ICT 202

OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING (JAVA)
LECTURE 1

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 MY DETAILS

NAME: Jerry Yao DEKU

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Object Oriented Programming

The idea of Object orientation

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 Before OO Programming
 Simple, non-OOP programs may be one "long"
list of statements (or commands).
 More complex programs will often group smaller
sections of these statements
into functions or subroutines each of which might
perform a particular task.
 With designs of this sort, it is common for some
of the program's data to be 'global', i.e.
accessible from any part of the program.

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Before OO Programming contd
 Data usually separated from the operations that
acts on the data.
 Data security is to some extent a major problem.
 As programs grow in size, allowing any function
to modify any piece of data means that bugs can
have wide-reaching effects.

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 What Is Object Oriented (OO)
Programming
Object-oriented (OO)programming is
a programming paradigm that represents
concepts as "objects" that have data
fields (attributes that describe the object) and
associated procedures known as methods.
Objects, which are usually instances of classes,
are used to interact with one another to design
applications and computer programs, software
or systems.

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 A world full of objects
 Our world…..
 Full of objects
The planet earth

Objects

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 HOW OOP DIFFERS
 A collection of software objects constitute an
OO system
 Each object encapsulates some data and
some related behaviour
 Objects are grouped into classes of similar
objects
 Overall system functionality is achieved
through collaborating objects
 Collaboration is achieved through the
exchange of messages
 Message passing requires corresponding
class or instance methods to be realised. 8
 Object-Oriented Software
encapsulated
data

Operation 1

O5
O2 Data messages

O4
O3

operations
Encapsulation +
collaboration of
software objects -
not a UML diagram 9
 Basic Concepts
The notion of –
Objects & classes

• Classes - A class is a kind of mold or template that

dictates what objects can and cannot do.
• Objects - An object is a thing, both tangible and
intangible.

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 Everyday Objects
We use physical objects all the time.
 think of some objects
 …in the room,
 …things you are carrying

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Everyday Objects

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General Features of an Object
 Tangible – physical presence
 Has some properties
 There can be many instances of an object…
 We may be able to categorize objects into
different types…
 Flying object: birds, aeroplanes, insects ……mention some
others
 Living objects: your turn!!!!!……

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 Properties, Values, Types
Think about a “Drinking Glass” object.
 List two properties of a glass…
– …and some typical values of each property
 Give two examples of different types of “drinking
glass”

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 Property & Values
Properties – fullness Values –
0…..100%

75% 40% 0%

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 Behaviour (actions)
A behaviour is an action associated with an object
 The effect of an action may be to:
– change the value of one or more of the object’s
properties
– give some information about its properties

Identify the action

being executed on
the object

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 Behaviours
 Suggest some behaviours of a drinking
glass…….

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 Software objects
A software object is a model of a real or
imaginary object.
We model
 Properties and their values with data
variables
 Behaviour with functions
In OO jargon these are usually called
 Attributes (- the data)
 Methods (- the actions) 18
 Model Of An Object
A model Definitions:
 Definitions from the Oxford English Dictionary
1. “A set of designs (plans, elevations, sections, etc.) for a
projected building or other structure; a similar set of
drawings made to scale and representing the proportions
and arrangement of an existing building.” – anything
wrong?
2. “Something which accurately resembles or represents
something else, esp. on a small scale”
3. “A simplified or idealized description or conception of a
particular system, situation, or process, ... , that is put
forward as a basis for theoretical or empirical
understanding; a conceptual or mental representation of
something.”

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 Examples of Models
• Two different models emphasising
different features

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 How are Models Useful?
 Models can show:
– What a finished product will look like
– Structure of main components (how connect
with each other)
– Aspects of behaviour of a product
• Actions it will perform (processes or functions)
• How it will be used
– Suitable materials for building it
– Optimal way of building it
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Models Depend on Abstraction
 Models are developed
– From different perspectives
– To different levels of abstraction
– Hierarchically organised
– In different materials or media
 Models give us information (but not too much)
and a perspective to help with a specific task

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 What is Abstraction?
 An abstraction:
– represents something else
– logical, rather than physical
– less detailed than what it represents
 Hide information that is less relevant to
task
 One abstraction = many things
 One thing = many abstraction

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Abstraction in OO Development
 Object-Oriented software is heavily based on
abstraction
– All modern programming languages are abstract: code is
far from instructions that actually execute in the CPU
– OO languages further abstract data and behaviour into the
encapsulating concept of objects
– Software design is more abstract still: we specify programs
without coding them
– Analysis is yet more abstract: specify what a system will
do without even knowing the hardware it will run on
– UML provides graphical notations to handle the various
levels of abstraction and detail

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 A Class is a template for
objects
 The software model for objects of the
same type is
programmed in a structure called a class.
 The class defines
– the attributes (or properties) of the object.
– And the behaviour, by coding the functions
 The class also has one or more special
functions
called constructor methods 25
 An object is an instance of a
class
 When we want to create an object from
the class
template, we invoke the constructor
method.
 An instance of the class is created:
– I.e. a set of properties, with initial values.
 Each time a constructor is invoked we get
a another new object instance.
 When we use the word ‘object’ we 26

normally mean an instance of a class.

 An object has a ‘state’
 Many objects can be created using a class
template.
 Each object has its own set of values for
the
properties.
 The state of an object at any time is
defined by the values of its properties at
that time.
 Invoking a method on an instance of an
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object may change its state.
 Methods change the state of an
object
• g

method method 28
 Self- test
 Briefly explain each of the following. Use
examples.
– Class, Object
– Instance, State
– Behaviour, Attribute
– Method, Constructor
– Type, Value
 Write some meaningful sentences using
two or
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more of the above words in each