[5]
#5 at 0xffffffff8a5a32d0 (do_sys_poll+0x400/0x578) in do_poll at ./fs/select.c:961:8 (inlined)
>>> poll_list = trace[5]['list']
>>> file = fget(task, poll_list.entries[0].fd)
>>> d_path(file.f_path.address_of_())
b'/proc/115/mountinfo'

See the user guide for more details and features.

• The GitHub issue tracker is the preferred method to report issues.
• There is also a Linux Kernel Debuggers Matrix room.

Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.

drgn is licensed under the LGPLv2.1 or later.