Jump to content

Magicicada septendecim: Difríocht idir leaganacha

Ón Vicipéid, an chiclipéid shaor.
Browse history interactively
← Gabh chuig an difear roimhe seoAn chéad dhifear eile →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Líne 6: Líne 6:
[[File:Magicicada septendecim Three babies.tif|thumb|right|Trí ubh de ''M. septendecim'']]
[[File:Magicicada septendecim Three babies.tif|thumb|right|Trí ubh de ''M. septendecim'']]


[[File:Magicicada septendecim TPopp.jpg|thumb|right|Eiseamal de ''M. septendecim'' i mBailiúchán Zó - eolaíochta, Stáit na Baváire, München (2015)]], [[Munich]] (2015)]]
[[File:Magicicada septendecim TPopp.jpg|thumb|right|Eiseamal de ''M. septendecim'' i mBailiúchán Zó - eolaíochta, Stáit na Baváire, [[München]] (2015)]]


Cosúil le speicis eile san áireamh i Magicicada, tá súile na feithide agus féitheacha sciatháin dearg agus tá a tóracs droma dubh. Idirdhealaítear é ag a stríoca buí leathana ar a abdóman agus a cheiliúr uathúil,géar, a deirtear a bheith cosúil le duine éigin ag glaoch "weeeee - whoa" nó "Pharaoh ", gnéithe a roinneann sé leis an speiceas nua-aimsithe 13 bliana Magicicada neotredecim.
Cosúil le speicis eile san áireamh i ''Magicicada'', tá súile na feithide agus féitheacha sciatháin dearg agus tá a tóracs droma dubh. Idirdhealaítear é ag a stríoca buí leathana ar a abdóman agus a cheiliúr uathúil,géar, a deirtear a bheith cosúil le duine éigin ag glaoch "weeeee - whoa" nó "Pharaoh ",<ref name=nature>{{cite web|last=Stranahan |first=Nancy |title=Nature Notes from the Eastern Forest |url=http://www.highlandssanctuary.org/nature.notes.1.cicada/nature.notes.htm |publisher=Arc of Appalachia |access-date=10 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005233752/http://www.highlandssanctuary.org/nature.notes.1.cicada/nature.notes.htm |archive-date=5 October 2011 }}</ref> gnéithe a roinneann sé leis an speiceas nua-aimsithe 13 bliana ''Magicicada neotredecim''.<ref name=michperiodical>{{cite web|title=Periodical Cicada Page|url=http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/fauna/Michigan_Cicadas/Periodical/|publisher=University of Michigan|access-date=10 June 2011|archive-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905164229/http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/fauna/michigan_cicadas/Periodical/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

⚫
Mar gheall ar na cosúlachtaí idir M. septendecim agus an dá speiceas 13-bliain dlúthghaolmhar M. neotredecim agus M. tredecim, is minic a chuirtear síos ar na trí speiceas le chéile mar "decim periodical cicadas."


⚫
Mar gheall ar na cosúlachtaí idir ''M. septendecim'' agus an dá speiceas 13-bliain dlúthghaolmhar ''M. neotredecim'' agus ''M. tredecim'', is minic a chuirtear síos ar na trí speiceas le chéile mar ''decim periodical cicadas.
''
==Saolré==
==Saolré==
Tá a saolré airmheánach ó ubh go bás aosach nádúrtha timpeall seacht mbliana déag. Mar sin féin, is féidir a aoisraon a bheith trí bliana déag agus bliain is fiche.
Tá a saolré airmheánach ó ubh go bás aosach nádúrtha timpeall seacht mbliana déag. Mar sin féin, is féidir a aoisraon a bheith trí bliana déag agus bliain is fiche.<ref name="MedianLifeCycle">{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Matthew |title=Genome expansion via lineage splitting and genome reduction in the cicada endosymbiont Hodgkinia - Supporting Information |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=18 August 2015 |volume=112 |issue=33 |pages=10192–10199 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1421386112 |pmid=26286984 |pmc=4547289 |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2015/05/16/1421386112.DCSupplemental/pnas.201421386SI.pdf |access-date=13 October 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Cuntais stairiúla ar thréimhsiúlacht==
==Cuntais stairiúla ar thréimhsiúlacht==
Luann cuntais stairiúla tuairiscí ar atarlú 15 go 17 mbliana ar líon ollmhór lócaistí callánacha ag teacht amach, a scríobhadh chomh luath le 1733.<ref name=Marlatt>{{cite book|last=Marlatt|first=C.L|author-link=Charles Lester Marlatt|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada14marl/page/112/mode/1up|chapter=The Periodical Cicada in Literature|pages=112–118|url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada14marl/page/n2/mode/1up|location=Washington, D.C.|title=The Periodical Cicada: An Account of Cicada Septendecim, Its Natural Enemies and the Means of Preventing its Injury, Together with a Summary of the Distribution of the Different Broods|work=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[Bureau of Entomology|Division of Entomology]]: Bulletin No. 14 - New Series|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|year=1898|oclc=1039550735|access-date=July 29, 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>Dudley, Paul (1733). ''Periodical Revolutions''. Additional Manuscripts 4433, Folios 4-11, Division of Manuscripts of the British Library, London. ''Cited in'' {{cite book|last=Kritsky|first=Gene|editor1-last=Hoffmann|editor1-first=Nancy E.|editor2-last=Van Horne|editor2-first=John C.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9X4663giukC&pg=PA49|chapter=John Bartram and the Periodical Cicadas: A Case Study (Reference No. 16)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9X4663giukC|title=America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society|The American Philosophical Society]]|location=Philadelphia|year=2004|page=49|isbn=978-0-87169-249-8|oclc=891409264|lccn=2003050212|access-date=July 29, 2021|via=[[Google Books]]|quote=Moreover, the first time the Society had heard about periodical cicadas was from Paul Dudley, who sent a manuscript to the Society in 1733. .... Dudley correctly noted the seventeen-year life cycle and provided evidence. However, Collinson's paper shows that he used Bartram's claim of a fifteen-year cycle in his paper.}}</ref> Bhí John Bartram, luibheolaí agus gairneoir aitheanta de chuid Philadelphia, i measc na luathscríbhneoirí a rinne cur síos ar shaolré, cuma agus tréithe na feithide.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kritsky|first=Gene|editor1-last=Hoffmann|editor1-first=Nancy E.|editor2-last=Van Horne|editor2-first=John C.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9X4663giukC&pg=PA44|chapter=John Bartram and the Periodical Cicadas: A Case Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9X4663giukC|title=America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society|The American Philosophical Society]]|location=Philadelphia|year=2004|page=44|isbn=978-0-87169-249-8|oclc=891409264|lccn=2003050212|access-date=July 29, 2021|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
Luann cuntais stairiúla tuairiscí ar atarlú 15 go 17 mbliana ar líon ollmhór lócaistí callánacha ag teacht amach, a scríobhadh chomh luath le 1733. Bhí John Bartram, luibheolaí agus gairneoir aitheanta de chuid Philadelphia, i measc na luathscríbhneoirí a rinne cur síos ar shaolré, cuma agus tréithe na feithide.


Ar an 9 Bealtaine, 1715, rinne an tUrramach Andreas Sandel, sagart "Gloria Dei" Eaglais Liútarach na Sualainne de chuid Philadelphia, cur síos ina iris ar theacht amach Éillín X de ''Magicicada''.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TP47AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA448|chapter=Extracts from the Journal of Rev. Andreas Sandel, Pastor of "Gloria Dei" Swedish Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, 1702-1719: May 9, 1715|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TP47AAAAIAAJ|title=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography|volume=30|date=January 1906|issue=117|pages=448–449|jstor=20085357|oclc=1762062|issn=0031-4587|location=Philadelphia|publisher=[[Historical Society of Pennsylvania|The Historical Society of Pennsylvania]]|access-date=October 7, 2020|via=[[Google Books]]|last1=Sandel|first1=Andreas}}</ref> Thug Pehr Kalm, nádúraí Fionlannach a bhí ar cuairt go Pennsylvania agus New Jersey sa bhliain 1749 thar ceann Acadamh Ríoga Eolaíochtaí na Sualainne, faoi deara i ndeireadh na Bealtaine go raibh teacht amach ar an éillín sin.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalm|first=Peter|author-link=Pehr Kalm|year=1772|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/travelsintonorth01kalm_3/page/n10/mode/1up|chapter=Preface|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsintonorth01kalm_3/page/n6/mode/1up|title=Travels into North America; Containing Its Natural History, and a Circumstantial Account of Its Plantations and Agriculture in General, with the Civil, Ecclesiastical and Commercial State of the Country, the Manners of the Inhabitants, and Several Curious and Important Remarks on Various Subjects. Translated into English by John Reinhold Forster|edition=2nd|volume=1|pages=v–vii|isbn=978-0-665-51501-9|oclc=1042021758|lccn=02013569|location=London|publisher=Printed for T. Lowndes, No. 77, in Fleet-street|access-date=August 24, 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref name="Davis">{{cite journal |last=Davis |first=J.J.|url=https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/4028/V53N03_138.pdf|title=Pehr Kalm's Description of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada septendecim L., from Kongl. Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlinger, 17:101-116, 1756, translated by Larson, Esther Louise (Mrs. K.E. Doak)|journal=The Ohio Journal of Science|volume=53|date=May 1953|pages=139–140|hdl=1811/4028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529050408/https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/4028/V53N03_138.pdf|archive-date=May 29, 2019|url-status=live}} Republished by {{cite web|url=https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/|title=Knowledge Bank|publisher=The Ohio State University Libraries and Office of the Chief Information Officer|access-date=October 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126134517/https://kb.osu.edu/|archive-date=January 26, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nuair a bhí an ócáid á tuairisciú i bpáipéar a d'fhoilsigh iris acadúil Sualannach sa bhliain 1756, scríobh Kalm:
Ar an 9 Bealtaine, 1715, rinne an tUrramach Andreas Sandel, sagart "Gloria Dei" Eaglais Liútarach na Sualainne de chuid Philadelphia, cur síos ina iris ar theacht amach Éillín Brood X de Magicicada. Thug Pehr Kalm, nádúraí Fionlannach a bhí ar cuairt go Pennsylvania agus New Jersey sa bhliain 1749 thar ceann Acadamh Ríoga Eolaíochtaí na Sualainne, faoi deara i ndeireadh na Bealtaine go raibh teacht amach ar an éillín sin. Nuair a bhí an ócáid á tuairisciú i bpáipéar a d'fhoilsigh iris acadúil Sualannach sa bhliain 1756, scríobh Kalm:
{{Quote|The general opinion is that these insects appear in these fantastic numbers in every seventeenth year. Meanwhile, except for an occasional one which may appear in the summer, they remain underground.<br />There is considerable evidence that these insects appear every seventeenth year in Pennsylvania.<ref name=Davis/>}}

Chuir Kalm síos ansin ar thuairisc an Urramaigh Sandel agus ar cheann a fuair sé ó Benjamin Franklin a raibh taifead déanta aige in Philadelphia gur tháinig líon mór ciocáidí amach ón talamh i dtús mhí na Bealtaine 1732. Thug sé faoi deara nach raibh a leithéid de thuairiscí déanta ag na daoine a raibh na cáipéisí seo ullmhaithe acu i mblianta eile.
Chuir Kalm síos ansin ar thuairisc an Urramaigh Sandel agus ar cheann a fuair sé ó Benjamin Franklin a raibh taifead déanta aige in Philadelphia gur tháinig líon mór ciocáidí amach ón talamh i dtús mhí na Bealtaine 1732. Thug sé faoi deara nach raibh a leithéid de thuairiscí déanta ag na daoine a raibh na cáipéisí seo ullmhaithe acu i mblianta eile.<ref name=Davis/>


Thug Kalm faoi deara freisin gur chuir daoine eile in iúl dó nach raibh ciocáidí feicthe acu ach ó am go chéile sular tháinig na feithidí amach ón talamh i bPennsylvania i saithí móra ar an 22 Bealtaine, 1749. Ina theannta sin, dúirt sé nár chuala sé aon ciocáidí i bPennsylvania agus i New Jersey i 1750 sna míonna agus sna ceantair chéanna ina raibh go leor cloiste aige i 1749. Thacaigh na tuarascálacha sna blianta 1715 agus 1732, in éineacht lena bharúlacha féin sna blianta1749 agus 1750, leis an "tuairim ghinearálta" a luaigh sé roimhe sin.
Thug Kalm faoi deara freisin gur chuir daoine eile in iúl dó nach raibh ciocáidí feicthe acu ach ó am go chéile sular tháinig na feithidí amach ón talamh i bPennsylvania i saithí móra ar an 22 Bealtaine, 1749. Ina theannta sin, dúirt sé nár chuala sé aon ciocáidí i bPennsylvania agus i New Jersey i 1750 sna míonna agus sna ceantair chéanna ina raibh go leor cloiste aige i 1749. Thacaigh na tuarascálacha sna blianta 1715 agus 1732, in éineacht lena bharúlacha féin sna blianta1749 agus 1750, leis an "tuairim ghinearálta" a luaigh sé roimhe sin.


Thug Kalm achoimre ar a thorthaí i leabhar a aistríodh go Béarla agus a foilsíodh i Londain sa bhliain 1771, á rá:,
Thug Kalm achoimre ar a thorthaí i leabhar a aistríodh go Béarla agus a foilsíodh i Londain sa bhliain 1771,<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalm|first=Peter|author-link=Pehr Kalm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA212|title=Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster|year=1771|volume=2|pages=212–213|location=London|publisher=T. Lowndess|access-date=10 September 2020|via=[[Google Books]]|archive-date=5 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505045020/http://books.google.com/books?id=qG0FAAAAQAAJ}}.</ref> á rá:,
{{Quote|There are a kind of ''Locusts'' which about every seventeen years come hither in incredible numbers ... In the interval between the years when they are so numerous, they are only seen or heard single in the woods.<ref name=Marlatt/><ref>{{cite book|last=Kalm|first=Peter|author-link=Pehr Kalm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA6|title=Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster|year=1771|volume=2|pages=6–7|location=London |publisher=T. Lowndess|access-date=September 10, 2020|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>}}



Bunaithe ar chuntas Kalm agus ar eiseamal a chuir Kalm ar fáil, sa bhliain 1758 d'ainmnigh Carl Linnaeus an fheithid Cicada septendecim sa deichiú heagrán dá Systema Naturae.

⚫
Sa bhliain 1766, rinne Moses Bartram cur síos ina Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, atá le feiceáil go tréimhsiúil uair amháin i 16 nó 17 bliain an chéad teacht amach eile den éillín (Éillín X) a thug Kalm faoi deara sa bhliain 1749. Thug Bartram faoi deara go bhfuil ar ghoradh ó uibheacha i dtaisce i craobhóga na gcrann, gur rith na feithidí óga síos go dtí an talamh agus "isteach ar an chéad oscailt go bhféadfadh siad a fháil ". Thuairiscigh sé go raibh sé in ann iad a fháil amach 10 troigh (3 m) faoi bhun an dromchla, ach tuairiscítear go bhfuair daoine eile iad 30 troigh (9 m) ar doimhneacht..

Sa bhliain 1775, thaifead Thomas Jefferson ina "Garden Book" tréimhsiúlacht 17 mbliana d'Éillín II, agus é ag scríobh gur chuimhnigh duine aitheantais ar "great locust years" sa bhliain 1724 agus sa bhliain 1741, gur mheabhraigh sé féin agus daoine eile bliain eile dá leithéid sa bhliain 1758 agus gur tháinig na feithidí amach arís ón talamh ag Monticello sa bhliain 1775. Thug sé faoi deara go leagann na baineannaigh a n-uibheacha i gcraobhóga beaga na gcrann agus iad os cionn talún..

I mí Aibreáin 1800, scríobh Benjamin Banneker, a bhí ina chónaí in aice le Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, ina leabhar taifid chuimhnigh sé "great locust year" sa bhliain 1749, agus an dara ceann sa bhliain 1766 a raibh an chuma ar an scéal go raibh na feithidí "full as numerous as the first" agus an tríú ceann sa bhliain 1783 (Éillín X). Thuar sé go mb'fhéidir go mbeifí ag súil leis na feithidí arís sa bhliain 1800, atá seacht mbliana déag ó tháinig an tríú amharc air.
==Naisc sheachtracha==
* {{Commons category-inline|Magicicada septendecim|''Magicicada septemdecim''}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Magicicada septendecim|''Magicicada septemdecim''}}

==Tagairtí==








Bunaithe ar chuntas Kalm agus ar eiseamal a chuir Kalm ar fáil, sa bhliain 1758 d'ainmnigh Carl Linnaeus an fheithid Cicada septendecim sa deichiú heagrán dá ''Systema Naturae''.<ref name=species/><ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaei |first=Caroli |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/458/mode/1up |work=Systema Naturae Per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis |title=Insecta. Hemiptera. Cicada. Mannifera. septendecim. |year=1758 |edition=10 |volume=1 |pages=436–437 |location=[[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |access-date=2017-05-24 |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030419/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/458/mode/1up |archive-date=25 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>


⚫
Sa bhliain 1766, rinne Moses Bartram cur síos ina ''Observations on the cicada, or locust of America'', atá le feiceáil go tréimhsiúil uair amháin i 16 nó 17 bliain an chéad teacht amach eile den éillín (Éillín X) a thug Kalm faoi deara sa bhliain 1749. Thug Bartram faoi deara go bhfuil ar ghoradh ó uibheacha i dtaisce i craobhóga na gcrann, gur rith na feithidí óga síos go dtí an talamh agus "isteach ar an chéad oscailt go bhféadfadh siad a fháil ". Thuairiscigh sé go raibh sé in ann iad a fháil amach 10 troigh (3 m) faoi bhun an dromchla, ach tuairiscítear go bhfuair daoine eile iad 30 troigh (9 m) ar doimhneacht..<ref>{{cite book |last=Bartram |first=Moses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5lGAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA103 |title=Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years. Communicated by the ingenious Peter Collinson, Esq. |work=The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politicks, and Literature, for the Year 1767 |location=London |publisher=Printed for J. Dodsley (1768) |pages=103–106 |year=1766 |oclc=642534652|access-date=2017-05-21|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>




Sa bhliain 1775, thaifead Thomas Jefferson ina "Garden Book" tréimhsiúlacht 17 mbliana d'Éillín II, agus é ag scríobh gur chuimhnigh duine aitheantais ar "great locust years" sa bhliain 1724 agus sa bhliain 1741, gur mheabhraigh sé féin agus daoine eile bliain eile dá leithéid sa bhliain 1758 agus gur tháinig na feithidí amach arís ón talamh ag Monticello sa bhliain 1775. Thug sé faoi deara go leagann na baineannaigh a n-uibheacha i gcraobhóga beaga na gcrann agus iad os cionn talún..<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jefferson |first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Jefferson |title=Thomas Jefferson's garden book, 1766-1824, with relevant extracts from his other writings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yngcAAAAMAAJ&q=great+locust+years|editor=Betts, Edward Morris|location=Philadelphia|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] (1944)|journal=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society|volume=22|year=1775|oclc=602659598|lccn=45001776|page=68 |access-date=2017-05-20|via=[[Google Books]]|quote=Dr. Walker sais he remembers that the years 1724 and 1741 were great locust years. we all remember that 1758 was and now they are come again this year of 1775. it appears that they come periodically from the ground once in 17 years. they come out of the ground from a prodigious depth. it is thought they eat nothing while in this state, laying their eggs in the small twigs of trees seems to be their only business. The females make a noise well known. The males are silent.}}</ref>


I mí Aibreáin 1800, scríobh Benjamin Banneker, a bhí ina chónaí in aice le Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, ina leabhar taifid chuimhnigh sé "great locust year" sa bhliain 1749, agus an dara ceann sa bhliain 1766 a raibh an chuma ar an scéal go raibh na feithidí "full as numerous as the first" agus an tríú ceann sa bhliain 1783 (Éillín X). Thuar sé go mb'fhéidir go mbeifí ag súil leis na feithidí arís sa bhliain 1800, atá seacht mbliana déag ó tháinig an tríú amharc air.<ref>(1) {{cite book|last=Latrobe|first=John H. B., Esq.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75sUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA11|title=Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read before the Maryland Historical Society at the Monthly Meeting, May 1, 1845|location=Baltimore, Maryland|publisher=Printed by John D. Toy|year=1845|pages=11–12|oclc=568468091|access-date=2015-10-07|via=[[Google Books]]}}<br />(2) {{cite journal|last1=Barber|first1=Janet E.|last2=Nkwanta|first2=Asamoah|url=http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=jhm|title=Benjamin Banneker's Original Handwritten Document: Observations and Study of the Cicada|journal=Journal of Humanistic Mathematics|volume=4|number=1|pages=112–122|year=2014|doi=10.5642/jhummath.201401.07|oclc=700943261|issn=2159-8118|access-date=2014-08-26|doi-access=free|archive-date=August 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827123841/http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=jhm|url-status=live}} Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791-1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection. [[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]], Baltimore, Maryland: "The first great Locust year that I can Remember was 1749. .... ")</ref>


== Tagairtí ==
== Tagairtí ==

Leagan ó 13:05, 4 Bealtaine 2024

WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí BheoMagicicada septendecim Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata

Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Taifead
Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Stádas caomhnaithe
Speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt
UICN12691 Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Tacsanomaíocht
For-ríochtHolozoa
RíochtAnimalia
FíleamArthropoda
AicmeInsecta
OrdHemiptera
FineCicadidae
GéineasMagicicada
SpeiceasMagicicada septendecim Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Linnaeus, 1758

Feithid in oirthear na Stát Aontaithe, Magicicada septendecim, a mheastar a bheith ar an bhfeithid is fadsaolaí ar Domhan. Maireann sí faoi thalamh an chuid is mó dá saol 17 mbliain, ag maireachtáil ar na siltigh a thagann amach nuair a bhearnaíonn sí fréamhacha na bplandaí. Ansin ina 17ú bliain, cuireann sí an craiceann nimfí di agus tagann chun dromchla na talún. Cúpláileann sí is beireann a cuid uibheacha le linn na seachtainí deireanacha dá saol. I samhradh 1998 a tháinig na feithidí iontacha seo chun dromchla den chéad uair ó 1979, agus ní fheicfear arís iad go dtí 2013.[1]

Cur síos

Grianghraf gar-amhairc de Magicicada septendecim i Carolina Theas
Trí ubh de M. septendecim
Eiseamal de M. septendecim i mBailiúchán Zó - eolaíochta, Stáit na Baváire, München (2015)

Cosúil le speicis eile san áireamh i Magicicada, tá súile na feithide agus féitheacha sciatháin dearg agus tá a tóracs droma dubh. Idirdhealaítear é ag a stríoca buí leathana ar a abdóman agus a cheiliúr uathúil,géar, a deirtear a bheith cosúil le duine éigin ag glaoch "weeeee - whoa" nó "Pharaoh ",[2] gnéithe a roinneann sé leis an speiceas nua-aimsithe 13 bliana Magicicada neotredecim.[3]

Mar gheall ar na cosúlachtaí idir M. septendecim agus an dá speiceas 13-bliain dlúthghaolmhar M. neotredecim agus M. tredecim, is minic a chuirtear síos ar na trí speiceas le chéile mar decim periodical cicadas.

Saolré

Tá a saolré airmheánach ó ubh go bás aosach nádúrtha timpeall seacht mbliana déag. Mar sin féin, is féidir a aoisraon a bheith trí bliana déag agus bliain is fiche.[4]

Cuntais stairiúla ar thréimhsiúlacht

Luann cuntais stairiúla tuairiscí ar atarlú 15 go 17 mbliana ar líon ollmhór lócaistí callánacha ag teacht amach, a scríobhadh chomh luath le 1733.[5][6] Bhí John Bartram, luibheolaí agus gairneoir aitheanta de chuid Philadelphia, i measc na luathscríbhneoirí a rinne cur síos ar shaolré, cuma agus tréithe na feithide.[7]

Ar an 9 Bealtaine, 1715, rinne an tUrramach Andreas Sandel, sagart "Gloria Dei" Eaglais Liútarach na Sualainne de chuid Philadelphia, cur síos ina iris ar theacht amach Éillín X de Magicicada.[8] Thug Pehr Kalm, nádúraí Fionlannach a bhí ar cuairt go Pennsylvania agus New Jersey sa bhliain 1749 thar ceann Acadamh Ríoga Eolaíochtaí na Sualainne, faoi deara i ndeireadh na Bealtaine go raibh teacht amach ar an éillín sin.[9][10] Nuair a bhí an ócáid á tuairisciú i bpáipéar a d'fhoilsigh iris acadúil Sualannach sa bhliain 1756, scríobh Kalm: Teimpléad:Quote Chuir Kalm síos ansin ar thuairisc an Urramaigh Sandel agus ar cheann a fuair sé ó Benjamin Franklin a raibh taifead déanta aige in Philadelphia gur tháinig líon mór ciocáidí amach ón talamh i dtús mhí na Bealtaine 1732. Thug sé faoi deara nach raibh a leithéid de thuairiscí déanta ag na daoine a raibh na cáipéisí seo ullmhaithe acu i mblianta eile.[10]

Thug Kalm faoi deara freisin gur chuir daoine eile in iúl dó nach raibh ciocáidí feicthe acu ach ó am go chéile sular tháinig na feithidí amach ón talamh i bPennsylvania i saithí móra ar an 22 Bealtaine, 1749. Ina theannta sin, dúirt sé nár chuala sé aon ciocáidí i bPennsylvania agus i New Jersey i 1750 sna míonna agus sna ceantair chéanna ina raibh go leor cloiste aige i 1749. Thacaigh na tuarascálacha sna blianta 1715 agus 1732, in éineacht lena bharúlacha féin sna blianta1749 agus 1750, leis an "tuairim ghinearálta" a luaigh sé roimhe sin.

Thug Kalm achoimre ar a thorthaí i leabhar a aistríodh go Béarla agus a foilsíodh i Londain sa bhliain 1771,[11] á rá:, Teimpléad:Quote

Bunaithe ar chuntas Kalm agus ar eiseamal a chuir Kalm ar fáil, sa bhliain 1758 d'ainmnigh Carl Linnaeus an fheithid Cicada septendecim sa deichiú heagrán dá Systema Naturae.[12][13]

Sa bhliain 1766, rinne Moses Bartram cur síos ina Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, atá le feiceáil go tréimhsiúil uair amháin i 16 nó 17 bliain an chéad teacht amach eile den éillín (Éillín X) a thug Kalm faoi deara sa bhliain 1749. Thug Bartram faoi deara go bhfuil ar ghoradh ó uibheacha i dtaisce i craobhóga na gcrann, gur rith na feithidí óga síos go dtí an talamh agus "isteach ar an chéad oscailt go bhféadfadh siad a fháil ". Thuairiscigh sé go raibh sé in ann iad a fháil amach 10 troigh (3 m) faoi bhun an dromchla, ach tuairiscítear go bhfuair daoine eile iad 30 troigh (9 m) ar doimhneacht..[14]


Sa bhliain 1775, thaifead Thomas Jefferson ina "Garden Book" tréimhsiúlacht 17 mbliana d'Éillín II, agus é ag scríobh gur chuimhnigh duine aitheantais ar "great locust years" sa bhliain 1724 agus sa bhliain 1741, gur mheabhraigh sé féin agus daoine eile bliain eile dá leithéid sa bhliain 1758 agus gur tháinig na feithidí amach arís ón talamh ag Monticello sa bhliain 1775. Thug sé faoi deara go leagann na baineannaigh a n-uibheacha i gcraobhóga beaga na gcrann agus iad os cionn talún..[15]

I mí Aibreáin 1800, scríobh Benjamin Banneker, a bhí ina chónaí in aice le Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, ina leabhar taifid chuimhnigh sé "great locust year" sa bhliain 1749, agus an dara ceann sa bhliain 1766 a raibh an chuma ar an scéal go raibh na feithidí "full as numerous as the first" agus an tríú ceann sa bhliain 1783 (Éillín X). Thuar sé go mb'fhéidir go mbeifí ag súil leis na feithidí arís sa bhliain 1800, atá seacht mbliana déag ó tháinig an tríú amharc air.[16]

Tagairtí

  1. ↑ Hussey, Matt (2011). "Píobaire fraoich". Fréamh an Eolais. Coiscéim. p. 518.
  2. ↑ Tá ort na shonrú' 'teideal = agus' 'url = nuair a úsáideann {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  3. ↑ Tá ort na shonrú' 'teideal = agus' 'url = nuair a úsáideann {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  4. ↑ "Genome expansion via lineage splitting and genome reduction in the cicada endosymbiont Hodgkinia - Supporting Information" (18 August 2015). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (33): 10192–10199. doi:10.1073/pnas.1421386112. PMID 26286984. PMC:4547289. 
  5. ↑ Marlatt, C.L (1898). "The Periodical Cicada: An Account of Cicada Septendecim, Its Natural Enemies and the Means of Preventing its Injury, Together with a Summary of the Distribution of the Different Broods": 112–118. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 1039550735. 
  6. ↑ Dudley, Paul (1733). Periodical Revolutions. Additional Manuscripts 4433, Folios 4-11, Division of Manuscripts of the British Library, London. Cited in Kritsky, Gene (2004). "America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777". Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. OCLC 891409264. “Moreover, the first time the Society had heard about periodical cicadas was from Paul Dudley, who sent a manuscript to the Society in 1733. .... Dudley correctly noted the seventeen-year life cycle and provided evidence. However, Collinson's paper shows that he used Bartram's claim of a fifteen-year cycle in his paper.” 
  7. ↑ Kritsky, Gene (2004). "America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777". Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. OCLC 891409264. 
  8. ↑ "The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography" (January 1906) 30 (117): 448–449. Philadelphia: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. ISSN 0031-4587. OCLC 1762062. JSTOR 20085357. 
  9. ↑ Kalm, Peter (1772). "Travels into North America; Containing Its Natural History, and a Circumstantial Account of Its Plantations and Agriculture in General, with the Civil, Ecclesiastical and Commercial State of the Country, the Manners of the Inhabitants, and Several Curious and Important Remarks on Various Subjects. Translated into English by John Reinhold Forster" 1: v–vii. London: Printed for T. Lowndes, No. 77, in Fleet-street. OCLC 1042021758. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Davis, J.J. (May 1953). "Pehr Kalm's Description of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada septendecim L., from Kongl. Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlinger, 17:101-116, 1756, translated by Larson, Esther Louise (Mrs. K.E. Doak)". The Ohio Journal of Science 53: 139–140.  Republished by Tá ort na shonrú' 'teideal = agus' 'url = nuair a úsáideann {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  11. ↑ Kalm, Peter (1771). "Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster" 2: 212–213. London: T. Lowndess. .
  12. ↑ Earráid leis an lua: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named species
  13. ↑ Linnaei, Caroli (1758). "Insecta. Hemiptera. Cicada. Mannifera. septendecim." 1: 436–437. Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentii Salvii. 
  14. ↑ Bartram, Moses (1766). "Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years. Communicated by the ingenious Peter Collinson, Esq.": 103–106. London: Printed for J. Dodsley (1768). OCLC 642534652. 
  15. ↑ Jefferson, Thomas (1775). "Thomas Jefferson's garden book, 1766-1824, with relevant extracts from his other writings". Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 22. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society (1944). OCLC 602659598. “Dr. Walker sais he remembers that the years 1724 and 1741 were great locust years. we all remember that 1758 was and now they are come again this year of 1775. it appears that they come periodically from the ground once in 17 years. they come out of the ground from a prodigious depth. it is thought they eat nothing while in this state, laying their eggs in the small twigs of trees seems to be their only business. The females make a noise well known. The males are silent.” 
  16. ↑ (1) Latrobe, John H. B., Esq. (1845). "Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read before the Maryland Historical Society at the Monthly Meeting, May 1, 1845": 11–12. Baltimore, Maryland: Printed by John D. Toy. OCLC 568468091. 
    (2) "Benjamin Banneker's Original Handwritten Document: Observations and Study of the Cicada" (2014). Journal of Humanistic Mathematics 4: 112–122. doi:10.5642/jhummath.201401.07. ISSN 2159-8118. OCLC 700943261.  Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791-1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection. Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Maryland: "The first great Locust year that I can Remember was 1749. .... ")
Aisghafa ó "https://ga.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magicicada_septendecim&oldid=1215150"