@ngdoc overview
@name Interpolation
@sortOrder 275
@description

# Interpolation and data-binding

Interpolation markup with embedded {@link guide/expression expressions} is used by AngularJS to
provide data-binding to text nodes and attribute values.

An example of interpolation is shown below:

```html
<a ng-href="img/{{username}}.jpg">Hello {{username}}!</a>
```

### How text and attribute bindings work

During the compilation process the {@link ng.$compile compiler} uses the {@link ng.$interpolate $interpolate}
service to see if text nodes and element attributes contain interpolation markup with embedded expressions.

If that is the case, the compiler adds an interpolateDirective to the node and
registers {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watch watches} on the computed interpolation function,
which will update the corresponding text nodes or attribute values as part of the
normal {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$digest digest} cycle.

Note that the interpolateDirective has a priority of 100 and sets up the watch in the preLink function.

### How the string representation is computed

If the interpolated value is not a `String`, it is computed as follows:
- `undefined` and `null` are converted to `''`
- if the value is an object that is not a `Number`, `Date` or `Array`, $interpolate looks for
a custom `toString()` function on the object, and uses that. Custom means that
`myObject.toString !== Object.prototype.toString`.
- if the above doesn't apply, `JSON.stringify` is used.

### Binding to boolean attributes

Attributes such as `disabled` are called `boolean` attributes, because their presence means `true` and
their absence means `false`. We cannot use normal attribute bindings with them, because the HTML
specification does not require browsers to preserve the values of boolean attributes. This means that
if we put an AngularJS interpolation expression into such an attribute then the binding information
would be lost, because the browser ignores the attribute value.

In the following example, the interpolation information would be ignored and the browser would simply
interpret the attribute as present, meaning that the button would always be disabled.

```html
  Disabled: <input type="checkbox" ng-model="isDisabled" />
  <button disabled="{{isDisabled}}">Disabled</button>
```

For this reason, AngularJS provides special `ng`-prefixed directives for the following boolean attributes:
{@link ngDisabled `disabled`}, {@link ngRequired `required`}, {@link ngSelected `selected`},
{@link ngChecked `checked`}, {@link ngReadonly `readOnly`} , and {@link ngOpen `open`}.

These directives take an expression inside the attribute, and set the corresponding boolean attribute
to true when the expression evaluates to truthy.

```html
  Disabled: <input type="checkbox" ng-model="isDisabled" />
  <button ng-disabled="isDisabled">Disabled</button>
```

### `ngAttr` for binding to arbitrary attributes

Web browsers are sometimes picky about what values they consider valid for attributes.

For example, considering this template:

```html
<svg>
  <circle cx="{{cx}}"></circle>
</svg>
```

We would expect AngularJS to be able to bind to this, but when we check the console we see
something like `Error: Invalid value for attribute cx="{{cx}}"`. Because of the SVG DOM API's
restrictions, you cannot simply write `cx="{{cx}}"`.

With `ng-attr-cx` you can work around this problem.

If an attribute with a binding is prefixed with the `ngAttr` prefix (denormalized as `ng-attr-`)
then during the binding it will be applied to the corresponding unprefixed attribute. This allows
you to bind to attributes that would otherwise be eagerly processed by browsers
(e.g. an SVG element's `circle[cx]` attributes). When using `ngAttr`, the `allOrNothing` flag of
{@link ng.$interpolate $interpolate} is used, so if any expression in the interpolated string
results in `undefined`, the attribute is removed and not added to the element.

For example, we could fix the example above by instead writing:

```html
<svg>
  <circle ng-attr-cx="{{cx}}"></circle>
</svg>
```

If one wants to modify a camelcased attribute (SVG elements have valid camelcased attributes),
such as `viewBox` on the `svg` element, one can use underscores to denote that the attribute to bind
to is naturally camelcased.

For example, to bind to `viewBox`, we can write:

```html
<svg ng-attr-view_box="{{viewBox}}">
</svg>
```

Other attributes may also not work as expected when they contain interpolation markup, and
can be used with `ngAttr` instead. The following is a list of known problematic attributes:

- **size** in `<select>` elements (see [issue 1619](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/1619))
- **placeholder** in `<textarea>` in Internet Explorer 10/11 (see [issue 5025](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/5025))
- **type** in `<button>` in Internet Explorer 11 (see [issue 14117](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/5025))
- **value** in `<progress>` in Internet Explorer = 11 (see [issue 7218](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/7218))

## Known Issues

### Dynamically changing an interpolated value

You should avoid dynamically changing the content of an interpolated string (e.g. attribute value
or text node). Your changes are likely to be overwritten, when the original string gets evaluated.
This restriction applies to both directly changing the content via JavaScript or indirectly using a
directive.

For example, you should not use interpolation in the value of the `style` attribute (e.g.
`style="color: {{ 'orange' }}; font-weight: {{ 'bold' }};"`) **and** at the same time use a
directive that changes the content of that attribute, such as `ngStyle`.

### Embedding interpolation markup inside expressions

<div class="alert alert-danger">
**Note:** AngularJS directive attributes take either expressions *or* interpolation markup with embedded expressions.
It is considered **bad practice** to embed interpolation markup inside an expression:
</div>

```html
<div ng-show="form{{$index}}.$invalid"></div>
```

You should instead delegate the computation of complex expressions to the scope, like this:

```html
<div ng-show="getForm($index).$invalid"></div>
```

```js
  function getForm(index) {
    return $scope['form' + index];
  }
```

You can also access the `scope` with `this` in your templates:

```html
<div ng-show="this['form' + $index].$invalid"></div>
```

#### Why mixing interpolation and expressions is bad practice:

- It increases the complexity of the markup
- There is no guarantee that it works for every directive, because interpolation itself is a directive.
If another directive accesses attribute data before interpolation has run, it will get the raw
interpolation markup and not data.
- It impacts performance, as interpolation adds another watcher to the scope.
- Since this is not recommended usage, we do not test for this, and changes to
AngularJS core may break your code.